Children's response to terrorism: A critical review of the literature

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 95-100

  Pfefferbaum, Betty ^a   Pfefferbaum, Rose L ^b   Gurwitch, Robin H ^b   Nagumalli, Sridevi ^b   Brandt Jr , Edward N ^b   Robertson, Madeline J ^b   Aceska, Alexandra ^b   Saste, Vishal S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD HEALTH CARE; DESTRUCTION; DISASTER; EXPLOSION; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; TERRORISM; UNITED STATES; COUNSELING; ENVIRONMENT;

CHILD; COUNSELING; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TERRORISM;

EID: 0142228321     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-003-0025-1     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Ayalon O: Posttraumatic stress recovery of terrorist survivors. In International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. Edited by Wilson JP, Raphael B. New York: Plenum Press; 1993:855-866.
2. Hoffman B: Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press; 1998.
3. Pfefferbaum B: Victims of terrorism and the media. In Terrorists, Victims and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and Its Consequences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; In press.
4. Stern J: The Ultimate Terrorists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1999.
5. Wilkinson P: Terrorism and propaganda. In Terrorism and the Media: Dilemmas for Government, Journalists and the Public. Edited by Alexander Y, Latter R. Washington, DC: Brassey's, Inc.; 1990:26-33.
6. Koplewicz HS, Vogel JM, Solanto MV, et al.: Child and parent response to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. J Trauma Stress 2002, 15:77-85.
7. Gurwitch RH, Pfefferbaum B, Leftwich MJT: The impact of terrorism on children: considerations for a new era. J Trauma Pract 2002, 1:101-124.
8. Gurwitch RH, Sitterle, KA, Young BH, Pfefferbaum B: The aftermath of terrorism. In Helping Children Cope With Disasters and Terrorism. Edited by La Greca AM, Silverman WK, Vernberg EM, Roberts MC. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2002:327-357.
9. Gurwitch RH, Sullivan MA, Long PJ: The impact of trauma and disaster on young children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998, 7:19-32.
10. Kiser LJ, Ackerman BJ, Brown E, et al.: Post-traumatic stress disorder in young children: a reaction to purported sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988, 27:645-649.
11. Newman CJ: Children of disaster: clinical observations at Buffalo Creek. Am J Psychiatry 1976, 133:306-312.
12. Scheeringa MS, Zeanah CH, Drell MJ, Larrieu JA: Two approaches to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:191-200.
13. Sullivan MA, Saylor CF, Foster KY: Post-hurricane adjustment of preschoolers and their families. Adv Behav Res Ther 1991, 13:163-171.
14. Pfefferbaum B, Nixon SJ, Krug RS, et al.: Clinical needs assessment of middle and high school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:1069-1074.
15. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edn 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
16. Pfefferbaum B, Nixon, SJ, Tucker PM, et al.: Posttraumatic stress responses in bereaved children after the Oklahoma City bombing. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38:1372-1379.
17. Pfefferbaum B, Nixon SJ, Tivis RD, et al.: Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident. Psychiatry 2001, 64:202-211.
18. Pfefferbaum B, Doughty DE, Reddy C, et al.: Exposure and peritraumatic response as predictors of posttraumatic stress in children following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. J Urban Health 2002, 79:354-363.
19. Pfefferbaum B, Seale TW, McDonald NB, et al.: Posttraumatic stress two years after the Oklahoma City bombing in youths geographically distant from the explosion. Psychiatry 2000, 63:358-370.
20. Pfefferbaum B, Seale TW, Brandt EN Jr., et al.: Media exposure in children one hundred miles from a terrorist bombing. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2003, In press.
21. Smith DW, Christiansen EH, Vincent R, Hann NE: Population effects of the bombing of Oklahoma City. J Okla State Med Assoc 1999, 92:193-198.
22. Allen SF, Dlugokinski EL, Cohen LA, Walker JL: Assessing the impact of a traumatic community event on children and assisting with their healing. Psychiatr Ann 1999, 29:93-98.
23. Allen JR, Pfefferbaum B, Hammond D, Speed L: A disturbed child's use of a public event: Cotard's Syndrome in a ten-year-old. Psychiatry 2000, 63:208-213.
24. Pfefferbaum B, Allen JR, Lindsey ED, Whittlesey SW: Fabricated trauma exposure: an analysis of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional factors. Psychiatry 1999, 62:293-302.
25. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W: Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979, 41:209-218.
26. Weiss DS, Marmar CR: The impact of event scale: revised. In Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Edited by Wilson JP, Keane TM. New York: The Guilford Press; 1997:399-411.
27. Pfefferbaum B, Sconzo GM, Flynn BW, et al.: Case finding and mental health services for children in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing. J Behav Health Serv Res 2003, In press.
28. North CS, Pfefferbaum B: Research on the mental health effects of terrorism. JAMA 2002, 288:633-636.
29. Pfefferbaum B, Pfefferbaum RL, North CS, Neas BR: Does television viewing satisfy criteria for exposure in posttraumatic stress disorder? Psychiatry 2003, 65:306-309.
30. Terr LC, Bloch DA, Michel BA, et al.: Children's symptoms in the wake of Challenger: a field study of distant-traumatic effects and an outline of related conditions. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:1536-1544.
31. Pfefferbaum B, North CS, Doughty DE, et al.: Posttraumatic stress and functional impairment in Kenyan children following the 1998 American Embassy bombing. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2003, In press.
32. Hoven CW: US Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee Hearing Testimony Regarding Unmet Mental Health Needs of New York City Public School Children as a Result of the September 11th Attacks on the World Trade Center. June 10, 2002.
33. Stuber J, Fairbrother G, Galea S, et al.: Determinants of counseling for children in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Psychiatr Serv 2002, 53:815-822.
34. Schlenger WE, Caddell JM, Ebert L, et al.: Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the national study of Americans' reactions to September 11. JAMA 2002, 288:581-588.
35. Schuster MA, Stein BD, Jaycox LH, et al.: A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:1507-1512.
36. Earls F, Smith E, Reich W, Jung KG: Investigating psychopathological consequences of a disaster in children: a pilot study incorporating a structured diagnostic interview. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988, 27:90-95.
37. Handford HA, Mayes SD, Mattison RE, et al.: Child and parent reaction to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1986, 25:346-356.
38. Flynn BW, Nelson ME: Understanding the needs of children following large-scale disasters and the role of government. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998, 7:211-227.
39. Pfefferbaum B, Call JA, Sconzo GM: Mental health services for children in the first two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist bombing. Psychiatr Serv 1999, 50:956-958.
40. Pfefferbaum B, North CS, Flynn BW, et al.: Disaster mental health services following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing: modifying approaches to address terrorism. CNS Spectrums 2002, 7:575-579.
41. American Psychological Association: Final Report: Task Force on the Mental Health Response to the Oklahoma City Bombing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1997.
42. Whittlesey SW, Allen JR, Bell BD, et al.: Avoidance in trauma: conscious and unconscious defense, pathology, and health. Psychiatry 1999, 62:303-312.
43. Sitterle KA, Gurwitch RH: The terrorist bombing in Oklahoma City. In When a Community Weeps: Case Studies in Group Survivorship. Edited by Zinner ES, Williams MB. Philadelphia: Brunner & Mazel; 1999:161-189.