Evaluation of New Jersey's sex offender treatment program at the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center: Preliminary results

Journal of Psychiatry and Law

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 133-164

  Zgoba, Kristen M ^a   Sager, Wayne R ^a   Witt, Philip H ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIANDROGEN; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; LEUPRORELIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ADULT; ANGER; ANGER MANAGEMENT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION PROGRAM; HUMAN; INCEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OFFENDER; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RAPE; RECIDIVISM; RELAXATION TRAINING; SEXUAL CRIME; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0242332776     PISSN: 00931853     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009318530303100202     Document Type: Article

References (95)

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2. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:47-1. Prior to the enactment of this amended statute in 1998, only a finding of repetition and compulsion, without consideration of amenability or willingness, was required for incarceration at the ADTC.
3. Report of the Joint Legislative Task Force to Study the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center, June 19, 1995. New Jersey State Legislature.
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11. Supra note 4.
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14. Www.state.ny.us/govenor/press.
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20. Id. Constituting two-thirds of the inmates in the U.S. released that year.
21. Id. at 9.
22. I b i d.
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30. Belknap, supra note 19; Chesney-Lind, supra note 20.
31. Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky, R.A., Lee, A.F., Knight, R. & Cerce, D. (1997). "Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis." Law and Human Behavior, 21, (6), pp. 635-659; Hanson & Bussiere, supra note 19; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1.
32. Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky, R.A., Lee, A.F., Knight, R. & Cerce, D. (1997). "Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis." Law and Human Behavior, 21, (6), pp. 635-659; Hanson & Bussiere, supra note 19; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1.
33. Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky, R.A., Lee, A.F., Knight, R. & Cerce, D. (1997). "Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis." Law and Human Behavior, 21, (6), pp. 635-659; Hanson & Bussiere, supra note 19; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1.
34. Marshall, H.E. & Barbaree, W.L. (1988). "Deviant Sexual Arousal, Offense History, and Demographic Variables as Predictors of Reoffense Among Child Molesters." Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 6, (2), pp. 267-280; Malcolm, P.B., Andrews, D.A. & Quinsey, V.L. (1993). "Discriminant and Predictive Validity of Phallometrically Measured Sexual Age and Gender Preference." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, (4), pp. 486-503; Freund, K., Watson, R. & Dickey, R. (1991). "Sex Offenses Against Female Children Perpetrated by Men Who Are Not Pedophiles." Journal of Sex Research, 28, (3), pp. 409-423.
35. Marshall, H.E. & Barbaree, W.L. (1988). "Deviant Sexual Arousal, Offense History, and Demographic Variables as Predictors of Reoffense Among Child Molesters." Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 6, (2), pp. 267-280; Malcolm, P.B., Andrews, D.A. & Quinsey, V.L. (1993). "Discriminant and Predictive Validity of Phallometrically Measured Sexual Age and Gender Preference." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, (4), pp. 486-503; Freund, K., Watson, R. & Dickey, R. (1991). "Sex Offenses Against Female Children Perpetrated by Men Who Are Not Pedophiles." Journal of Sex Research, 28, (3), pp. 409-423.
36. Marshall, H.E. & Barbaree, W.L. (1988). "Deviant Sexual Arousal, Offense History, and Demographic Variables as Predictors of Reoffense Among Child Molesters." Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 6, (2), pp. 267-280; Malcolm, P.B., Andrews, D.A. & Quinsey, V.L. (1993). "Discriminant and Predictive Validity of Phallometrically Measured Sexual Age and Gender Preference." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, (4), pp. 486-503; Freund, K., Watson, R. & Dickey, R. (1991). "Sex Offenses Against Female Children Perpetrated by Men Who Are Not Pedophiles." Journal of Sex Research, 28, (3), pp. 409-423.
37. Hanson, R.K., Steffy, R.A. & Gauthier, R. (1993). "Long-term Recidivism of Child Molesters." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, (4), pp. 646-652; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders." British Journal of Criminology, 18, (3), pp. 267-276; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky et al., supra note 22.
