Comment to "Twentieth century secular decrease in the atmospheric potential gradient" by Giles Harrison

Geophysical Research Letters

Volumn 30, Issue 15, 2003, Pages

  Williams, E R ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; COSMOLOGY;

CARBON EMISSION; AEROSOL CONCENTRATION; ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS; BLACK CARBON EMISSION; GLOBAL ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS; HISTORICAL RECORDS; POTENTIAL GRADIENTS; TWENTIETH CENTURY; UNITED KINGDOM;

COSMIC RAYS; CARBON;

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; ELECTRIC FIELD; IONOSPHERE; SECULAR VARIATION; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

EID: 0242305870     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003GL017094     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Adlerman, E. J., and E. R. Williams, Seasonal variations of the global electrical circuit, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,679-29,688, 1996.
2. Bazilevskaya, G. A., Observations of variability in cosmic rays, Space Sci. Rev., 94, 25-38, 2000.
3. Beer, J. Long-term indirect indices of solar variability, Space Sci. Rev., 94, 53-66, 2000.
4. Bering, E. A., A. A. Few, and J. R. Benbrook. The global electric circuit, Phys. Today, 51, 24-30, 1998.
5. Carslaw, K. S., R. G. Harrison, and J. Kirkby, Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate, Science. 298, 1732-1737, 2002.
6. Christian, H. J., et al., Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4005, doi:10.1029/2002JD002347, 2003.
7. Cobb, W. E., The atmospheric electric climate at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 470-480, 1968.
8. Frank-Kamentsky, A. V., O. A. Troshischev, G. B. Burns, and V. O. Papitachvili, Variations of the atmospheric electric field in the near-pole region related to the interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 179-190, 2001.
9. Harrison, R. G., and K. L. Aplin, Mid-nineteenth century smoke concentrations at Kew, London, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4037-4043, 2002.
10. Harrison, G., Twentieth century secular decrease in the atmospheric potential gradient, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 1660, doi:10.1029/2002GL014878, 2002.
11. Heckman, S., E. Williams, and R. Boldi, Total global lightning inferred from Schumann resonance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,775-31,779, 1998.
12. Israel, H., Fields, Charges, and Currents, in Atmospheric Electricity, vol. 2, pp. 796, Isr. Program for Scien. Transl., Jerusalem, 1973.
13. Marcz, F., Atmospheric electric parameters around days with increased number of condensation nuclei, Acta Geod. Geoph. Hung., 35, 133-141, 2000.
14. Markson, R., Solar modulation of atmospheric electrification and possible implications for the Sun-weather relationship, Nature, 273, 103-109, 1978.
15. Markson, R., Modulation of the Earth's electric field by cosmic radiation, Nature, 291, 304-308, 1981.
16. Novakov, T., V. Ramanathan, J. E. Hansen, T. W. Kirchstetter, M. Sato, J. E. Sinton, and J. A. Sathaye, Large historical changes of fossil-fuel black carbon aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1324, doi:10.1029/2002GL016345, 2003.
17. Parkinson, W. C., and O. W. Torreson, The diurnal variation of electric potential of the atmosphere over the oceans, UGGI Bull., 8, 340-341, 1931.
18. Reiter, R., Phenomena in Atmospheric and Environmental Electricity, pp. 45-156, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1992.
19. Whipple, F. J. W., On the association of the diurnal variation of electric potential in fine weather with the distribution of thunderstorms over the globe, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 55, 1-17, 1929.
20. Williams, E. R., Review of: Phenomena in Atmospheric and Environmental Electricity by R. Reiter, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2389-2392, 1993.
21. Williams, E., et al., Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8082, doi:10.1029/2001JD000380, 2002.