Nothing ventured, nothing gained? Conceptualizing social movement "success" in the lesbian and gay movement

Sociological Perspectives

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2003, Pages

  Bernstein, Mary ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142104199     PISSN: 07311214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/sop.2003.46.3.353     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Amenta Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. 1994. "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's Share Our Wealth, Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal." American Sociological Review 59:678-702.
2. Amenta, Edwin and Michael P. Young. 1999. "Making an Impact: Conceptual and Methodological Implications of the Collective Goods Criterion." Pp. 22-41 in How Social Movements Matter, edited by M. Giugni, D. McAdam, and C. Tilly. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3. American Civil Liberties Union. 2001. "'Crime' and Punishment in America: A State-by-State Breakdown of Sodomy Laws." http://www.aclu.org/issues/gay/sodomy.html. Internet release date, July.
4. 1955. Model Penal Code: Tentative Draft No. 4. Philadelphia: American Law Institute.
5. American Psychological Association (and American Public Health Association). 1986. Brief of Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents, Bowers v. Hardwick, January 31.
6. Apasu-Gbotsu, Yao, Robert J. Arnold, Paul DiBella, Kevin Dorse, Elisa L. Fuller, Steven H. Naturman, Dung Hong Pham, and James B. Putney. 1986. "Survey on the Constitutional Right to Privacy in the Context of Homosexual Activity." University of Miami Law Review 40(1):521-657.
7. Backer, Larry Cata. 1993. "Exposing the Perversions of Toleration: The Decriminalization of Private Sexual Conduct, the Model Penal Code, and the Oxymoron of Liberal Toleration." Florida Law Review 45(5):755-802.
8. Barnett, Walter. 1971. "Time Is Now in State Legislatures: Gays' Hopes Ride Penal Code Revision." Advocate, April 14-27, 1971, pp. 1, 8, 9.
9. Bernstein, Mary. 1997a. "Celebration and Suppression: The Strategic Uses of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement." American Journal of Sociology 103(3):531-65.
10. _. 1997b. "Sexual Orientation Policy, Protest, and the State." Ph.D. dissertation, New York University.
11. _. 2001. "Gender, Family Policies and the Limits of Law." Pp. 420-46 in Queer Families, Queer Politics: Challenging Culture and the State, edited by M. Bernstein and R. Reimann. New York: Columbia University Press.
12. _. 2002a. "the Contradictions of Gay Ethnicity: Forging Identity in Vermont." Pp. 85-104 in Social Movements: Identity Culture the State edited by D.S. MeyerN. WhittierB. Robnett. New York: Oxford University Press.
13. _. 2002b. "Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement." Social Science History 26(3):531-81.
14. Burstein, Paul, Rachel L. Einwohner, and Jocelyn A. Hollander. 1995. "The Success of Political Movements: A Bargaining Perspective." Pp. 275-95 in The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements, edited by J. C. Jenkins and B. Klandermans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
15. Button, James W., Barbara A. Rienzo, and Kenneth D. Wald. 1996. "The Politics of Gay Rights in American Communities: Explaining Antidiscrimination Ordinances and Policies." American Journal of Political Science 40(4):1152-78.
16. _. 2000. "The Politics of Gay Rights at the Local and State Level." Pp. 269-89 in The Politics of Gay Rights, edited by C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald, and C. Wilcox. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Cain, Patricia A. 1993. "Litigating for Lesbian and Gay Rights: A Legal History." Virginia Law Review 79:1551-1641.
18. Cicchino, Peter M., Bruce R. Deming, and Katherine M. Nicholson. 1991. "Sex, Lies and Civil Rights: A Critical History of the Massachusetts Gay Civil Rights Bill." Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 26(2):549-631.
19. Clendinen, Dudley and Adam Nagourney. 1999. Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. New York: Simon and Schuster.
20. Cole, David and William N. Eskridge Jr. 1994. "From Hand-Holding to Sodomy: First Amendment Protection of Homosexual (Expressive) Conduct." Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 29(2):319-51.
21. Corwin, Anne. 1990. "Action = Life; Silence = Death." Creative Loafing, January 6, pp. 9A-12A. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), box 126, folder "'90 Georgia." Cornell University Library.
22. Currah, Paisley. 1997. "Politics, Practices, Publics: Identity and Queer Rights." Pp. 231-66 in Playing with Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories, edited by S. Phelan. New York: Routledge.
