Battered Women, Petty Traitors, and the Legacy of Coverture

Feminist Studies

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 249-278+476

  Dolan, Frances E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142169414     PISSN: 00463663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Ann Jones, Women Who Kill (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1980), 319-20, 346, 426; R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash, "Violence against Women," in Gender Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Laura L. O'Toole and Jessica R. Schiffman (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 270.
2. Ann Jones, Women Who Kill (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1980), 319-20, 346, 426; R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash, "Violence against Women," in Gender Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Laura L. O'Toole and Jessica R. Schiffman (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 270.
3. Erica Goode, "When Women Find Love Is Fatal," New York Times, 15 Feb. 2000, sec. D, 1, 6. Martha R. Mahoney, "Legal Images of Battered Women: Redefining the Issue of Separation," Michigan Law Review 90 (October 1991): 1-94.
4. Erica Goode, "When Women Find Love Is Fatal," New York Times, 15 Feb. 2000, sec. D, 1, 6. Martha R. Mahoney, "Legal Images of Battered Women: Redefining the Issue of Separation," Michigan Law Review 90 (October 1991): 1-94.
5. Leonore Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: HarperCollins, 1980); Julie Blackman, "Emerging Images of Severely Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 8 (spring 1990): 127; Robin West, Narrative, Authority, and Law (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 198, 200.
6. Leonore Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: HarperCollins, 1980); Julie Blackman, "Emerging Images of Severely Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 8 (spring 1990): 127; Robin West, Narrative, Authority, and Law (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 198, 200.
7. Leonore Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: HarperCollins, 1980); Julie Blackman, "Emerging Images of Severely Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 8 (spring 1990): 127; Robin West, Narrative, Authority, and Law (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 198, 200.
8. Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence-from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 91.
9. Donald Alexander Downs, More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 182-220; Linda Gordon, "Killing in Self-Defense," The Nation, 24 Mar. 1997, 25-28; Elizabeth M. Schneider, Battered Women and Feminist Lawmaking (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000); Alan Dershowitz, The Abuse Excuse and Other Cop-Outs, Sob Stories, and Evasions of Responsibility (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994).
10. Donald Alexander Downs, More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 182-220; Linda Gordon, "Killing in Self-Defense," The Nation, 24 Mar. 1997, 25-28; Elizabeth M. Schneider, Battered Women and Feminist Lawmaking (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000); Alan Dershowitz, The Abuse Excuse and Other Cop-Outs, Sob Stories, and Evasions of Responsibility (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994).
11. Donald Alexander Downs, More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 182-220; Linda Gordon, "Killing in Self-Defense," The Nation, 24 Mar. 1997, 25-28; Elizabeth M. Schneider, Battered Women and Feminist Lawmaking (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000); Alan Dershowitz, The Abuse Excuse and Other Cop-Outs, Sob Stories, and Evasions of Responsibility (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994).
12. Donald Alexander Downs, More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 182-220; Linda Gordon, "Killing in Self-Defense," The Nation, 24 Mar. 1997, 25-28; Elizabeth M. Schneider, Battered Women and Feminist Lawmaking (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000); Alan Dershowitz, The Abuse Excuse and Other Cop-Outs, Sob Stories, and Evasions of Responsibility (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994).
13. Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Toward Feminist Jurisprudence," Stanford Law Review 34 (February 1982): 735.
14. Holly Maguigan, "Battered Women and Self Defense: Myths and Misconceptions in Current Reform Proposals," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 140 (December 1991): 388.
15. Schneider, 122.
16. Naomi R. Cahn, "The Looseness of Legal Language: The Reasonable Woman Standard in Theory and in Practice," Cornell Law Review 77 (September 1992): 1421.
17. Anna Clark, "Humanity or Justice? Wifebeating and the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," in Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality, ed. Carol Smart (London: Routledge, 1992), 187-206; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence-Boston, 1880-1960 (New York: Viking/Penguin, 1988), 250-88; A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); David Peterson Del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Martin Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization, of Men," in Men and Violence: Masculinity, Honor Codes, and Violent Rituals in Europe and America, 1600-2000, ed. Pieter Spierenburg (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997), 197-212.
