Maternal employment and child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life: The NICHD study of early child care

Child Development

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 1052-1072

  Brooks Gunn, Jeanne ^a   Han, Wen Jui ^a   Waldfogel, Jane ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD CARE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; INTELLIGENCE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; UNITED STATES;

CHILD CARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INTELLIGENCE; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; UNITED STATES; WOMEN, WORKING;

EID: 0036654233     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00457     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Andersson, B. E. (1989). Effects of public day care: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 60, 857-866.
2. Andersson, B. E. (1992). Effects of day care on cognitive and socioemotional competence of thirteen-year-old Swedish school children. Child Development, 63, 20-36.
3. Bachu, A., & O'Connell, M. (1998). Fertility of American women. (Tech. Rep.) Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
4. Barnett, S. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children, 5, 25-50.
5. Baydar, N., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Effects of maternal employment and child care arrangements in infancy on preschoolers' cognitive and behavioral outcomes: Evidence from the children of the NLSY. Developmental Psychology, 27, 918-931.
6. Bayley, N. (1969). Bayley Scales of Infant Development. New York: Psychological Corporation.
7. Bayley, N. (1993). Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
8. Belsky, J. (2001). Developmental risk (still) associated with early child care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 845-860.
9. Belsky, J., & Eggebeen, D. (1991). Early and extensive maternal employment/child care and 4-6 year olds socioemo tional development: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 1083-1099.
10. Benasich, A. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Clewell, B. C. (1992). How do mothers benefit from early intervention programs? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, 311-362.
11. Blau, F. D., & Grossberg, A. J. (1992). Maternal labor supply and children's cognitive development. Revietu of Economics and Statistics, 74, 474-481.
12. Bornstein, M. H., Gist, N. F., Hahn, C. S., Haynes, O. M., & Voigt, M. D. (2001). Long-term cumulative effects of daycare experience on children's mental and socioemotional development. Unpublished manuscript, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
13. Bracken, B. A. (1984). Bracken Basic Concept Scales. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
14. Bradley, R. H. (1995). Environment and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 235-261). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., Rock, S. L., Ramey, C. T., Barnard, K. E., Gary, C., Hammond, M. A., Mitchell, S., Gottfried, A. W., Siegel, L., & Johnson, D. (1989). Home environment and cognitive development in the first 3 years of life: A collaborative study involving six sites and three ethnic groups in North America. Developmental Psychology, 25, 217-235.
16. Brooks-Gunn, J., Berlin, L. J., & Fuligni, A. S. (2000). Early childhood intervention programs: What about the family? In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 549-588). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
17. Brooks-Gunn, J., Klebanov, P. K., & Duncan, G. J. (1996). Ethnic differences in children's intelligence test scores: Role of economic deprivation, home environment, and maternal characteristics. Child Development, 67, 396-408.
18. Burchinal, M. R., Ramey, S. L., Reid, M. K., & Jaccard, J. (1995). Early child care experiences and their association with family and child characteristics during middle childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10, 33-61.
19. Burchinal, M., Roberts, J., Nabors, L., & Bryant, D. (1996). Quality of center child care and infant cognitive and language development. Child Development, 67, 606-620.
20. Caruso, D. (1996). Maternal employment status, mother-infant interaction, and infant development in day care and non-day care groups. Child and Youth Care Forum, 25, 125-134.
21. Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Mott, F. L., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Phillips, D. (1991). Children of the NLSY: A unique research opportunity. Developmental Psychology, 27, 918-931.
22. Desai, S., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & Michael, R. (1989). Mother or market? Effects of maternal employment on cognitive development of four year old children. Demography, 26, 545-561.
23. Farran, D. C. (2000). Another decade of intervention for children who are low-income or disabled: What do we know now? In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 510-548). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
24. Gottfried, A. E., Gottfried, A. W., & Bathurst, K. (1988). Maternal employment, family environment, and children's development. In A. E. Gottfried & A. W. Gottfried (Eds.), Maternal employment and children's development (pp. 11-58). New York: Plenum Press.
25. Gottfried, A. E., Gottfried, A. W., & Bathurst, K. (2002). Maternal and dual-earner employment status and parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Han, W., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2001). The effects of early maternal employment on later cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 336-354.
27. Harvey, E. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology, 35, 445-459.
28. Helburn, S. (Ed.). (1995). Cost, quality, and child outcomes in child care centers: Technical Report. Denver: Department of Economics, Center for Research in Economic and Social Policy, University of Colorado at Denver.