23. della Porta, Donatella. 1999. "Protest, Protesters, and Protest Policing: Public Discourses in Italy and Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s." Pp. 66-96 in How Social Movements Matter, edited by M. Giugni, D. McAdam, and C. Tilly. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
24. D'Emilio, John. 1983. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
25. _. 2000a. "Cycles of Change, Questions of Strategy: The Gay and Lesbian Movement After Fifty Years." Pp. 31-53 in The Politics of Gay Rights, edited by C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald, and C. Wilcox. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. _. 2000b. "Organizational Tales: Interpreting the NGLTF Story. " Pp. 469-86 in Creating Change: Sexuality, Public Policy, and Civil Rights, edited by J. D'Emilio, W. B. Turner and U. Vaid. New York: St. Martin's Press.
27. Epstein, Steven. 1987. "Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism." Socialist Review 93-94:9-56.
28. _. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
29. _. 1999. "Gay and Lesbian Movements in the United States: Dilemmas of Identity, Diversity, and Political Strategy." Pp. 30-90 in The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement, edited by B. D. Adam, J. W. Duyrendak, and A. Krouwel. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
30. Frank, David John and Elizabeth H. McEneaney. 1999. "The Individualization of Society and the Liberalization of State Policies on Same-Sex Sexual Relations, 1984-1995." Social Forces 77(3):911-44.
31. Gallo, J. J., Stefan M. M. Louis M. M. Kenneth D. Robin, Gary D. Stabile, and Robert J. Wynne. 1966. "The Consenting Adult Homosexual and the Law: An Empirical Study of Enforcement and Administration in Los Angeles County." UCLA Law Review 13(3):647-832.
32. Gamson, Joshua. 1995. "Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma." Social Problems 42(3):390-407.
33. Gamson, William. A. [1975] 1990. The Strategy of Social Protest, 2d ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
34. Gamson, William A. and David S. Meyer. 1996. "The Framing of Political Opportunity." Pp. 275-90 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by J. McCarthy, D. McAdam, and M. N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Gay Blade. 1975. "State Sex Laws Change." June, pp. 1, 5.
36. Giugni, Marco. 1999. "How Social Movements Matter: Past Research, Present Problems, Future Developments." Pp. xiii-xxxiii in How Social Movements Matter, edited by M. Giugni, D. McAdam, and C. Tilly. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
37. Goodwin, Jeff and James M. Jasper. 1999. "Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory." Sociological Forum 14(1):27-54.
38. Gould, Deborah. 2000. "Sex, Death, and the Politics of Anger: Emotions and Reason in ACT UP's fight Against AIDS." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.
39. _. 2001. "Rock the Boat, Don't Rock the Boat Baby: Ambivalence and the Emergence of Militant AIDS Activism." Pp. 135-57 in Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, edited by J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper, and F. Polletta. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. Greenberg, David F. 1988. The Construction of Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Halley, Janet E. 1994. "Reasoning about Sodomy: Act and Identity in and after Bowers v. Hardwick." Virginia Law Review 79:1721-80.
42. Haider-Markel, Donald P. 2000. "Lesbian and Gay Politics in the States: Interest Groups, Electoral Politics, and Policy." Pp. 290-346 in The Politics of Gay Rights, edited by C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald, and C. Wilcox. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Haider-Markel, Donald P. and Kenneth J. Meier. 1996. "The Politics of Gay and Lesbian Rights: Expanding the Scope of Conflict." Journal of Politics 58(2):332-49.
44. Hunter Nan D. 1992. "Life after Hardwick". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 27(summer);531-54.
45. [Hyde, Sue]sh. 1987a. "First draft of update and position paper of privacy project, sodomy law reform, sexual liberation, and the cosmic importance of the individuation of sexual transcendence. By sh, [Sue Hyde] privacy queen." January 2, 1987. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Update." Cornell University Library.
46. _. 1987b. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Director, Privacy Project, Subject: December, 1986 Monthly Report, January 7, 1987; Cornell, 7301, Box 130, F = Privacy Project Program Review.
47. _. 1987c. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Coordinator, Privacy Project, Re: June Staff Report, June 30, 1987; Cornell, 7301, Box 130, F = Privacy Project Program Review.
48. _. 1987d. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Coordinator, Privacy Project, Re: April Staff Report, May 4, 1987; Cornell, 7301, Box 130, F = Privacy Project Program Review.
