Pulmonary involvement during cytomegalovirus infection in immunosuppressed patients

Transplant Infectious Disease

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 112-120

  De Maar, E F ^a   Verschuuren, E A M ^a   Harmsen, M C ^a   The, T H ^a   Van Son, W J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cytomegalovirus; Organ transplantation; Pneumonitis

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOSPORIN; FOSCARNET; GAMMA INTERFERON; GANCICLOVIR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; PP65 ANTIGEN; PREDNISOLONE; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALGANCICLOVIR; VIRUS PROTEIN;

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOASSAY; INFECTION COMPLICATION; LUNG DIFFUSION; LUNG INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; MICE; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PNEUMONIA, VIRAL;

EID: 0242323491     PISSN: 13982273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3062.2003.00023.x     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. ADAM E, MELNICK JL, PROBTSFIELD JL, et al. High levels of cytomegalovirus antibody in patients requiring vascular surgery for atherosclerosis. Lancet 1987: 2: 291-293.
2. HENDRIX MG, DAEMEN M, BRUGGEMAN CA. Cytomegalovirus nucleic acid distribution within the human vascular tree. Am J Pathol 1991: 138: 563-567.
3. GRATTAN MT, MORENO-CABRAL CE, STARNES VA, OYER PE, STINSON EB, SHUMWAY NE. Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with cardiac allograft rejection and atherosclerosis. JAMA 1989: 261: 3561-3566.
4. POURIA S, STATE OI, WONG W, HENDRY BM. CMV infection is associated with transplant renal artery stenosis. QJM 1998: 91: 185-189.
5. VAN SON WJ, PESET R, DUIPMANS JC, VAN DER MARK TW, THE TH, TEGZESS AM. Cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. Pulmonary dysfunction measured by decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. Transplantation 1987: 44: 149-150.
6. VAN SON WJ, TEGZESS AM, THE TH, et al. Pulmonary dysfunction is common during a cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation even in asymptomatic patients. Possible relationship with complement activation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987: 136: 580-585.
7. DE MAAR EF, KLEIBEUKER JH, BOERSMA-VAN EK W, THE TH, VAN SON WJ. Increased intestinal permeability during cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Int 1996: 9: 576-580.
8. GOODGAME RW. Gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus disease. Ann Int Med 1993: 119: 924-935.
9. VAN SON WJ, VAN DERJAGT EJ, VAN DER WOUDE FJ, et al. Pneumatosis intestinalis in patients after cadaveric kidney transplantation. Possible relationship with an active cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation 1984: 38: 506-510.
10. BOEHLER A, VOGT P, ZOLLINGER A, WEDER W, SPEICH R. Prospective study of the value of transbronchial lung biopsy after lung transplantation. Eur Respir J 1996: 9: 658-662.
11. GUILINGER RA, PARADIS IL, DAUBER JH, et al. The importance of bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage in the management of lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995: 152: 2037-2043.
12. TRULOCK EP, ETTINGER NA, BRUNT EM, PASQUE MK, KAISER LR, COOPER JD. The role of transbronchial lung biopsy in the treatment of lung transplant recipients. An analysis of 200 consecutive procedures. Chest 1992: 102: 1049-1054.
13. KETTELER M, PREUSCHOF L, MERTZ A, et al. Fatal cytomegalovirus pneumonia after preemptive antiviral therapy in a renal transplant recipient. Clin Nephrol 2000: 5: 418-424.
14. THE TH, HARMSEN MC, VAN DER BIJ W, VAN DEN BERG AP, VAN SON WJ. Relationship between monitoring the viral load in blood, human cytomegalovirus pathophysiology and management strategies of patients after transplantation. Monogr Virol 1998: 21: 262-279.
15. SUTHERLAND MR, RAYNOR CM, LEENKNEGT H, WRIGHT JF, PRYZDIAL EL. Coagulation initiated on herpesviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997: 94: 13510-13514.
16. TAMM M, TRAENKLE P, GRILLI B, et al. Pulmonary cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised patients. Chest 2001: 119: 838-843.
17. UBERTI-FOPPA C, LILLO F, TERRENI MR, et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in AIDS patients. Chest 1998: 113: 919-923.
18. VAN DEN BERG AP, VAN DER BIJ W, VAN SON WJ, et al. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia as a useful marker of symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation: a report of 130 consecutive patients. Transplantation 1989: 48: 991-995.
19. BOECKH M, BOIVIN G. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus: methodologic aspects and clinical applications. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998: 11: 533-554.