38. Hanson, R.K., Steffy, R.A. & Gauthier, R. (1993). "Long-term Recidivism of Child Molesters." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, (4), pp. 646-652; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders." British Journal of Criminology, 18, (3), pp. 267-276; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky et al., supra note 22.
39. Hanson, R.K., Steffy, R.A. & Gauthier, R. (1993). "Long-term Recidivism of Child Molesters." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, (4), pp. 646-652; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders." British Journal of Criminology, 18, (3), pp. 267-276; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky et al., supra note 22.
40. Hanson, R.K., Steffy, R.A. & Gauthier, R. (1993). "Long-term Recidivism of Child Molesters." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, (4), pp. 646-652; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders." British Journal of Criminology, 18, (3), pp. 267-276; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky et al., supra note 22.
41. Hanson, R.K., Steffy, R.A. & Gauthier, R. (1993). "Long-term Recidivism of Child Molesters." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, (4), pp. 646-652; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders." British Journal of Criminology, 18, (3), pp. 267-276; American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Prentky et al., supra note 22.
42. Sturgeon, V.H. & Taylor, J. (1980). "Report of a Five-year Follow-up Study of Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders Released from Atascadero State Hospital in 1973." Criminal Justice Journal, 4, (3), pp. 31-63.
43. Prentky et al., supra note 22; Hanson et al., supra note 24; Furby et al., supra note 5.
44. Prentky et al., supra note 22; Hanson et al., supra note 24; Furby et al., supra note 5.
45. Prentky et al., supra note 22; Hanson et al., supra note 24; Furby et al., supra note 5.
46. Furby et al., supra note 5.
47. The American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1.
48. Supra note 5.
49. Martinson, R. (1974). "What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform." Public Interest, 35, pp. 22-54.
50. See American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Nicholaichuk, T., Gordon, A., Gu, D. & Wong, S. (2000). "Outcome of an Institutionalized Sexual Offender Treatment Program: A Comparison Between Treated and Matched Untreated Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, (2), pp. 139-153.
51. See American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Nicholaichuk, T., Gordon, A., Gu, D. & Wong, S. (2000). "Outcome of an Institutionalized Sexual Offender Treatment Program: A Comparison Between Treated and Matched Untreated Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, (2), pp. 139-153.
52. See American Psychiatric Association, supra note 1; Furby et al., supra note 5; Nicholaichuk, T., Gordon, A., Gu, D. & Wong, S. (2000). "Outcome of an Institutionalized Sexual Offender Treatment Program: A Comparison Between Treated and Matched Untreated Offenders." Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, (2), pp. 139-153.
53. Nagayama Hall, G. (1995). "Sexual Offender Recidivism Revisited: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Treatment Studies." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, (5), pp. 802-809.
54. Furby et al., supra note 5.
55. See also discussion in Nicholaichuk et al., supra note 31.
56. Nagayama Hall, supra note 32.
57. Nicholaichuk et al., supra note 31.
58. Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (2001). "Ten-year Recidivism Follow-up of 1989 Sex Offender Releases."
59. The authors also bring up another point consistent with other sex-offender-specific research: the variable recidivism rates among sex-offending typologies. Within the Ohio study, rapists had recidivism levels of 17.5%, extrafamilial child molesters recidivated at a level of 8.7%, and incest offenders recidivated at a level of 7.4%. These findings are consistent with previous studies that have made distinctions between offender types. In a similar vein, Marshall and Barbaree, supra note 23, discovered that intrafamilial incest offenders recidivated at approximately 50% of the level of extrafamilial child molesters. Hanson & Bussiere, supra note 19, also reported similar results; the recidivism rate was 19% for rapists and almost 13% for child molesters.
60. Cornwell, J.K, Jacobi, J.V. & Witt, P.H. (1999). "The New Jersey Sexually Violent Predator Act: Analysis and Recommendations for the Treatment of Sex Offenders in New Jersey." Seton Hall Legislative Journal, 24, (1), pp. 1-42.