18. Anna Clark, "Humanity or Justice? Wifebeating and the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," in Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality, ed. Carol Smart (London: Routledge, 1992), 187-206; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence-Boston, 1880-1960 (New York: Viking/Penguin, 1988), 250-88; A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); David Peterson Del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Martin Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization, of Men," in Men and Violence: Masculinity, Honor Codes, and Violent Rituals in Europe and America, 1600-2000, ed. Pieter Spierenburg (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997), 197-212.
19. Anna Clark, "Humanity or Justice? Wifebeating and the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," in Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality, ed. Carol Smart (London: Routledge, 1992), 187-206; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence-Boston, 1880-1960 (New York: Viking/Penguin, 1988), 250-88; A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); David Peterson Del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Martin Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization, of Men," in Men and Violence: Masculinity, Honor Codes, and Violent Rituals in Europe and America, 1600-2000, ed. Pieter Spierenburg (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997), 197-212.
20. Anna Clark, "Humanity or Justice? Wifebeating and the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," in Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality, ed. Carol Smart (London: Routledge, 1992), 187-206; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence-Boston, 1880-1960 (New York: Viking/Penguin, 1988), 250-88; A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); David Peterson Del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Martin Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization, of Men," in Men and Violence: Masculinity, Honor Codes, and Violent Rituals in Europe and America, 1600-2000, ed. Pieter Spierenburg (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997), 197-212.
21. Anna Clark, "Humanity or Justice? Wifebeating and the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," in Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality, ed. Carol Smart (London: Routledge, 1992), 187-206; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence-Boston, 1880-1960 (New York: Viking/Penguin, 1988), 250-88; A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); David Peterson Del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Martin Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization, of Men," in Men and Violence: Masculinity, Honor Codes, and Violent Rituals in Europe and America, 1600-2000, ed. Pieter Spierenburg (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997), 197-212.
22. Anna Clark, "Humanity or Justice? Wifebeating and the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," in Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality, ed. Carol Smart (London: Routledge, 1992), 187-206; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence-Boston, 1880-1960 (New York: Viking/Penguin, 1988), 250-88; A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); David Peterson Del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Martin Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization, of Men," in Men and Violence: Masculinity, Honor Codes, and Violent Rituals in Europe and America, 1600-2000, ed. Pieter Spierenburg (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997), 197-212.
23. Suzanne K. Steinmetz, "The Battered Husband Syndrome," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 499-509; Murray A. Straus, "Physical Assaults by Wives: A Major Social Problem," in Current Controversies on Family Violence, ed. Richard Gelles and Donileen R. Loseke (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993). For skeptical responses, see Elizabeth Pleck, Joseph H. Pleck, Marilyn Grossman, and Pauline B. Bart, "The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz's Article," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 680-84; Ann Jones, Next Time She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 154-56.
24. Suzanne K. Steinmetz, "The Battered Husband Syndrome," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 499-509; Murray A. Straus, "Physical Assaults by Wives: A Major Social Problem," in Current Controversies on Family Violence, ed. Richard Gelles and Donileen R. Loseke (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993). For skeptical responses, see Elizabeth Pleck, Joseph H. Pleck, Marilyn Grossman, and Pauline B. Bart, "The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz's Article," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 680-84; Ann Jones, Next Time She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 154-56.
25. Suzanne K. Steinmetz, "The Battered Husband Syndrome," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 499-509; Murray A. Straus, "Physical Assaults by Wives: A Major Social Problem," in Current Controversies on Family Violence, ed. Richard Gelles and Donileen R. Loseke (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993). For skeptical responses, see Elizabeth Pleck, Joseph H. Pleck, Marilyn Grossman, and Pauline B. Bart, "The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz's Article," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 680-84; Ann Jones, Next Time She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 154-56.