20. KAS-DEELEN AM, DE MAAR EF, VAN DER MARK TW, HARMSEN MC, VAN SON WJ, THE H. Pulmonary diffusion abnormalities in relation to cytomegalovirus antigenemia and cytomegalic endothelial cells in blood. Transplant Int 2001: 14: 180-183.
21. BOIVIN G, OLSON CA, QUIRK MR, KRINGSTAD B, HERTZ MI, JORDAN MC. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus DNA and characterization of viral gene expression in bronchoalveolar cells of infected patients with and without pneumonitis. J Infect Dis 1996: 173: 1304-1312.
22. SHIBATA M, TERASHIMA M, KIMURA H, et al. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus DNA in lung tissue of bone marrow transplant recipients. Hum Pathol 1992: 23: 911-915.
23. MILBURN HJ, GRUNDY JE, DU BOIS RM, PRENTICE HG, GRIFFITHS PD. Is the measurement of virus-specific antibody in the lungs of transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis of diagnostic or prognostic value? J Med Virol 1988: 26: 197-206.
24. KANG E, PATZ E, MÜLLER NL. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in transplant patients: CT findings. J Comput Assisted Tomogr 1998: 20: 295-299.
25. SMYTH RL, SINCLAIR J, SCOTT JP, et al. Infection and reactivation with cytomegalovirus strains in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 1991: 52: 480-482.
26. ETTINGER NA, BAILEY TC, TRULOCK EP, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and pneumonitis. Impact after isolated lung transplantation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993: 147: 1017-1023.
27. FALAGAS ME, SNYDMAN DR, GEORGE MJ, et al. Incidence and predictors of cytomegalovirus pneumonia in orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1996: 61: 1716-1720.
28. REICHENBERGER F, DICKENMANN M, BINET I, et al. Diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage following renal transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2001: 3: 2-7.
29. DUNCAN AJ, DUMMER JS, PARADIS IL, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and survival in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991: 10: 638-644.
30. SMYTH RL, SCOTT JP, BORYSIEWICZ LK, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in heart-lung transplant recipients: risk factors, clinical associations, and response to treatment. J Infect Dis 1991: 164: 1045-1050.
31. VAN DER BIJ W, SPEICH R. Management of cytomegalovirus infection and disease after solid-organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2001: 33: S32-S37.
32. KEENAN RJ, LEGA ME, DUMMER JS, et al. Cytomegalovirus serologic status and postoperative infection correlated with risk of developing chronic rejection after pulmonary transplantation. Transplantation 1991: 51: 433-438.
33. KROSHUS TJ, KSHETTRY VR, SAVIK K, JOHN R, HERTZ MI, BOLMAN RM III. Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997: 114: 195-202.
34. SHARPLES LD, TAMM M, MCNEIL K, HIGENBOTTAM TW, STEWART S, WALLWORK J. Development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in recipients of heart-lung transplantation: early risk factors. Transplantation 1996: 61: 560-566.
35. ENRIGHT H, HAAKE R, WEISDORF D, et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation. Risk factors and response to therapy. Transplantation 1993: 55: 1339-1346.
36. MEYERS JD, FLOURNOY N, THOMAS E. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection after human bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1986: 153: 478-488.
37. MEYERS JD. Cytomegalovirus infection following marrow transplantation: risk, treatment, and prevention. Birth Defects 1984: 20: 101-117.
38. LJUNGMAN P, BIRON P, BOSI A, et al. Cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonia in autologous bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994: 13: 209-212.
39. CRADDOCK PR, FEHR J, BRIGHAM KL, KRONENBERG RS, JACOB HS. Complement and leukocyte-mediated pulmonary dysfunction in hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1977: 296: 769-774.
40. GREFTE A, VAN DER GIESSEN M, VAN SON W, THE TH. Circulating cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected endothelial cells in patients with an active CMV infection. J Infect Dis 1993: 167: 270-277.
41. DE MAAR EF, KAS-DEELEN AM, VAN DER MARK TW, et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis after kidney transplantation is not caused by plugging of cytomegalic endothelial cells only. Transplant Int 1999: 12: 56-62.
42. BURGEON B, LANG P, ROSSO J, et al. Prospective study of pulmonary function for cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. Transplant Int 1994: 7: S339-S342.
43. KVALE PA, ROSEN MJ, HOPEWELL PC, et al. A decline in the pulmonary diffusing capacity does not indicate opportunistic lung disease in asymptomatic persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993: 148: 390-395.