49. _. 1987e. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Coordinator, Privacy Project, Re: November Staff Report, December 2, 1987; Cornell, 7301, Box 130, F = Privacy Project Program Review.
50. _. 1989a. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Privacy Queen, Re: February Staff Report, March 7. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Update." Cornell University Library.
51. _. 1989b. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Privacy Project Director, Re: April Staff Report, May 5. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Update." Cornell University Library.
52. _. 1989c. Memo To: NGLTF Board of Directors, From Sue Hyde, Privacy Project Director, Re: October Staff Report, November 3. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Program Review." Cornell University Library.
53. _. N.d. [1989]. "Sex and Politics: Challenging the Sodomy Laws." Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Program Review." Cornell University Library.
54. _. 1990. Memo To: NGLTF Program Review Committee, From Sue Hyde, Director, Privacy Project, Re: Report to Program Review Committee, June 1, 1990, Cornell, 7301, Box 130, F = Privacy Project Program Review.
55. Jasper, James M. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56. Jaswin [James Jasper and Jeff Goodwin]. 1999. "Trouble in Paradigms." Sociological Forum 14(1):107-25.
57. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1983. "Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements." Annual Review of Sociology 9:527-53.
58. Jenkins, J. Craig and Charles Perrow. 1977. "Insurgency of the Powerless: Farm Worker Movements (1946-1972)." American Sociological Review 42(2):249-68.
59. Jenness, Valerie and Ryken Grattet. 1996. "The Criminalization of Hate: A Comparison of Structural and Polity Influences on the Passage of 'Bias-Crime' Legislation in the United States." Sociological Perspectives 39(1):129-54.
60. Johnston, Hank and Bert Klandermans. 1995. Social Movements and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
61. Kitschelt, Herbert. 1986. "Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies." British Journal of Political Science 16:57-85.
62. Klawitter, Marieka M. and Victor Flatt. 1998. "The Effects of State and Local Antidiscrimination Policies for Sexual Orientation." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17(4):658-86.
63. Kolar, Pat. 1974. "D.C. Sodomy Laws Upheld." Gay Blade 5(8):2.
64. Kosofsky, Sean. 2002. "Detroit Attorney Gives a Little Perspective on Police Tactics." Sean's Triangle News, A Service of the Triangle Foundation, 19641 West Seven Mile Rd., Detroit, MI 48219-2721. Internet release date March 6.
65. Lambda. 1999. "Lambda Staff Attorney Cited for Helping Overturn Georgia Sodomy Law." http://www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/pages/documents/record?record=489. Internet release date October 27.
66. Laraña, Enrique, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. 1994. New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
67. Licata, Salvatore J. 1980-81. "The Homosexual Rights Movement in the United States: A Traditionally Overlooked Area of American History," Journal of Homosexuality 6(12):161-89.
68. Los Angeles Advocate. 1969a. "Dallas Man Challenges Texas Sodomy Law." September, p. 2.
69. _. 1969b. "L.A. Attorney Challenges Oral Copulation Law." December, p. 1.
70. _. 1970a. "Brown's Sex Bill Stalled Again in Calif. Assembly Committee." May 27-June 9, p. 1.
71. _. 1970b. "'Not Afraid Any More': Rev. Perry Leads 200 in Protest against Sex Laws." January, pp. 1, 2.
72. _. 1970c. "S.F. Groups File Federal Suit to Void Sex Laws." September 16-29, p. 1.
73. Marotta, Toby. 1981. The Politics of Homosexuality. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
74. Matthews, Jay. 1987. "Antisodomy Laws Targeted for Repeal after High Court Ruling." Washington Post, February 4, p. A16.
75. McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
76. _. 1994. "Culture and Social Movement." Pp. 36-57 in New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity, edited by E. Laraña, H. Johnston, and J. R. Gusfield. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
77. McCarthy, John, Doug McAdam, and Mayer N. Zald, eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Melucci, Alberto. 1989. Nomads of the Present. London: Hutchinson Radius.
79. Meyer, David S. 1999. "Tending the Vineyard: Cultivating Political Process Research." Sociological Forum 14(1):79-92.
80. Meyer, David S. and Suzanne Staggenborg. 1996. "Movements, Countermovements, and the Structure of Political Opportunity." American Journal of Sociology 101(6):1628-60.
