Rethinking patriarchy and the family in seventeenth-century England

Journal of Family History

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 3-27

  Pollock, Linda A ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031627196     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319909802300101     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Will of Richard Barrett-Lennard, 1688, Essex Record Office (subsequently ERO), Barrett-Lennard papers, D/DL/F107. It was estimated that the annual estate income for Clones could be as much as £900 and for Belhus was about £1,080, ERO D/DL/C43/1/45; Thomas Barrett-Lennard, An Account of the Families of Lennard and Barrett, Compiled Largely from Original Documents (privately printed, 1908), 403.
2. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 495, 515; ERO, D/DL/C43/1/79, 80, 81.
3. D. R. Hainsworth, Stewards, Lords and People. The Estate Steward and His World in Later Stuart England (Cambridge, 1992), 31.
4. Will of Richard Barrett-Lennard, 1694, ERO, D/DL/F109; inventory of Richard Barrett-Lennard's goods, ERO, D/DL/F156.
5. ERO, D/DL/F109; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 528, 537.
6. On this point, see also Rosemary O'Day, The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France, and the United States (New York, 1994).
7. As Tamara Hareven stated in a review article, historians should examine the family as a process over the entire lives of its members. Tamara K. Hareven, "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change," American Historical Review 96 (1991): 95-124.
8. See Natalie Zemon Davis, Fiction in the Archives. Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge and Stanford, CA, 1987); Bernard S. Jackson, "Narrative Theories and Legal Discourse," in Narrative in Culture. The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy, and Literature, ed. Christopher Nash (London and New York, 1996), 23-50; John Bossy, ed., Disputes and Settlements. Law and Human Relations in the West (Cambridge, 1983).
9. See Natalie Zemon Davis, Fiction in the Archives. Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge and Stanford, CA, 1987); Bernard S. Jackson, "Narrative Theories and Legal Discourse," in Narrative in Culture. The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy, and Literature, ed. Christopher Nash (London and New York, 1996), 23-50; John Bossy, ed., Disputes and Settlements. Law and Human Relations in the West (Cambridge, 1983).
10. See Natalie Zemon Davis, Fiction in the Archives. Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge and Stanford, CA, 1987); Bernard S. Jackson, "Narrative Theories and Legal Discourse," in Narrative in Culture. The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy, and Literature, ed. Christopher Nash (London and New York, 1996), 23-50; John Bossy, ed., Disputes and Settlements. Law and Human Relations in the West (Cambridge, 1983).
11. Lena Cowen Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture in Post-Reformation England (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1994), 8.
12. Some work has been done on mothers and sons, for example, Barbara J. Harris, "Property, Power and Personal Relations: Elite Mothers and Sons in Yorkist and Early Tudor England," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 15 (1990): 606-32.
13. Anthony Fletcher, "Men's Dilemma: The Future of Patriarchy in England 1560-1660," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 4 (1994): 61-81, citing 63.
14. Women accepted that the marital promise to obey was an integral part of the marriage vow. Lady Frances Hatton, for example, regularly signed herself "your obedient wife" in her letter to her husband Sir Christopher Hatton, Northampton Record Office, Finch-Hatton papers, FH 4403, 4404, 4409, 4411. This does not mean that men and women interpreted the duty of obedience in the same way. From the evidence we have it looks like they did not. Samuel Pepys, for instance, decided that with respect to his marriage, "I resolved all into my having my will done without disputing, be the reason what it will - and so I will have it," R. C. Latham and W. Matthews, Diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. 7 (London, 1970-83), 117. To the contrary, Elizabeth, countess of Bridgewater, considered that because a servile wife mitigated against a companionate marriage, obedience to a husband in practice meant "to have an affection, and love to him, as to a friend, and opinion freely to him," Huntington Library, Ellesemere collection, EL 8376, fo. 84. The exercise of dominance within a marriage was expected to be a contested area, but one with defined boundaries. See also Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500-1800 (New Haven, CT, and London, 1995), 358-59.
