Celebration and suppression: The strategic uses of identity by the lesbian and gay movement

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 103, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 531-565

  Bernstein, Mary ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031312021     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/231250     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Adam, Barry D. 1987. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne.
2. Advocate. 1970a. "Bar in N.Y. 'Liberated' by Gay Kiss-in." November 11-24, p. 3.
3. _. 1970b. "New York Controversy Continues over Snake Pit Mass Arrest." May 13-26, p. 2.
4. _. 1970c. "1,000 Gays Riot in New York." September 30-October 13, pp. 1, 10.
5. Altman, Dennis. 1982. "The Gay Movement Ten Years Later." Nation (November 13), pp. 494-96.
6. _. 1993. Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation. New York: New York University Press.
7. Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 1992. "Democrats Slipping in Senate Contests." November 1, C8.
8. Baker, Nena. 1992. "Antigay Ballot Stirs Strife in Oregon." Newsday, October 18, p. 17.
9. Beckwith, Karen. 1995. "Women's Movements and Women in Movements: Political Opportunity in Context." Paper presented at the meetings of the American Political Science Association, August 31-September 3, Chicago.
10. Bernstein, Mary. 1995. "Countermovements and the Fate of Two Morality Policies: Consensual Sex Statutes and Lesbian and Gay Rights Ordinances." Paper presented at the meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 31-September 3.
11. Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster.
12. Breines, Wini. 1988. "Whose New Left?" Journal of American History 75 (2): 528-45.
13. Bull, Chris, and John Gallagher. 1996. Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s. New York: Crown.
14. Cain, Patricia A. 1993. "Litigating for Lesbian and Gay Rights: A Legal History." Virginia Law Review 79:1551-1641.
15. Caldicott, Helen. 1986. Missile Envy: The Arms Race and Nuclear War. Toronto: Bantam.
16. Calhoun, Craig. 1994. "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity." Pp. 9-36 in Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
17. _. 1995. "'New Social Movements' of the Early Nineteenth Century." Pp. 173-215 in Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action, edited by Mark Traugott. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
18. Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic.
19. Cohen, Jean. 1985. "Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements." Social Research 52:663-716.
20. Coleman, Thomas F. 1977. "Report to Oregon Legislature." SexuaLawReporter 4:41.
21. Copelon, Rhonda. 1990. "A Crime Not Fit to Be Named: Sex, Lies, and the Constitution." Pp. 177-194 The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique, rev. ed. Edited by David Kairys. New York: Pantheon Books.
22. Cruikshank, Margaret. 1992. The Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement. Routledge: New York.
23. D'Emilio, John. 1983. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1040-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
24. Diamond, Sara. 1989. Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right. Boston: South End Press.
25. Duberman, Martin. 1993. Stonewall. New York: Dutton.
26. Duyvendak, Jan Willem. 1995. "Gay Subcultures between Movement and Market." Pp. 165-80 in New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, edited by Hanspeter Kriesi, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco G. Giugni. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
27. Duyvendak, Jan Willem, and Marco G. Giugni. 1995. "Social Movement Types and Policy Domains." Pp. 82-110 in New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, edited by Hanspeter Kriesi, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco G. Giugni. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
28. Egan, Timothy. 1992a. "Oregon Measure Asks State to Repress Homosexuality." New York Times, August 16, sec. 1, p. 1.
29. _. 1992b. "Violent Backdrop for Anti-Gay Measure." New York Times, November 1, sec. 1, p. 40.
30. Eisenstein, Hester. 1983. Contemporary Feminist Thought. Boston: G. K. Hall.
31. Epstein, Steven. 1987. "Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism." Socialist Review 93/94:9-56.
32. Escoffier, Jeffrey. 1985. "Sexual Revolution and the Politics of Gay Identity." Socialist Review 81/82:119-54.
33. Evans, Sara. 1979. Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left. New York: Vintage Books.
34. Feeney, Susan. 1993. "Religious Right's Gains Upset Some in GOP Moderates in Party Fight Back Despite Chairman's Call for Unity." Dallas Morning Star, September 5, sec. 1A.
35. Freeman, Jo. 1984. "The Women's Liberation Movement: Its Origins, Structure, Activities, and Ideas." Pp. 543-56 in Women: A Feminist Perspective, edited by Jo Freeman. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield.