44. SCHNITZLER MA, WOODWARD RS, BRENNAN DC, SPITZNAGEL EL, DUNAGAN WC, BAILEY TC. The effects of cytomegalovirus serology on graft and recipient survival in cadaveric renal transplantation: implications for organ allocation. Am J Kidney Dis 1997: 29: 428-434.
45. SULLIVAN V, TALARICO CL, STANAT SC, DAVIS M, COEN DM, BIRON KK. A protein kinase homologue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Nature 1992: 358: 162-164.
46. LOWANCE D, NEUMAYER HH, LEGENDRE CM, et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999: 340: 1462-1470.
47. LJUNGMAN P, DE LA CAMARA R, MILPIED N, et al. Valacyclovir International Bone Marrow Transplant Study Group. Randomized study of valacyclovir as prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus reactivation in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Blood 2002: 99: 3050-3056.
48. WINSTON DJ, YEAGER AM, CHANDRASEKAR PH, SNYDMAN DR, PETERSEN FB, TERRITO MC.Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Study Group. Randomized comparison of oral valacyclovir and intravenous ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2003: 36: 749-758.
49. BRENNAN DC, GARLOCK KA, SINGER GG, et al. Prophylactic oral ganciclovir compared with deferred therapy for control of cytomegalovirus in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997: 64: 1843-1846.
50. COUCHOUD C, CUCHERAT M, HAUGH M, POUTEIL-NOBLE C. Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with antiviral agents in solid organ transplantation: a meta-analysis. Transplantation 1998: 65: 641-647.
51. BIENVENU B, THERVET E, BEDROSSIAN J, SCIEUX C, MZERON MC, Development of cytomegalovirus resistance to ganciclovir after oral maintenance treatment in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 2000: 69: 182-184.
52. CRAIGEN JL, GRUNDY JE. Cytomegalovirus induced up-regulation of LFA-3 (CD58) and ICAM-1 (CD54) is a direct viral effect that is not prevented by ganciclovir or foscarnet treatment. Transplantation 1996: 62: 1102-1108.
53. WITTES JT, KELLY A, PLANTE KM. Meta-analysis of CMVIG studies for the prevention and treatment of CMV infection in transplant patients. Transplant Proc 1996: 28: 17-24.
54. SNYDMAN DR. Historical overview of the use of cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin in organ transplantation. Transplant Infect Dis 2001: 3 (Suppl 2): 6-13.
55. LJUNGMAN P, ENGELHARD D, LINK H, et al. Treatment of interstitial pneumonitis due to cytomegalovirus with ganciclovir and intravenous immune globulin: experience of European Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14: 831-835.
56. REED EC, BOWDEN RA, DANDLIKER PS, LILLEBY KE, MEYERS JD. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med 1988: 109: 783-788.
57. EMANUEL D, CUNNINGHAM I, JULES-ELYSEE K, et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immune globulin. Ann Intern Med 1988: 109: 777-782.
58. DE MAAR EF, VERSCHUUREN EAM, HOMAN VD HEIDE JJ, et al. Effects of changing immunosuppressive regimen on the incidence, duration and viral load of cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplantation: a single center report. Transplant Infect Dis 2002: 4: 17-24.
59. POPA ER, KAS-DEELEN AM, HEPKEMA BG, VAN SON WJ, THE TH, HARMSEN MC. Donor-derived circulating endothelial cells after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2002: 74: 1320-1327.
60. SINZGER C, GREFTE A, PLACHTER B, GOUW AS, THE TH, JAHN G. Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are major targets of human cytomegalovirus infection in lung and gastrointestinal tissues. J Gen Virol 1995: 76: 741-750.
61. SMITH FB, ARIAS JH, ELMQUIST TH, MAZZARA JT. Microvascular cytomegalovirus endothelialitis of the lung: a possible cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension in a patient with AIDS. Chest 1998: 114: 337-340.
62. KAS-DEELEN AM, HARMSEN MC, DE MAAR EF, et al. Acute rejection before cytomegalovirus infection enhances von Willebrand factor and soluble VCAM-1 in blood. Kidney Int 2000: 58: 2533-2542.
63. KOSKINEN PK, LEMSTROM KB, NIEMINEN MS, HAYRY PJ, LAUTENSCHLAGER IT. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is induced during cytomegalovirus infection in vascular structures of heart allografts. Transplant Int 1994: 7: S363-S364.
