Echinococcus multilocularis

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 437-444

  Craig, Philip ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alveolar echinococcosis; Diagnosis; Echinococcus multilocularis; Epidemiology; Hydatidosis; Pathology; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE SULFOXIDE; AMPHOTERICIN B; BENZIMIDAZOLE; LIPOSOME; NITAZOXANIDE;

ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTIVITY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DOG; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG METABOLISM; ECHINOCOCCOSIS; ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS; ECOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EUROPE; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION CONTROL; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIASIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITOLOGY; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SCALE UP; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; WILD TYPE; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; ANTHELMINTICS; CHINA; ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HEPATIC; EUROPE; FOXES; HUMANS; JAPAN; ZOONOSES;

EID: 0142075798     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200310000-00010     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Oku Y, Wei J, Chai J-J, et al. Merrones meridianus and Lagrurus lagurus as alternative definite hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus. Exp Anim 2002; 51:27-32.
2. Hemphill A, Stettler M, Walker M, et al. Culture of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes: an alternative to animal use. Trends Parasitol 2002; 18:445-451. A useful review of in vitro culture models for E. multilocularis and summary of host-parasite interface and the molecules involved.
3. Gottstein B, Dai WJ, Walker M, et al. An intact laminated layer is important for the establishment of secondary Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Parasitol Res 2002; 88:822-828. An important paper that confirms the physical role of the laminated layer in mediating survival and proliferation of the metacestode.
4. + T cells. lnf Imm 2001; 69:6074-6083. This paper highlights the role of laminated layer derived Em2 antigen in modulation of host immune responses to ensure parasite survival.
5. Hulsmeier AJ, Gehrig PM, Geyer R, et al. A major Echinococcus multilocularis antigen is a mucin-type glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:5742-5748. An interesting and detailed analysis of Em2 carbohydrate antigen that uses chromatography and mass spectrometry to study its molecular make-up and structure.
6. Gauci C, Merli M, Muller V, et al. Molecular cloning of a vaccine antigen against infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3969-3972. Identification, expression and vaccine assessment of E. multilocularis EM95 a recombinant oncosphere antigen homologue of EG95, the latter already proven highly protective against E. granulosus infection in animals.
7. Silas-Lucas M, Merli M, Machenstedt U, Gottstein B. The Echinococcus multilocularis 14-3-3 protein protects mice against primary but not secondary alveolar echinococcos. Vaccine 2003; 21:431-439. A recombinent form of the metacestode protein 14-3-3 provided a 97% protection of mice against an egg challenge with E multilocularis - a potentially important molecule for vaccination and immune response studies.
8. Vuitton DA, Bresson-Hadni S, Laroche L, et al. Cellular immune response in Echinococcus multilocularis infection in humans II. Natural killer cell activity and cell subpopulations in the blood and in the periparasitic granuloma of patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78:67-74.
9. - T cells in alveolar echinococcosis patients.
10. Harraga S, Godot V, Bresson-Hadni S, et al. Profile of cytokine production within the periparasitic granuloma in human alveolar echinococcos. Acta Trop 2003; 85:231-236. Central role for cytokine IL-10 in modulating responses to parasite tissues in human alveolar echinococcosis.
11. Godot V, Harraga S, Beurton I, et al. Resistance/susceptibility to Echinococcus multilocularis infection and cytokine profile in humans II. Influence of the HLA B8, DR3, DQ2 haplotype. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 121:491-498.
12. Vuitton DA. The ambiguous role of immunity in echinococcosis: protection of the host or the parasite? Acta Trop 2003; 85:119-132. A useful review of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in Echinococcus/hydatid infection.
13. Reuter S, Nussle K, Kolokythas O, et al. Alveolar liver echinococcosis: a comparative study of three imaging techniques. Infection 2001; 29:119-125. Alveolar echinococcosis lesions in 30 patients were detected by computerized tomography, ultrasound and MRI in a detailed prospective study. Overall computerized tomography scan detected most lesions, MRI was useful for identification of characteristic structures, and ultrasound was good for hepatic screening.
14. Bartholomot B, Vuitton DA, Harraga S, et al. Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 66:23-29. Detailed study of alveolar echinococcosis and other liver lesions identified by mass ultrasound screening in China. Includes serological data.
15. Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski Z, editors. WHO/OIE Manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern. Geneva: WHO/OIE; 2001, 265 pp. This WHO manual written in multi-authored chapters will remain an important reference text for echinococcosis over the next 10 years.
16. Silas-Lucas M, Gottstein B. Molecular tools for the diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Trop Med Int Hlth 2001; 6:463-475. A good review of modern diagnostic approaches for both human and animal infections.
17. Sako Y, Nakao M, Nakaya K, et al. Alveolar echinococcosis: characterisation of diagnostic antigen Em18 and serological evaluation of recombinant Em18. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2760-2765. An important paper which describes Em18 diagnostic antigen and its recombinant form.