36. Gamson, Joshua. 1995. "Must Identity Movements Self Destruct? A Queer Dilemma." Social Problems 42 (3): 390-407.
37. Gamson, William. 1990. The Strategy of Social Protest, 2d ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
38. Gamson, William A., and David S. Meyer. 1996. "The Framing of Political Opportunity." Pp. 275-90 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by John McCarthy, Doug McAdam, and Meyer N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Gay Activist. 1972a. "State and Federal." April. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), box 51, folder "GAA." Cornell University Library.
40. _. 1972b. "The Inner Circle Affair." May-June. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), box 51, folder "GAA." Cornell University Library.
41. Gay Blade. 1975. "Hot Flashes." April, p. 3. Lesbian Herstory Archives, New York.
42. Gay Writer's Group. 1983. It Could Happen to You: An Account of the Gay Civil Rights Campaign in Eugene, Oregon. Boston: Alyson.
43. Gitlin, Todd. 1994. "From Universality to Difference: Notes on the Fragmentation of the Idea of the Left." Pp. 150-74 in Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
44. _. 1995. The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America Is Wracked by Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.
45. Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor.
46. Goslant, Keith. 1991. "Madeleine Kunin: A Fond Farewell." Out in the Mountains 5, no. 9 (January): 1.
47. Hardin, Russell. 1982. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Herman, Didi. 1994. Rights of Passage: Struggles for Lesbian and Gay Legal Equality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
49. Jacob, Herbert, and Kenneth Vines. 1965. Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis. Boston: Little, Brown.
50. Jasper, James M., and Dorothy Nelkin. 1992. The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest. New York: Free Press.
51. Jasper, James M., and Jane Poulsen. 1993. "Fighting Back: Vulnerabilities, Blunders and Countermobilization by the Targets of Three Animal Rights Campaigns." Sociological Forum 8 (4): 639-57.
52. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1983. "Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements." Annual Review of Sociology 9:527-53.
53. Jenkins, J. Craig, and Charles Perrow. 1977. "Insurgency of the Powerless: Farm Worker Movements (1946-1972)." American Sociological Review 42 (2): 249-68.
54. Johnson, David K. 1994-95. "'Homosexual Citizens': Washington's Gay Community Confronts the Civil Service." Washington History 6, no. 2 (Fall/Winter): 45-63.
55. Johnston, Susan 1994. "On the Fire Brigade: Why Liberalism Won't Stop the Anti-Gay Campaigning of the Right." Critical Sociology 20 (3): 3-19.
56. Journal. 1977. "Recall of Portland Mayor Ends in Failure." October 19. Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), box 99, folder "Oregon." Cornell University Library.
57. Kitschelt, Herbert. 1986. "Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies." British Journal of Political Science 16: 57-85.
58. Klandermans, Bert. 1984. "Mobilization and Participation: Social-Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory." American Sociological Review 49: 583-600.
59. _. 1988. "The Formation and Mobilization of Consensus." International Social Movement Research 1:173-96.
60. Kraditor, Aileen S. 1981. The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920. New York: W. W. Norton.
61. Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Marco G. Giugni. 1995. Introduction to New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, edited by Hanspeter Kriesi, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco G. Giugni. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
62. Lesbian/Gay Law Notes. 1994a. "Florida Supreme Court Dumps Anti-Gay Ballot Measure: Other Ballot Measure News," p. 37.
63. _. 1994b. "News of Other Initiatives and Referenda," p. 1.
64. Licata, Salvatore J. 1980/81. "The Homosexual Rights Movement in the United States: A Traditionally Overlooked Area of American History." Journal of Homosexuality 6 (1/2): 161-89.
65. Marotta, Toby. 1981. The Politics of Homosexuality. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
66. Martello, Leo Louis. 1970a. "Gay Activists Alliance Forms in New York City." Los Angeles Advocate, March, pp. 1, 15.
67. _. 1970b. "N.Y. Primary a Victory for Gays." Advocate, August 5-18, p. 2.
68. McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69. Melucci, Alberto. 1985. "The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements." Social Research 52:789-816.
70. _. 1989. Nomads of the Present. London: Hutchinson Radius.
71. Meyer, David S., and Suzanne Staggenborg. 1996. "Movements, Countermovements, and the Structure of Political Opportunity." American Journal of Sociology 101 (6): 1628-60.