64. KOSKINEN PK. The association of the induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 with cytomegalovirus antigenemia in human heart allografts. Transplantation 1993: 56: 1103-1108.
65. WALDMAN WJ, KNIGHT DA. Cytokine-mediated induction of endothelial adhesion molecule and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen expression by cytomegalovirus-activated T cells. Am J Pathol 1996: 148: 105-119.
66. SEDMAK DD, KNIGHT DA, VOOK NC, WALDMAN JW. Divergent patterns of ELAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 expression on cytomegalovirus-infected endothelial cells. Transplantation 1994: 58: 1379-1385.
67. PERSOONS MC, STALS FS, VAN DAM MIERAS MC, BRUGGEMAN CA. Multiple organ involvement during experimental cytomegalovirus infection is associated with disseminated vascular pathology. J Pathol 1998: 184: 103-109.
68. SPAN AH, VAN DAM-MIERAS MC, MULLERS W, ENDERT J, MULLER AD, BRUGGEMAN CA. The effect of virus infection on the adherence of leukocytes or platelets to endothelial cells. Eur J Clin Invest 1991: 21: 331-338.
69. VOSSEN RCRM, VAN DAM-MIERAS MC, BRUGGEMAN CA. Cytomegalovirus infection and vessel wall pathology. Intervirology 1996: 39: 213-221.
70. GRUNDY JE, SHANLEY JD, GRIFFITHS PD. Is cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonitis in transplant recipients an immunopathological condition? Lancet 1987: 2: 996-999.
71. BARRY SM, JOHNSON MA, JANOSSY G. Cytopathology or immunopathology? The puzzle of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis revisited. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000: 26: 591-597.
72. SQUIRE SB, LIPMAN MCI, BAGDADES EK, et al. Severe cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in HIV infected patients with higher than average CD4 counts. Thorax 1992: 47: 301-304.
73. FITZPATRICK EA, AVDIUSHKO M, KAPLAN AM, COHEN DA. Role of T cell subsets in the development of AIDS-associated interstitial pneumnonitis in mice. Exp Lung Res 1999: 25: 671-687.
74. SHANLEY JD, VIA CS, SHARROW SO, SHEARER GM. Interstitial pneumonitis during murine cytomegalovirus infection and graft-versus-host reaction. Transplantation 1987: 44: 658-662.
75. SHANLEY JD, PESANTI EL. The relationship of viral replication to interstitial pneumonitis in murine cytomegalovirus lung infection. J Infect Dis 1985: 151: 454-458.
76. SHANLEY JD. Murine models of cytomegalovirus-associated pneumonitis. Transplant Proc 1991: 23 (Suppl 3): 12-16.
77. WALTER EA, GREENBERG PD, GILBERT MJ, et al. Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N Engl J Med 1995: 333: 1038-1044.
78. PODLECH J, HOLTAPPELS R, PAHL-SEIBERT MF, STEFFENS HP, REDDEHASE MJ. Murine model of interstitial cytomegalovirus pneumonia in syngeneic bone marrow transplantation: persistence of protective pulmonary CD8-T-cell infiltrates after clearance of acute infection. J Virol 2000: 74: 7496-7507.
79. WAXMAN AB, GOLDIE SJ, BRETT-SMITH H, MATTHAY RA. Cytomegalovirus as a primary pulmonary pathogen in AIDS. Chest 1997: 111: 128-134.
80. HIBBERD PL, TOLKOFF-RUBIN NE, COSIMI AB, et al. Symptomatic cytomegalovirus disease in the cytomegalovirus antibody seropositive renal transplant recipient treated with OKT3. Transplantation 1992: 53: 68-72.
81. HIBBERD PL, TOLKOFF-RUBIN NE, CONTI D, et al. Preeemptive ganciclovir therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in cytomegalovirus antibody-positive renal transplant recipients. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995: 123: 18-26.
82. SHANLEY JD, THRALL RS, FORMAN SJ. Murine cytomegalovirus replication in the lungs of athymic BALB/c nude mice. J Infect Dis 1997: 175: 309-315.
83. APPLEBAUM FR, MEYERS JD, FEFER A, et al. Nonbacterial nonfungal pneumonia following marrow transplantation in 100 identical twins. Transplantation 1982: 33: 265-268.
84. TANAKA K, KOGA Y, Lu YY, et al. J Clin Invest 1994: 94: 1019-1025.
85. FIETZE E, PRÖSCH S, REINKE P, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients: the role of tumor necrosis factor. Transplantation 1994: 58: 675-680.