15. Women accepted that the marital promise to obey was an integral part of the marriage vow. Lady Frances Hatton, for example, regularly signed herself "your obedient wife" in her letter to her husband Sir Christopher Hatton, Northampton Record Office, Finch-Hatton papers, FH 4403, 4404, 4409, 4411. This does not mean that men and women interpreted the duty of obedience in the same way. From the evidence we have it looks like they did not. Samuel Pepys, for instance, decided that with respect to his marriage, "I resolved all into my having my will done without disputing, be the reason what it will - and so I will have it," R. C. Latham and W. Matthews, Diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. 7 (London, 1970-83), 117. To the contrary, Elizabeth, countess of Bridgewater, considered that because a servile wife mitigated against a companionate marriage, obedience to a husband in practice meant "to have an affection, and love to him, as to a friend, and opinion freely to him," Huntington Library, Ellesemere collection, EL 8376, fo. 84. The exercise of dominance within a marriage was expected to be a contested area, but one with defined boundaries. See also Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500-1800 (New Haven, CT, and London, 1995), 358-59.
16. Amanda Shephard, "Henry Howard and the lawfull regiment of women," History of Political Thought XII (1991): 589-603. Howard here did not challenge the ideal of patriarchy in society in general nor that women should be governed by their husbands, but his defense of women's right to exercise power shows that, in Shephard's words, "the ideological dominance of patriarchy was not as total as has been generally assumed," 602.
17. Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture, analyzed dramatic literature and found that such texts "acknowledge ambiguities in the inscription of domestic rule, [and] test the practical application of abstract philosophies of rule and order," 13.
18. Susan Amussen, "The Gendering of Popular Culture in Early Modern England," in Popular Culture in England c. 1500-1800, ed. Tim Harris (New York, 1995), 48-68, quoting 51. See also Patricia Cawford, "Public Duty, Conscience, and Women in Early Modern England," in Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. John Morrill, Paul Slack, and Daniel Woolf (Oxford, 1993), 57-76 ; Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture, 102-4.
19. Susan Amussen, "The Gendering of Popular Culture in Early Modern England," in Popular Culture in England c. 1500-1800, ed. Tim Harris (New York, 1995), 48-68, quoting 51. See also Patricia Cawford, "Public Duty, Conscience, and Women in Early Modern England," in Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. John Morrill, Paul Slack, and Daniel Woolf (Oxford, 1993), 57-76 ; Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture, 102-4.
20. Susan Amussen, "The Gendering of Popular Culture in Early Modern England," in Popular Culture in England c. 1500-1800, ed. Tim Harris (New York, 1995), 48-68, quoting 51. See also Patricia Cawford, "Public Duty, Conscience, and Women in Early Modern England," in Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. John Morrill, Paul Slack, and Daniel Woolf (Oxford, 1993), 57-76 ; Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture, 102-4.
21. Frances E. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars. Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1994), 28. Lena Orlin unravels the ambiguities contained in the rules for ordering a household that left it "a contested sphere": both a man's castle and a woman's place, Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture, 102.
22. Frances E. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars. Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1994), 28. Lena Orlin unravels the ambiguities contained in the rules for ordering a household that left it "a contested sphere": both a man's castle and a woman's place, Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture, 102.
23. On this point, see the summation of Felicity Heal and Clive Holmes that, with reference to the choice of a marriage partner, gentry offspring took a chance, anticipating forgiveness: "The evidence suggests a calculated risk, and a justified expectation that there would be some subsequent accommodation." Felicity Heal and Clive Holmes, The Gentry in England and Wales, 1500-1700 (Stanford, CA, 1994), 64.
24. See here Cynthia Herrup on the fact that the earl of Castlehaven's refusal to make submission to the king ensured his execution: Cynthia Herrup, "The Patriarch at Home: The trial of the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven for Rape and Sodomy," History Workshop Journal 41 (1996): 1-18.
25. In periods of family tension, outsiders stepped in, asked and unasked, usually, but not always, to effect a reconciliation. Their presence was an additional component to be taken into account in any interaction. The Barrett-Lennard papers contain a great deal of information on the role of relatives, friends, and servants during domestic disputes. However, because of reasons of space, this issue will not be dealt with in detail here.