61. For a comprehensive review of pharmacologic treatment, see Bradford, J. (1997). Medical Interventions in Sexual Deviance. In Laws, D.R. & O'Donohue, W. (eds.), Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment, pp.449-464; and Land, W.B. In Schwartz, B.K. & Cellini, H.R. (eds.) (1995). The Sex Offender: Corrections, Treatment, and Legal Practice, Chapter 18.
62. For a comprehensive review of pharmacologic treatment, see Bradford, J. (1997). Medical Interventions in Sexual Deviance. In Laws, D.R. & O'Donohue, W. (eds.), Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment, pp.449-464; and Land, W.B. In Schwartz, B.K. & Cellini, H.R. (eds.) (1995). The Sex Offender: Corrections, Treatment, and Legal Practice, Chapter 18.
63. For example, weight gain, decrease in the size of sexual organs, lethargy, hot/cold flashes, headaches, cramping, and irritability. Also, the medication may have carcinogenic properties when used long-term. See Land, supra note 40, at 18-2.
64. See Land, supra note 40, at 18-4-18-5; Bradford, supra note 40; Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, at 13, 15.
65. See Land, supra note 40, at 18-4-18-5; Bradford, supra note 40; Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, at 13, 15.
66. See Land, supra note 40, at 18-4-18-5; Bradford, supra note 40; Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, at 13, 15.
67. For example, Kafka, M.P. (1991). "Successful Antidepressant Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, pp. 60-65; Kafka, M.P. and Prentky, R.A. (1992). "Fluoxetine Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, pp. 351-358; Kafka, M.P. (1994). "Sertraline Pharmacotherapy for Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders: An Open Trial," Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 6, pp. 189-195; Kafka, M.P. (1995). "Current Concepts in the Drug Treatment of Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders," CNS Drugs, 3, pp. 9-21.
68. For example, Kafka, M.P. (1991). "Successful Antidepressant Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, pp. 60-65; Kafka, M.P. and Prentky, R.A. (1992). "Fluoxetine Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, pp. 351-358; Kafka, M.P. (1994). "Sertraline Pharmacotherapy for Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders: An Open Trial," Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 6, pp. 189-195; Kafka, M.P. (1995). "Current Concepts in the Drug Treatment of Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders," CNS Drugs, 3, pp. 9-21.
69. For example, Kafka, M.P. (1991). "Successful Antidepressant Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, pp. 60-65; Kafka, M.P. and Prentky, R.A. (1992). "Fluoxetine Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, pp. 351-358; Kafka, M.P. (1994). "Sertraline Pharmacotherapy for Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders: An Open Trial," Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 6, pp. 189-195; Kafka, M.P. (1995). "Current Concepts in the Drug Treatment of Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders," CNS Drugs, 3, pp. 9-21.
70. For example, Kafka, M.P. (1991). "Successful Antidepressant Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, pp. 60-65; Kafka, M.P. and Prentky, R.A. (1992). "Fluoxetine Treatment of Nonparaphilic Sexual Addictions and Paraphilias in Men," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, pp. 351-358; Kafka, M.P. (1994). "Sertraline Pharmacotherapy for Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders: An Open Trial," Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 6, pp. 189-195; Kafka, M.P. (1995). "Current Concepts in the Drug Treatment of Paraphilias and Paraphilia-related Disorders," CNS Drugs, 3, pp. 9-21.
71. Freeman-Longo, R.E., Bird, S., Stevenson, W.F. & Fiske, J.A. (1994). 1994 Nationwide Survey of Treatment Programs and Models Serving Abuse-Reactive Children and Adolescent and Adult Sex Offenders; see also Witt, P.H., Rambus, E. & Bosley, T. (1996). "Current Developments in Psychotherapy for Child Molesters," Sexual and Marital Therapy, 11, pp. 173-185.
72. Freeman-Longo, R.E., Bird, S., Stevenson, W.F. & Fiske, J.A. (1994). 1994 Nationwide Survey of Treatment Programs and Models Serving Abuse-Reactive Children and Adolescent and Adult Sex Offenders; see also Witt, P.H., Rambus, E. & Bosley, T. (1996). "Current Developments in Psychotherapy for Child Molesters," Sexual and Marital Therapy, 11, pp. 173-185.