26. Suzanne K. Steinmetz, "The Battered Husband Syndrome," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 499-509; Murray A. Straus, "Physical Assaults by Wives: A Major Social Problem," in Current Controversies on Family Violence, ed. Richard Gelles and Donileen R. Loseke (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993). For skeptical responses, see Elizabeth Pleck, Joseph H. Pleck, Marilyn Grossman, and Pauline B. Bart, "The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz's Article," Victimology 2, nos. 3-4 (1977-1978): 680-84; Ann Jones, Next Time She'll Be Dead: Battering and How to Stop It (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 154-56.
27. Schneider, 120; Downs, 24; Mark Kelman, "Reasonable Evidence of Reasonableness," Critical Inquiry 17 (summer 1991): 798-817.
28. Schneider, 120; Downs, 24; Mark Kelman, "Reasonable Evidence of Reasonableness," Critical Inquiry 17 (summer 1991): 798-817.
29. Schneider, 120; Downs, 24; Mark Kelman, "Reasonable Evidence of Reasonableness," Critical Inquiry 17 (summer 1991): 798-817.
30. The Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights: or, The Lawes Provision for Woemen, compiled by I. L., and revised by T. E. (London, 1632), sigs. I7, B2v. The most thorough discussion of authorship favors Thomas Edgar (1602-1692), W.R. Prest, "Law and Women's Rights in Early Modern England," The Seventeenth Century 6 (autumn 1991): 169-87.
31. The Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights: or, The Lawes Provision for Woemen, compiled by I. L., and revised by T. E. (London, 1632), sigs. I7, B2v. The most thorough discussion of authorship favors Thomas Edgar (1602-1692), W.R. Prest, "Law and Women's Rights in Early Modern England," The Seventeenth Century 6 (autumn 1991): 169-87.
32. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 4 vols. (London: William Reed, 1811), 1: 442.
33. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 337, 343; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 122-23; Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895), 2: 404; Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1993); Natasha Korda, Shakespeare's Domestic Economies: Gender and Property in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11-12, 39-47; Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
34. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 337, 343; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 122-23; Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895), 2: 404; Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1993); Natasha Korda, Shakespeare's Domestic Economies: Gender and Property in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11-12, 39-47; Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
35. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 337, 343; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 122-23; Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895), 2: 404; Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1993); Natasha Korda, Shakespeare's Domestic Economies: Gender and Property in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11-12, 39-47; Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
36. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 337, 343; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 122-23; Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895), 2: 404; Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1993); Natasha Korda, Shakespeare's Domestic Economies: Gender and Property in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11-12, 39-47; Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
37. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 337, 343; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 122-23; Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895), 2: 404; Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1993); Natasha Korda, Shakespeare's Domestic Economies: Gender and Property in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11-12, 39-47; Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
38. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 337, 343; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 122-23; Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895), 2: 404; Amy Louise Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge, 1993); Natasha Korda, Shakespeare's Domestic Economies: Gender and Property in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 11-12, 39-47; Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
39. Timothy Stretton, Women Waging Law in Elizabethan England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 151, 153.
40. Ibid., 145.
41. Hendrik Hartog, Man and Wife in America: A History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 107.
42. Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 140; Tapping Reeve, The Law of Baron and Femme (3d ed. 1862; reprint, New York: Source Book Press, 1970), 220; Linda A. Pollock, "Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family in Seventeenth-Century England," Journal of Family History 23 (January 1998): 3-27.
43. Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 140; Tapping Reeve, The Law of Baron and Femme (3d ed. 1862; reprint, New York: Source Book Press, 1970), 220; Linda A. Pollock, "Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family in Seventeenth-Century England," Journal of Family History 23 (January 1998): 3-27.
44. Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 140; Tapping Reeve, The Law of Baron and Femme (3d ed. 1862; reprint, New York: Source Book Press, 1970), 220; Linda A. Pollock, "Rethinking Patriarchy and the Family in Seventeenth-Century England," Journal of Family History 23 (January 1998): 3-27.