81. Model Penal Code and Commentaries. 1980. "§213.2 Deviate Sexual Intercourse by Force or Imposition, Comment." Pp. 357-76. Philadelphia: American Law Institute.
82. Mueller, Carol McClurg. 1987. "Collective Consciousness, Identity Transformation, and the Rise of Women in Public Office in the United States." Pp. 89-108 in The Women's Movements in the United States and Western Europe: Consciousness, Political Opportunity, and Public Policy, edited by M. F. Katzenstein and C. M. Mueller. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
83. Naples, Nancy A. 2002. "Materialist Feminist Discourse Analysis and Social Movement Research: Mapping the Changing Context for Community Control." Pp. 226-46 in Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State, edited by D. S. Meyer, N. Whittier, and B. Robnett. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. National Gay Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF). N.d. "Eight Good Reasons to Decriminalize Sexuality." Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Update." Cornell University Library.
85. _. 1987a. "Maryland Sodomy Reform-1987 Legislative Session." Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Maryland."
86. _. 1987b. Privacy Project Update no. 1, over the signature of Sue Hyde, January 24. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 130, folder "Privacy Project Updates."
87. National Gay Task Force (NGTF). 1975. "The Supreme Court Front." Opportunities for Action/Reports on Results, December (NGTF Action Report), p. 6.
88. _. 1976. "Progress Report '75." Opportunities for Action/ Reports on Results, January (NGTF Action Report), p. 6.
89. Nevins, Buddy. 1987. "Sodomy Law Test Planned." March 17 [newspaper illegible]. Cornell, 7301, Box 126, F = Florida Litigation.
90. Nice, David C. 1988. "State Deregulation of Intimate Behavior. " Social Science Quarterly 69(1):203-11.
91. O'Leary, Jean. 1978. "Legal Problems and Remedies." Pp. 196-203 in Our Right to Love: A Lesbian Resource Book, edited by G. Vida. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
92. _. 2000. "From Agitator to Insider: Fighting for Inclusion in the Democratic Party." Pp. 81-114 in Creating Change: Sexuality, Public Policy, and Civil Rights, edited by J. D'Emilio, W. B. Turner, and U. Vaid. New York: St. Martin's Press.
93. Polletta, Francesca. 1994. "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest." Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17:85-114.
94. Raeburn, Nicole. 2000. "The Rise of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Rights in the Workplace." Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University.
95. Rosen, Steven A. 1980-81. "Police Harassment of Homosexual Men and Women in New York City: 1960-1980." Columbia Human Rights Law Review 12:159-90.
96. Ross, Sonya. 1990. Associated Press Writer. January 9. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 126, folder "'90 Georgia." Cornell University Library.
97. Rubenstein, William B. 1993. Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Law. New York: New Press.
98. Schumaker, Paul D. 1975. "Policy Responsiveness to Protest-Group Demands." Journal of Politics 37:488-521.
99. Staggenborg, Suzanne. 1995. "Can Feminist Organizations Be Effective?" Pp. 339-55 in Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women's Movement, edited by M. M. Ferree and P. Y. Martin. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
100. Steinberg, Marc W. 2002. "Toward a More Dialogic Analysis of Social Movement Culture." Pp. 208-25 in Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State, edited by D. S. Meyer, N. Whittier, and B. Robnett. New York: Oxford University Press.
101. Tarrow, Sidney. 1996. "States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements." Pp. 41-61 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural framings, edited by J. McCarthy, D. McAdam, and M. N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. _. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
104. Tong, Rosemarie. 1989. Feminist Thought. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
105. Touraine, Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Valocchi, Steve. 1999. "Riding the Crest of the Protest Wave? Collective Action Frames in the Gay Liberation Movement, 1969-1973." Mobilization 4:59-73.
107. Walston, Charles and Margaret L. Usdansky. 1990. "House Vote Kills Sodomy Issue for Session." Atlanta Constitution, February 3, p. A10. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), Box 126, folder "'90 Georgia." Cornell University Library.
108. Warner, Arthur C. 1981a. Letter over the signature of Arthur C. Warner to the Editor, New York Mattachine TIMES, 59 Christopher St., New York, NY 10014. Dated Labor Day, 1972. Courtesy of Arthur Warner.
109. _. 1981b. "Homosexual Law Reform: A Second Look." Unpublished manuscript, November 1981. Courtesy of Arthur Warner.
110. Whittier, Nancy. 1995. Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.