26. Keith Thomas, "Cases of Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England," in Public Duty and Private Conscience, ed. John Morrill, Paul Slack, and Daniel Woolf, 29-56, quoting 30. Similarly, Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos's research on adolescence stresses the existence of contradictory norms: "The one stressed the deference and submission the young owed their parents and masters, and the other encouraged their early independence." Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven, CT, and London, 1994), 238.
27. Keith Thomas, "Cases of Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England," in Public Duty and Private Conscience, ed. John Morrill, Paul Slack, and Daniel Woolf, 29-56, quoting 30. Similarly, Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos's research on adolescence stresses the existence of contradictory norms: "The one stressed the deference and submission the young owed their parents and masters, and the other encouraged their early independence." Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven, CT, and London, 1994), 238.
28. ERO D/DL/F68. During the years the Barretts had owned Belhus, they had built around it one of the largest estates in Essex, reaching 2,249 acres by 1619. C. R. Elrington, ed., Essex. The Victoria History of the Counties of England, vol. 8 (London, 1983), 5.
29. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 412.
30. ERO, D/DL C43/1/70.
31. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 395-98.
32. Ibid., 399.
33. ERO, D/DL/F110. The costs of the trip for them, a tutor, and a servant for nineteen months amounted to 6,145 livres and 4 sols.
34. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/40.
35. Ibid.
36. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 428.
37. ERO, D/DL/E91.
38. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/44.
39. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/60.
40. Richard was a defendant in a lawsuit brought by John Desminers, alderman of the city of Dublin, with his father named as codefendant. He was sued for two sums of £48.9.3; £38.16.11/2 and also for board, lodging, and washing. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/65; C47, Richard to his brother Dacre, 3/9/1680; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 420.
41. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/65, D/DL/C43/1/66, D/DL C43/1, Jan. 1682.
42. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/63. See also D/DL/C43/1/64; D/DL/C43/1/65; C47, 3/9/1680; C47, 28/1/1681.
43. ERO, D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 429.
44. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/66; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 429.
45. ERO/D/DL/C47, 13/5/1682.
46. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/fo. 68.
47. See the letter from Lady Dacre, Dorothy North, to her son Richard Barrett-Lennard in 1677 urging him to settle his estate in such a way that the marriage could take place, ERO, D/DL/C43/1/45.
48. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 435.
49. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/47.
50. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/70.
51. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 476.
52. Ibid., 437.
53. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 490.
54. Ibid., 437.
55. Account book of Dacre, ERO, D/DL/E80, entry in May 1688.
56. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/98.
57. ERO, D/DL/C47, 29/7/c.late 1690.
58. ERO, D/DL/F109.
59. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/60.
60. An account of the Loftus case, which Barrett-Lennard became embroiled in through his marriage to Anne Loftus, is contained in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Ninth Report, Pt. II, App., Marquis of Drogheda (1884); and Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on Manuscripts of Various Collections, vol. III (London, 1904), 155-225.
61. An account of the Loftus case, which Barrett-Lennard became embroiled in through his marriage to Anne Loftus, is contained in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Ninth Report, Pt. II, App., Marquis of Drogheda (1884); and Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on Manuscripts of Various Collections, vol. III (London, 1904), 155-225.
62. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/52.
63. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 466.
64. Ibid., 477.
65. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/87.
66. ERO, D/DL/F107.
67. Ibid.; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 484. The witnesses included Pigott and Seacome.
68. Ibid.; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 484. The witnesses included Pigott and Seacome.
69. ERO, D/DL/C48, 9/12/1690.
70. ERO, D/DL/L/44/1-2; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 501-3.
71. Ibid., 503.
72. It is possible that the children were treated badly. They were being looked after by Mrs. Seacome, formerly Susanna Roberts, who had been dismissed from Dacre's service because he suspected her of beating one of his children. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 503.
73. ERO, D/DL/L43/1-3; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 504.
74. ERO, D/DL/L/44/1; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 508.
75. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 509.
76. ERO, D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681.
77. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/114; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 509.
78. ERO, D/DL/C48, 19/2/1692.
79. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/124; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 519.