45. Hartog, 168.
46. Margaret R. Hunt, "Wives and Marital 'Rights' in the Court of Exchequer in the Early Eighteenth. Century," in Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, ed. Paul Griffiths and Mark S.R. Jenner (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 107-29, esp. 112; Barbara Todd, "'To Be Some Body': Married Women and The Hardships of the English Laws," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, ed. Hilda Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 343-61, esp. 344; Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 287-91; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 10-11, 19-20; Susan Staves, Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660-1833 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London; Butterworths, 1990), 554-55.
47. Margaret R. Hunt, "Wives and Marital 'Rights' in the Court of Exchequer in the Early Eighteenth. Century," in Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, ed. Paul Griffiths and Mark S.R. Jenner (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 107-29, esp. 112; Barbara Todd, "'To Be Some Body': Married Women and The Hardships of the English Laws," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, ed. Hilda Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 343-61, esp. 344; Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 287-91; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 10-11, 19-20; Susan Staves, Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660-1833 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London; Butterworths, 1990), 554-55.
48. Margaret R. Hunt, "Wives and Marital 'Rights' in the Court of Exchequer in the Early Eighteenth. Century," in Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, ed. Paul Griffiths and Mark S.R. Jenner (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 107-29, esp. 112; Barbara Todd, "'To Be Some Body': Married Women and The Hardships of the English Laws," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, ed. Hilda Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 343-61, esp. 344; Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 287-91; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 10-11, 19-20; Susan Staves, Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660-1833 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London; Butterworths, 1990), 554-55.
49. Margaret R. Hunt, "Wives and Marital 'Rights' in the Court of Exchequer in the Early Eighteenth. Century," in Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, ed. Paul Griffiths and Mark S.R. Jenner (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 107-29, esp. 112; Barbara Todd, "'To Be Some Body': Married Women and The Hardships of the English Laws," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, ed. Hilda Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 343-61, esp. 344; Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 287-91; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 10-11, 19-20; Susan Staves, Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660-1833 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London; Butterworths, 1990), 554-55.
50. Margaret R. Hunt, "Wives and Marital 'Rights' in the Court of Exchequer in the Early Eighteenth. Century," in Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, ed. Paul Griffiths and Mark S.R. Jenner (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 107-29, esp. 112; Barbara Todd, "'To Be Some Body': Married Women and The Hardships of the English Laws," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, ed. Hilda Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 343-61, esp. 344; Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 287-91; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 10-11, 19-20; Susan Staves, Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660-1833 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London; Butterworths, 1990), 554-55.
51. Margaret R. Hunt, "Wives and Marital 'Rights' in the Court of Exchequer in the Early Eighteenth. Century," in Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, ed. Paul Griffiths and Mark S.R. Jenner (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 107-29, esp. 112; Barbara Todd, "'To Be Some Body': Married Women and The Hardships of the English Laws," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, ed. Hilda Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 343-61, esp. 344; Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 287-91; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 10-11, 19-20; Susan Staves, Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660-1833 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London; Butterworths, 1990), 554-55.
52. Hunt, 121.
53. Hartog, 131, 85, 32, 37, 294-95, 38, 224.
54. Susan Dwyer Amussen, An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Mary Beth Norton; and Carole Shammas, "Anglo-American Household Government in Comparative Perspective," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 52 (January 1995): 104-50.
55. Susan Dwyer Amussen, An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Mary Beth Norton; and Carole Shammas, "Anglo-American Household Government in Comparative Perspective," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 52 (January 1995): 104-50.
56. Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, CCXI Sociable Letters (London, 1664), letter XVI, sig. D2.
57. Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 11; Norton, 62, and passim; Candice Lewis Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Woman, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 77-131.
58. Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 11; Norton, 62, and passim; Candice Lewis Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Woman, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 77-131.
59. Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 11; Norton, 62, and passim; Candice Lewis Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Woman, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 77-131.
60. Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 11; Norton, 62, and passim; Candice Lewis Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Woman, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 77-131.