73. See Marlatt, G.A. & Gordon, J.R. (eds.) (1985). Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors; Pithers, W.D. (1990). Relapse Prevention with Sexual Aggressors. In W. Marshall (ed.), Handbook of Sexual Assault, pp. 343-361.
74. See Marlatt, G.A. & Gordon, J.R. (eds.) (1985). Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors; Pithers, W.D. (1990). Relapse Prevention with Sexual Aggressors. In W. Marshall (ed.), Handbook of Sexual Assault, pp. 343-361.
75. See Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, at 17.
76. See Green, R., Psycho-Educational Modules. In Schwartz, B.K. & Cellini, H.R. (eds.), supra note 40, Chapter 13.
77. I b i d.
78. I b i d.
79. Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, at 17.
80. See Marshall, W.L., Fernandez, Y.M. & Ward, T. (1998). Source-book of Treatment Programs for Sexual Offenders.
81. Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, at 17-18.
82. See Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, for a review of similar programs in Minnesota and California.
83. The interested reader can refer to Cornwell, Jacobi & Witt, supra note 39, for a more detailed description. These levels, drawn from the ADTC program description dated April 24, 1998, are based on the writings of the program director, Barbara Schwartz, in Schwartz and Cellini, supra note 40, part 2.
84. See Schwartz, B., in Schwartz & Cellini, supra note 40, 13-3, 13-9.
85. In fact, five-year recidivism figures were substantially lower than ten-year figures, indicating that recidivism did occur during the five-to ten-year period. The interested reader can obtain all five-year pilot study results from the authors.
86. Treatment involvement, type of sex offense, and age of victim do not add to the positive association with recidivism in this prediction equation.
87. Prentky, R.A., Lee, A.F.S., Knight, R.A. & Cerce, D. (1997). "Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis." Law and Human Behavior, 21, 635-659; Romero, J.J. & Meyer-Williams, L.M. (1985). "Recidivism Among Convicted Sex Offenders: A Ten-year Follow-up Study." Federal Probation, 49, 58-64; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders: A Reappraisal." British Journal of Criminology, 18, 267-276.
88. Prentky, R.A., Lee, A.F.S., Knight, R.A. & Cerce, D. (1997). "Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis." Law and Human Behavior, 21, 635-659; Romero, J.J. & Meyer-Williams, L.M. (1985). "Recidivism Among Convicted Sex Offenders: A Ten-year Follow-up Study." Federal Probation, 49, 58-64; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders: A Reappraisal." British Journal of Criminology, 18, 267-276.
89. Prentky, R.A., Lee, A.F.S., Knight, R.A. & Cerce, D. (1997). "Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis." Law and Human Behavior, 21, 635-659; Romero, J.J. & Meyer-Williams, L.M. (1985). "Recidivism Among Convicted Sex Offenders: A Ten-year Follow-up Study." Federal Probation, 49, 58-64; Soothill, K.L. & Gibbens, T.C.N. (1978). "Recidivism of Sexual Offenders: A Reappraisal." British Journal of Criminology, 18, 267-276.
90. See Ferguson, G.E., Eidelson, R.J. & Witt, P.H. (1998). "New Jersey's Sex Offender Risk Assessment Scale: Preliminary Validity Data," 62, J. Psychiatry & Law, 327, at 336.
91. See Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
92. Hanson, R.K. (2001). Age and Sexual Recidivism: A Comparison of Rapists and Child Molesters. (User Report No. 2001-01). Ottawa: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada; Moffit, T.E. (1997). Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course Persistent Offending: A Complementary Pair of Development Theories. In Terence P. Thornberry (ed.), Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Advances in Criminological Theory, Volume 7, pp 11-54. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
93. Hanson, R.K. (2001). Age and Sexual Recidivism: A Comparison of Rapists and Child Molesters. (User Report No. 2001-01). Ottawa: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada; Moffit, T.E. (1997). Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course Persistent Offending: A Complementary Pair of Development Theories. In Terence P. Thornberry (ed.), Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Advances in Criminological Theory, Volume 7, pp 11-54. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
94. Hanson & Bussiere, supra note 19.
95. Ferguson et al., supra note 59.