29. Hill, J., Waldfogel, J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Han, W. (2001, November). Towards a better estimate of causal links in child policy: The case of maternal employment and child outcomes. Paper presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Fall Research Conference, Washington, DC.
30. Hoffman, L. W. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in the two-parent family: A review of the recent research. American Psychologist, 44, 283-292.
31. Hoffman, L. W., & Youngblade, L. M., with Coley, R. L., Fuligni, A. S., & Kovacs, D. D. (1999). Mothers at work: Effects on children's well-being. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
32. James-Burdumy, S. (2000, November). The effect of maternal labor force participation on child development. Paper presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Fall Research Conference, Seattle, WA.
33. Kamerman, S. B. (2000). Parental leave policies: An essential ingredient in early childhood education and care policies. Social Policy Report, 14, 3-15.
34. Karoly, L. A., Greenwood, P. W., Everingham, S. S., Hoube, J., Kilburn, M. R., Rydell, C. P., Sanders, M., & Chiesa, J. (1998). Investing in our children: What we know and don't know about the costs and benefits of early childhood interventions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
35. Klebanov, P. K., Brooks-Gunn, J., McCarton, C., & McCormick, M. C. (1998). The contribution of neighborhood and family income to developmental test scores over the first three years of life. Child Development, 69, 1420-1436.
36. Lamb, M. E. (1998). Nonparental child care: Context, quality, correlates, and consequences. In I. E. Sigel, K. A. Renninger (Eds.), W. Damon (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 73-133). New York: Wiley.
37. McCall, R. B. (1983). A conceptual approach to early mental development. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Origins of intelligence: Infancy and early childhood (2nd ed., pp. 107-133). New York: Plenum Press.
38. McCall, R. B., Hogarty, P. A., & Hurlbut, N. (1972). Transitions in infant sensorimotor development and the prediction of childhood IQ. American Psychologist, 27, 728-748.
39. McCartney, K. (1984). Effect of quality of day care environment on children's language development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 244-260.
40. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (1996). Characteristics of infant child care: Factors contributing to positive caregiving. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11, 269-306.
41. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant-mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 68, 860-879.
42. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (1998). Early child care and self-control, compliance, and problem behavior at 24 and 36 months. Child Development, 69, 1145-1170.
43. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Child care and mother-child interaction in the first 3 years of life. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1399-1413.
44. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (2000). The relation of child care to cognitive and language development. Child Development, 71, 960-980.
45. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network, (in press). Early child care and children's development prior to school entry. American Educational Research Journal.
46. Peisner-Feinberg, E. S., & Burchinal, M. R. (1997). Relations between preschool children's child-care experiences and concurrent development: The cost, quality, and outcomes study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 451-477.
47. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
48. Ruhm, C. (2000). Parental employment and child cognitive development (NBER Working Paper No. 7666). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau for Economic Research.
49. Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In W. W. Dent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Vol. 3. Social competence in children (pp. 49-74). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
50. Shonkoff, J. P., & Meisels, S. J. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
51. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.). (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
52. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2000). Employment characteristics of families in 1999. Retrieved March 7, 2001, from http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm.
53. Vandell, D. (1979). Effects of a playgroup experience on mother-son and father-son interaction. Developmental Psychology, 15, 379-385.
54. Vandell, D., & Corasiniti, M. A. (1990). Child care and the family: Complex contributors to child development. New Directions for Child Development, 49 (Fall), 23-27.
55. Waldfogel, J. (2001a). What other nations do: International policies toward parental leave and child care. The Future of Children, 11, 99-111.
56. Waldfogel, J. (2001b). Family-friendly benefits for families with young children. Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, 5, 273-296.
57. Waldfogel, J., Han, W., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002) The effects of early maternal employment on child development. Demography, 39, 369-392.
58. Weinraub, M., & Jaeger, E. (1990). The timing of mothers' return to the workplace: Effects on the developing infantmother relationship. In J. Hyde & M. Essex (Eds.), Parental leave and child care (pp. 307-322). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
59. Zaslow, M. S., & Hayes, C. D. (1986). Sex differences in children's responses to psychosocial stress: Towards a cross context validation. In M. E. Lamb & B. Rogoff (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 289-337). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.