72. Morris, Aldon D. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: Free Press.
73. _. 1992. "Political Consciousness and Collective Action." Pp. 351-73 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
74. Nestle, Joan. 1987. A Restricted Country. Ithaca, N.Y.: Firebrand.
75. Newton, Esther. 1993. Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. Boston: Beacon Press.
76. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
77. Out in the Mountains. 1986. "VT Demos Support ERA/G/L Rights." 1 (9): 3.
78. Paul, William. 1982. "Minority Status for Gay People: Majority Reaction and Social Context." Pp. 351-70 in Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues, edited by William Paul, James D. Weinrich, John C. Gonsiorek, and Mary E. Hotvedt. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
79. Polletta, Francesca. 1994. "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest." Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17:85-114.
80. PTC (Portland Town Council). 1976. "A Legislative Guide to Gay Rights." Collection 7301 (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force), box 54, folder "Portland Town Council." Cornell University Library.
81. Pruett, Holly, and Julie Davis. 1995. "Oregon's No on 13 Campaign: A Case Study in Movement Building through Electoral Organizing." Basic Rights Oregon, Portland (courtesy of Julie Davis).
82. Quindlen, Anna. 1992. "Putting Hatred to a Vote in Oregon." Chicago Tribune, November 3, C17.
83. Raric, Ethan. 1990. "Abortion Opponent to Run for Governor." United Press International, April 18.
84. _. 1991. "Oregon Governor Backs Gay Rights Bill." United Press International, April 16.
85. Richardson, Valerie. 1992. "Oregon to Vote on Gay-Rights Curbs." Washington Times, November 2, A7.
86. Rosen, Steven A. 1980/81. "Police Harassment of Homosexual Women and Men in New York City, 1960-1980." Columbia Human Rights Law Review 12:159-90.
87. Scheer, Robert. 1970. "Editor's note to 'The Biography of Huey P. Newton' by Bobby Seale in Ramparts." Pp. 202-6 in The Movement toward a New America: The Beginnings of a Long Revolution, edited by Mitchell Goodman. New York: United Church Press and Alfred A. Knopf.
88. Seidman, Steven. 1993. "Identity and Politics in a 'Postmodern' Gay Culture: Some Historical and Conceptual Notes." Pp. 105-42 in Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory, edited by Michael Warner. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
89. Tarrow, Sidney. 1988. "National Politics and Collective Action: Recent Theory and Research in Western Europe and the United States." Annual Review of Sociology 14:421-40.
90. _. 1989. Struggle, Politics, and Reform: Collective Action, Social Movements and Cycles of Protest. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
91. _. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
92. _. 1996. "States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements." Pp. 41-61 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by John McCarthy, Doug McAdam, and Meyer N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
93. Taylor, Verta, and Nicole C. Raeburn. 1995. "Identity Politics as High-Risk Activism: Career Consequences for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Sociologists." Social Problems 42 (2): 252-73.
94. Taylor, Verta, and Nancy E. Whittier. 1992. "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities; Lesbian Feminist Mobilization." Pp. 104-29 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
95. Teal, Donn. 1971. The Gay Militants. New York: Stein & Day.
96. Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley.
97. Touraine, Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Towslee, Tom. 1987. "Goldschmidt Signs Gay Rights Order." United Press International. October 15.
99. _. 1988a. "Commentary: Election Winners and Losers Not Always Candidates, Issues." United Press International. November 11.
100. _. 1988b. "Goldschmidt Signs Gay Rights Order." United Press International. February 22.
101. Turner, Ralph, and L. Killian. 1972. Collective Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
102. UPI (United Press International). 1987. Regional news section, November 8.
103. _. 1988a. Regional news section, July 8.
104. _. 1988b. Regional news section, October 2.
105. Vaid, Urvashi. 1995. Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation. New York: Anchor Books.
106. Weeks, Jeffrey. 1989. Sexuality and Its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Modern Sexualities. London: Routledge.
107. West, Cornel. 1993. Race Matters. Boston: Beacon.
108. Whittier, Nancy. 1995. Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
109. Williams, Rhys H. 1995. "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources." Social Problems 42 (1): 124-44.
110. Wittman, Carl. 1972. "A Gay Manifesto." Pp. 330-41 in Out of the Closets, edited by Karla Jay and Allen Young. New York: New York University Press.
111. Zald, Mayer N., and Roberta Ash. 1966. "Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change." Social Forces 44:327-41.