61. Kerber, 12; Mary Astell, Some Reflections upon Marriage (New York: Source Book Press, 1970), 34.
62. Kerber, 12; Mary Astell, Some Reflections upon Marriage (New York: Source Book Press, 1970), 34.
63. Carole Pateman, "Conclusion: Women's Writing, Women's Standing," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 369; Paula McDowell, Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (October 1987): 689-721; Hilda L. Smith, "Women as Sextons and Electors: King's Bench and Precedents for Women's Citizenship," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 324-42.
64. Carole Pateman, "Conclusion: Women's Writing, Women's Standing," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 369; Paula McDowell, Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (October 1987): 689-721; Hilda L. Smith, "Women as Sextons and Electors: King's Bench and Precedents for Women's Citizenship," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 324-42.
65. Carole Pateman, "Conclusion: Women's Writing, Women's Standing," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 369; Paula McDowell, Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (October 1987): 689-721; Hilda L. Smith, "Women as Sextons and Electors: King's Bench and Precedents for Women's Citizenship," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 324-42.
66. Carole Pateman, "Conclusion: Women's Writing, Women's Standing," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 369; Paula McDowell, Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (October 1987): 689-721; Hilda L. Smith, "Women as Sextons and Electors: King's Bench and Precedents for Women's Citizenship," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 324-42.
67. Carole Pateman, "Conclusion: Women's Writing, Women's Standing," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 369; Paula McDowell, Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (October 1987): 689-721; Hilda L. Smith, "Women as Sextons and Electors: King's Bench and Precedents for Women's Citizenship," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, 324-42.
68. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, 6 vols. (New York: Fowler & Wells, 1881), 1: 93, 89; Teresa Michals, "'The Sole and Despotic Dominion': Slaves, Wives, and Game in Blackstone's Commentaries," Eighteenth-Century Studies 27 (winter 1993): 202-3; Karen Sánchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," Representations 24 (fall 1988): 33-34.
69. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, 6 vols. (New York: Fowler & Wells, 1881), 1: 93, 89; Teresa Michals, "'The Sole and Despotic Dominion': Slaves, Wives, and Game in Blackstone's Commentaries," Eighteenth-Century Studies 27 (winter 1993): 202-3; Karen Sánchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," Representations 24 (fall 1988): 33-34.
70. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, 6 vols. (New York: Fowler & Wells, 1881), 1: 93, 89; Teresa Michals, "'The Sole and Despotic Dominion': Slaves, Wives, and Game in Blackstone's Commentaries," Eighteenth-Century Studies 27 (winter 1993): 202-3; Karen Sánchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," Representations 24 (fall 1988): 33-34.
71. Pateman, "Conclusion," 368.
72. Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice (London, 1618) [a handbook for rural justices of the peace], 204-6; Frances E. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 20-88.
73. Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice (London, 1618) [a handbook for rural justices of the peace], 204-6; Frances E. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 20-88.
74. Dalton, 204; Blackstone, 4: 202-4. These punishments were standard for men by the thirteenth century and for women by the fourteenth. Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae, 2 vols. (London, 1736), 2: 399; J. H. Baker, 600.
75. Dalton, 204; Blackstone, 4: 202-4. These punishments were standard for men by the thirteenth century and for women by the fourteenth. Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae, 2 vols. (London, 1736), 2: 399; J. H. Baker, 600.
76. Dalton, 204; Blackstone, 4: 202-4. These punishments were standard for men by the thirteenth century and for women by the fourteenth. Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae, 2 vols. (London, 1736), 2: 399; J. H. Baker, 600.
77. Dalton, 204; Blackstone, 4: 202-4. These punishments were standard for men by the thirteenth century and for women by the fourteenth. Sir Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae, 2 vols. (London, 1736), 2: 399; J. H. Baker, 600.
78. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies, 13; Jones, Women Who Kill, 19, 36-42; Stephanie Cole, "Keeping the Peace: Domestic Assault and Private Prosecution in Antebellum Baltimore," in Over the Threshold: Intimate Violence in Early America, ed. Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 152.
79. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies, 13; Jones, Women Who Kill, 19, 36-42; Stephanie Cole, "Keeping the Peace: Domestic Assault and Private Prosecution in Antebellum Baltimore," in Over the Threshold: Intimate Violence in Early America, ed. Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 152.
80. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies, 13; Jones, Women Who Kill, 19, 36-42; Stephanie Cole, "Keeping the Peace: Domestic Assault and Private Prosecution in Antebellum Baltimore," in Over the Threshold: Intimate Violence in Early America, ed. Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 152.
81. Susan Dwyer Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness': Violence and Domestic Violence in Early Modern England," Journal of Women's History 6 (summer 1994): 70-89; Margaret Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence in Eighteenth-Century London," Gender and History 4 (spring 1992): 10-33; William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises (London, 1622), sig. Cc3v; Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds., The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society; Cambridge University Press, 2000).
82. Susan Dwyer Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness': Violence and Domestic Violence in Early Modern England," Journal of Women's History 6 (summer 1994): 70-89; Margaret Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence in Eighteenth-Century London," Gender and History 4 (spring 1992): 10-33; William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises (London, 1622), sig. Cc3v; Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds., The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society; Cambridge University Press, 2000).
83. Susan Dwyer Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness': Violence and Domestic Violence in Early Modern England," Journal of Women's History 6 (summer 1994): 70-89; Margaret Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence in Eighteenth-Century London," Gender and History 4 (spring 1992): 10-33; William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises (London, 1622), sig. Cc3v; Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds., The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society; Cambridge University Press, 2000).
84. Susan Dwyer Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness': Violence and Domestic Violence in Early Modern England," Journal of Women's History 6 (summer 1994): 70-89; Margaret Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence in Eighteenth-Century London," Gender and History 4 (spring 1992): 10-33; William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties: Eight Treatises (London, 1622), sig. Cc3v; Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds., The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society; Cambridge University Press, 2000).
85. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc4v.
86. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc4; William Whately, A Bride-Bush: Or, a Direction for Married Persons (London, 1623), sig. P2; William Heale, An Apologie for Women (Oxford, 1609), sig. C2; Henry Smith, "A Preparative to Marriage" (1591), from The Works of Henry Smith, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1866), I: 26; Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc3v.
87. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc4; William Whately, A Bride-Bush: Or, a Direction for Married Persons (London, 1623), sig. P2; William Heale, An Apologie for Women (Oxford, 1609), sig. C2; Henry Smith, "A Preparative to Marriage" (1591), from The Works of Henry Smith, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1866), I: 26; Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc3v.
88. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc4; William Whately, A Bride-Bush: Or, a Direction for Married Persons (London, 1623), sig. P2; William Heale, An Apologie for Women (Oxford, 1609), sig. C2; Henry Smith, "A Preparative to Marriage" (1591), from The Works of Henry Smith, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1866), I: 26; Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc3v.
89. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc4; William Whately, A Bride-Bush: Or, a Direction for Married Persons (London, 1623), sig. P2; William Heale, An Apologie for Women (Oxford, 1609), sig. C2; Henry Smith, "A Preparative to Marriage" (1591), from The Works of Henry Smith, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1866), I: 26; Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc3v.
90. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc4; William Whately, A Bride-Bush: Or, a Direction for Married Persons (London, 1623), sig. P2; William Heale, An Apologie for Women (Oxford, 1609), sig. C2; Henry Smith, "A Preparative to Marriage" (1591), from The Works of Henry Smith, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1866), I: 26; Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc3v.
91. Whately, sigs. P3, R2v; sigs. R2-R2V, Y4, Z-Zv, Z2, Z3, Z2v.
92. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc5; William Perkins, Oeconomie: Or, Houshold-Government (first published in 1609 as Christian Oeconomie) in The Workes of that Famous and Worthy Minister of Christ in the Universitie of Cambridge, M.W. Perkins, 3 vols. (London, 1631), 3: sig. Ssss4v; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston: Beacon, 1966), 542.
93. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc5; William Perkins, Oeconomie: Or, Houshold-Government (first published in 1609 as Christian Oeconomie) in The Workes of that Famous and Worthy Minister of Christ in the Universitie of Cambridge, M.W. Perkins, 3 vols. (London, 1631), 3: sig. Ssss4v; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston: Beacon, 1966), 542.
94. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, sig. Cc5; William Perkins, Oeconomie: Or, Houshold-Government (first published in 1609 as Christian Oeconomie) in The Workes of that Famous and Worthy Minister of Christ in the Universitie of Cambridge, M.W. Perkins, 3 vols. (London, 1631), 3: sig. Ssss4v; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620-1692: A Documentary History (Boston: Beacon, 1966), 542.
95. Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness,'" 81; Laura Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modern London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence," 23.
96. Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness,'" 81; Laura Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modern London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence," 23.
97. Amussen, "'Being Stirred to Much Unquietness,'" 81; Laura Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modern London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); Hunt, "Wife Beating, Domesticity, and Women's Independence," 23.
98. Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The 'Weaker Sex' in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980), 137, 155; Ann M. Little, "'Shee Would Bump His Mouldy Britch': Authority, Masculinity, and the Harried Husbands of New Haven Colony, 1638-1670," in Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History, ed. Michael Bellesiles (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 43-66.
99. Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The 'Weaker Sex' in Seventeenth-Century New England (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980), 137, 155; Ann M. Little, "'Shee Would Bump His Mouldy Britch': Authority, Masculinity, and the Harried Husbands of New Haven Colony, 1638-1670," in Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History, ed. Michael Bellesiles (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 43-66.
100. Henry Goodcole, The Adulteresses Funerall Day: In Flaming, Scorching, and Consuming Fire; Or, the Burning Downe to Ashes of Alice Clarke ...for the Unnaturall Poisoning of Fortune Clarke Her Husband (London, 1635), sigs. Bv-B2v (emphasis mine); A Warning for Bad Wives (London 1678), 2 (emphasis mine).
101. Henry Goodcole, The Adulteresses Funerall Day: In Flaming, Scorching, and Consuming Fire; Or, the Burning Downe to Ashes of Alice Clarke ...for the Unnaturall Poisoning of Fortune Clarke Her Husband (London, 1635), sigs. Bv-B2v (emphasis mine); A Warning for Bad Wives (London 1678), 2 (emphasis mine).
102. A Warning to All Married Men and Women: Being the Full Confession of Mary Hobry, the French Midwife (London, 1688); Cabinet of Grief: Or, the French Midwife's Miserable Moan for the Barbarous Murther Committed upon the Body of Her Husband (London, 1688), 2; A Hellish Murder Committed by a French Midwife, on the Body of Her Husband (London, 1688), sig. E3V.
103. A Warning to All Married Men and Women: Being the Full Confession of Mary Hobry, the French Midwife (London, 1688); Cabinet of Grief: Or, the French Midwife's Miserable Moan for the Barbarous Murther Committed upon the Body of Her Husband (London, 1688), 2; A Hellish Murder Committed by a French Midwife, on the Body of Her Husband (London, 1688), sig. E3V.
104. A Warning to All Married Men and Women: Being the Full Confession of Mary Hobry, the French Midwife (London, 1688); Cabinet of Grief: Or, the French Midwife's Miserable Moan for the Barbarous Murther Committed upon the Body of Her Husband (London, 1688), 2; A Hellish Murder Committed by a French Midwife, on the Body of Her Husband (London, 1688), sig. E3V.
105. Hellish Murder, sig. E3V.
106. Ibid., sig. E4-E4V; Cabinet of Grief, 3, 10.
107. Ibid., sig. E4-E4V; Cabinet of Grief, 3, 10.
108. Hellish Murder, sigs. E3V and F; sig. Fv.
109. Ibid., sig. F4.
110. Frances E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 212-16. Murther, Murther: Or, a Bloody Relation How Anne Hamton. . . By Poyson Murthered Her Deare Husband (London, 1641), reprinted in The Old Book Collectors Miscellany, ed. Charles Hindley (London: Reeves and Turner, 1871-72), 2: 4; Adultresses Funerall Day, sig. Bv.