80. See, for example, ERO, D/DL/C43/1/47; ERO, D/DL/C47, 24/2/1682.
81. ERO, D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681; D/DL/C47, 28/1/1681; D/DL/C47, 7/6/81; D/DL/C43/1/69.
82. ERO, D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681; D/DL/C47, 12/7/1681; D/DL/C47, 14/5/81; D/DL/C43/1/66.
83. See ERO, D/DL/C43/1/56; D/DL/C43/1/64; D/DL/C47, 3/9/1680; D/DL/C47, 28/1/1681; D/DL/C 47, 3/12/ny; D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681. For an examination of the role of younger brothers, see Linda Pollock, "Younger Sons in Tudor and Stuart England," History Today 39 (June 1989): 23-29. Examples of assistance supplied by Dacre can be found in ERO, D/DL/C43/1/64; D/DL/C43/1/65; D/DL/C47, 13/5/1682; D/DL/C47, 23/4/1682.
84. See ERO, D/DL/C43/1/56; D/DL/C43/1/64; D/DL/C47, 3/9/1680; D/DL/C47, 28/1/1681; D/DL/C 47, 3/12/ny; D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681. For an examination of the role of younger brothers, see Linda Pollock, "Younger Sons in Tudor and Stuart England," History Today 39 (June 1989): 23-29. Examples of assistance supplied by Dacre can be found in ERO, D/DL/C43/1/64; D/DL/C43/1/65; D/DL/C47, 13/5/1682; D/DL/C47, 23/4/1682.
85. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/53.
86. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/93.
87. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/52.
88. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 408-9.
89. ERO, D/DL/L44/3; D/DL/C34/1/63.
90. ERO, D/DL/F114.
91. ERO, D/DL/Z37/i.
92. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/70.
93. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/73.
94. See the entry for £30 in Dacre's account book, ERO, D/DL/E80.
95. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/98.
96. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/99, 100, 101, 105.
97. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/101.
98. ERO, D/DL/F107.
99. ERO, D/DL/C47, 29/7/ny, c.late 1690.
100. Richard also cautioned Dacre about the importance of gratitude to a benefactor, ERO, D/DL/C47, 7/6/1681.
101. ERO, D/DL/C47, 29/7/ny, c.late 1690.
102. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/fo. 127.
103. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/127.
104. Ibid.
105. ERO, D/DL/L44/3; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 526.
106. ERO/D/DL/F109; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 528, 537.
107. Anne died in 1718. There is no further information on her after the ending of the lawsuit. Dacre died in 1725. He became embroiled in further litigation later in life. His son Richard married his cousin, Anne Lennard, a Catholic, and they had a son, Thomas. Richard died soon after the marriage and Dacre became involved in litigation over the upbringing of his grandson. Dacre's will, as his father's before him, was not favorable to his heir, Thomas. The estates were charged with portions totaling £8,000 for his daughters. In addition, his eldest daughter Jane was bequeathed the London house and furnishings, in addition to the lands in Essex, subject to a charge of £1,000 for his younger daughter Sarah. Jane was also left all the furnishings and personal effects in Belhus so that Thomas too took over an empty Belhus. One cannot help but wonder how many heirs in England inherited empty mansions. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 572.
108. ERO, D/DL/C47, 24/2/ny; D/DL/C43/1/93.
109. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/47.
110. ERO, D/DL/C47, 28/1/1681.
111. Ibid., 7/6/81.
112. Ibid., Jan. 1682; see too D/DL/C43/1/63.
113. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 476.
114. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/97; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 477.
115. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 488. Apparently, Anne was also owed £24 but found it very difficult to obtain repayment from Dacre.
116. Ibid.
117. Jane's efforts met with no success. She could not get Dacre a post in the customs office or the alienation office, even though Dacre was willing to give as much as £400 or £500 "reward." ERO, D/DL/C43/1/91, 94, 95, 96; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 494.
118. ERO, D/DL/C48, 23/3/89; Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 493.
119. Anne as well as Richard helped Dacre in the pursuit of his legal matters, ERO, D/DL/C43/1/55.
120. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/64.
121. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/61.
122. ERO, D/DL/C48, nd, c.1680.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/59.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/58.
129. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/61.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/62. Dacre's family did not attend the wedding, which took place in Ireland.
133. It is clear that there was not complete trust between father and children. When Richard was involved in sorting out Dacre's marriage settlement, he told him that the articles were still not signed, "I askt my Father concerning it and he tells me that he was to give order concerning it but did not find Lord Steel at home and made some other excuse for his later neglect." Richard then warned Dacre, [F]or my part I cannot be to aware of him and therefore I would have you desire my Lady Donegal to commissionate somebody to get them immeddiately dispatcht by Lord Steel and then to offer them to him to sign which then he can not refuse if he does, you know what measure to take and co. ERO, D/DL/C47, 3/9/1680.
134. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/47.
135. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/51.
136. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/64.
137. ERO, D/DL/C43/2/127.
138. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/47.
139. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/63.
140. Barrett-Lennard, Families of Lennard and Barrett, 472.
141. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/53.
142. ERO, D/DL/C43/1/52.
143. Fletcher, "Men's Dilemma"; elaborated in Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500-1800 (New Haven, CT, 1995).
144. Fletcher, "Men's Dilemma"; elaborated in Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500-1800 (New Haven, CT, 1995).
145. Herrup, "The Patriarch at Home," 13. Herrup sees the trial as "a cautionary tale less about sexuality and its dangers, and more about power and order in the household," 8.
146. Fletcher, "Men's Dilemma," Gender, Sex and Subordination, 62, 68-69. For other work stressing the period 1560-1660 as a period of crisis in gender relations, see David Under-down, "The Taming of the Scold: The Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England," in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, ed. Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (Cambridge, UK, 1985), 116-36. For a critique of this point of view, see Martin Ingram, " 'Scolding Women Cucked or Washed': A Crisis of Gender Relations in Early Modern England?" in Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England, ed. Garthine Walker and Jenny Kermode (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1994), 48-80.
147. Fletcher, "Men's Dilemma," Gender, Sex and Subordination, 62, 68-69. For other work stressing the period 1560-1660 as a period of crisis in gender relations, see David Under-down, "The Taming of the Scold: The Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England," in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, ed. Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (Cambridge, UK, 1985), 116-36. For a critique of this point of view, see Martin Ingram, " 'Scolding Women Cucked or Washed': A Crisis of Gender Relations in Early Modern England?" in Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England, ed. Garthine Walker and Jenny Kermode (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1994), 48-80.
148. Fletcher, "Men's Dilemma," Gender, Sex and Subordination, 62, 68-69. For other work stressing the period 1560-1660 as a period of crisis in gender relations, see David Under-down, "The Taming of the Scold: The Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England," in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, ed. Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (Cambridge, UK, 1985), 116-36. For a critique of this point of view, see Martin Ingram, " 'Scolding Women Cucked or Washed': A Crisis of Gender Relations in Early Modern England?" in Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England, ed. Garthine Walker and Jenny Kermode (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1994), 48-80.
149. Alan Bray, "To Be a Man in Early Modern Society. The Curious Case of Michael Wigglesworth," History Workshop Journal 41 (1996): 155-66, quoting 161.
150. Katharine Hodgkin, "Thomas Whythorne and the Problems of Mastery," History Workshop Journal 29 (1990): 20-41.
151. The articles collected in Kermode and Walker, eds., Women, Crime and the Courts, qualify the model of oppressive patriarchy and show women manipulating paradoxes to serve their own ends. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars, argues that this manipulation supplies opportunities for agency, 8.
152. The articles collected in Kermode and Walker, eds., Women, Crime and the Courts, qualify the model of oppressive patriarchy and show women manipulating paradoxes to serve their own ends. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars, argues that this manipulation supplies opportunities for agency, 8.
153. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars, 36-37. See also Herrup, "The Patriarch at Home," that the tale of the earl of Castlehaven was more than a story about deviant sex; rather, it was "one about the fragility and the continued power of patriarchy," 15.
154. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars, 36-37. See also Herrup, "The Patriarch at Home," that the tale of the earl of Castlehaven was more than a story about deviant sex; rather, it was "one about the fragility and the continued power of patriarchy," 15.
155. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars, 29, 30.