111. Frances E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 212-16. Murther, Murther: Or, a Bloody Relation How Anne Hamton. . . By Poyson Murthered Her Deare Husband (London, 1641), reprinted in The Old Book Collectors Miscellany, ed. Charles Hindley (London: Reeves and Turner, 1871-72), 2: 4; Adultresses Funerall Day, sig. Bv.
112. Frances E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 212-16. Murther, Murther: Or, a Bloody Relation How Anne Hamton. . . By Poyson Murthered Her Deare Husband (London, 1641), reprinted in The Old Book Collectors Miscellany, ed. Charles Hindley (London: Reeves and Turner, 1871-72), 2: 4; Adultresses Funerall Day, sig. Bv.
113. Frances E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 212-16. Murther, Murther: Or, a Bloody Relation How Anne Hamton. . . By Poyson Murthered Her Deare Husband (London, 1641), reprinted in The Old Book Collectors Miscellany, ed. Charles Hindley (London: Reeves and Turner, 1871-72), 2: 4; Adultresses Funerall Day, sig. Bv.
114. Gowing, 180-231; Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1570-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 183; Lawrence Stone, The Road to Divorce: England, 1530-1987 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 2, 410.
115. Gowing, 180-231; Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1570-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 183; Lawrence Stone, The Road to Divorce: England, 1530-1987 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 2, 410.
116. Gowing, 180-231; Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1570-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 183; Lawrence Stone, The Road to Divorce: England, 1530-1987 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 2, 410.
117. Carol Berkin and Leslie Horowitz, eds., Women's Voices, Women's Lives: Documents in Early American History (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998), 50. The options for non-Anglo inhabitants of the colonies and the new Republic were quite different. African American couples in which one or both were slaves might be separated by sale, against their will, at any time; Native American couples had easier access to "divorce." See Berkin and Horowitz, 53; and Shammas.
118. Nancy F. Cott, "Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 33 (October 1976): 586-614; Kerber, Women of the Republic, 157-84; Dayton, 136, 62, 105-56.
119. Nancy F. Cott, "Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 33 (October 1976): 586-614; Kerber, Women of the Republic, 157-84; Dayton, 136, 62, 105-56.
120. Whately, sig. P3; John Dod and Robert Cleaver, A Godly Forme of Houshold Government (London, 1630), sigs. K2v, L3; Thomas Hilder, Conjugall Counsell: Or, Seasonable Advise, Both to Unmarried, and Married Persons (London, 1653), 43. I am grateful to Dympna Callaghan for this reference; Gowing, 205.
121. Whately, sig. P3; John Dod and Robert Cleaver, A Godly Forme of Houshold Government (London, 1630), sigs. K2v, L3; Thomas Hilder, Conjugall Counsell: Or, Seasonable Advise, Both to Unmarried, and Married Persons (London, 1653), 43. I am grateful to Dympna Callaghan for this reference; Gowing, 205.
122. Isabel Marcus, "Refraining 'Domestic Violence': Terrorism in the Home," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, ed. Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykituk (New York: Routledge, 1994), 23; Walker, 11-13, 33-34, 221; Angela Browne, When Battered Women Kill (New York: Free Press, 1987), 144-45; R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash, Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy (New York: Free Press, 1979).
123. Isabel Marcus, "Refraining 'Domestic Violence': Terrorism in the Home," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, ed. Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykituk (New York: Routledge, 1994), 23; Walker, 11-13, 33-34, 221; Angela Browne, When Battered Women Kill (New York: Free Press, 1987), 144-45; R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash, Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy (New York: Free Press, 1979).
124. Isabel Marcus, "Refraining 'Domestic Violence': Terrorism in the Home," in The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse, ed. Martha Albertson Fineman and Roxanne Mykituk (New York: Routledge, 1994), 23; Walker, 11-13, 33-34, 221; Angela Browne, When Battered Women Kill (New York: Free Press, 1987), 144-45; R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash, Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy (New York: Free Press, 1979).
125. Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 136, 138.