18. Ito A, Ning X, Liance M, et al. Evaluation of an enzymed-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with affinity-purified Em18 and an ELISA with recombinant Em 18 for differential diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis: results of a blind test. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4161-4165.
19. Ito A, Sako Y, Ishikawa Y, et al. Differential serodiagnosis for alveolar echinococcosis by Em18-immunoblot and Em18-ELISA in Japan and China. In: Craig P, Pawlowski Z, editors. Cestode zoonosis: echinococcosis and cysticercosis. Amsterdam: IOS Press (NATO); 2002. pp 147-155.
20. Craig P S, Giraudoux P, Shi D, et al. An epidemiological and ecological study of human alveolar echinococcosis transmission in south Gansu, China. Acta Trop 2000; 77:167-177. Reports a comprehensive multi-disciplinary study of one of the most serious alveolar echinococcosis endemic areas in the world.
21. Jensen B, Reuter S, Kratzner W, et al. Long-term seropositivity against Echinococcus multilocularis in an epidemiological follow-up study in south western Germany (Romerstein). Infection 2001; 29:310-314.
22. Polat K Y, Balik A A, Celebi F. Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: clinical report from an endemic region. Can J Surg 2002; 45:415-419. An excellent clinical study and follow-up of 40 alveolar echinococcosis patients treated in Turkey between 1987-2000. Includes outcomes of radical resection, palliative surgery and long-term albendazole therapy.
23. Mosimann F, Bettschart V, Meuli R. Mediastinal recurrence of alveolar echinococcosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:97-98.
24. Wen H, New RRC, Muhmut M, et al. Pharmacology and efficacy of liposome-entrapped albendazole in experimental secondary alveolar echinococcosis and effect of co-administration with cimetidine. Parasitology 1996; 113:111-121.
25. Stettler M, Fink R, Walker M, et al. In vitro parasiticidal effect of nitazoxanide against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:467-474. An important potential new drug for alveolar echinococcosis at least based on invitro efficacy in a parasite vesicle culture system.
26. Reuter S, Merkle M, Brehm K, et al. Effect of amphotericin B on larval growth of Echinococcus multilocularis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:620-625.
27. Giraudoux P, Delattre P, Takahashi K, et al. Transmission ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife: what can be learned from comparative studies and multiscale approaches? In: Craig P, Pawlowski Z, editors. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press (NATO); 2002. pp. 251-266.
28. Kern P, Bardonnet K, Renner E, et al. European Echinococcosis registry: human alveolar echinococcosis, Europe, 1982-2000. Emerg Inf Dis 2003; 9:343-349. A detailed retrospective analysis of 559 alveolar echinococcosis patients identified in western and central Europe. An important study not least to act as a baseline for potential emergence of alveolar echinococcosis over the next 10 years.
29. Berke O. Choropleth mapping of regional count data of Echinococcus multilocularis among red foxes in Lower Saxony, Germany. Prev Vet Med 2001; 52:119-131.
30. Raoul F, Deplazes P, Nonaka N, et al. Assessment of the epidemiological status of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in France using ELISA coprotests on fox faeces collected in the field. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:1579-1588. A good ecological study of transmission in eastern France focusing on analysis of fox scats. Indicates potential use of ELISA test to answer questions about transmission ecology.
31. Eckert J. Predictive values and quality control of techniques for the diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis in definitive hosts. Acta Trop 2003; 85:157-163.
32. Romig T, Bilger B, Dinkel A, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis in animal hosts: new data from western Europe. Helminthologia 1999; 36:185-191. First significant report of increased prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes in well defined regions of Germany. Served to initiate studies on fox infection rates in other parts of Europe.
33. Giraudoux P, Raoul F, Bardonnet K, et al. Alveolar echinococcosis: characteristics of a possible emergence and new perspectives in epidemiosurveillance. Med Mal Infect 2001; 31:247-256.
34. Manfredi MT, Genchi C, Deplazes P, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis infection in red foxes in Italy. Vet Rec 2002; 150:757.
35. Hofer S, Gloor S, Muller U, et al. High prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and voles (Arvicola terrestris) in the City of Zurich, Switzerland. Parasitology 2000; 120:135-142. This study was the first to show that urban foxes in a European city were infected with E. multilocularis, as were rodents within city parks.
36. Smith GC, Laurenson K, Bradshaw H, et al. Survey for endoparasites of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain with particular reference to potential zoonotic infections. Vet Parasitol 2003, in press.
37. Graham JC, Gunn M, Hudson M, et al. A mass in the liver. J Infect 2002; 45:121-122.
38. Wang Q, Qiu J, Schantz P, et al. Investigation of risk factors for development of human hydatidosis among households raising livestock in Tibetan areas of western Sichuan Province. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 2001; 19:93-96. One of several papers in Chinese journals to highlight the significant public health problem and epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis in China.
39. Danson FM, Craig PS, Man W, et al. Satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems for risk modelling of alveolar echinococcosis. In: Craig P, Pawlowski Z, editors. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press (NATO); 2002. pp 237-248. Highlights application of remote sensing to quantify landscape as an indicator of small mammal habitats and development of risk models for alveolar echinococcosis at the village level.
40. Staubach C, Thulke H-H, Tackmann K, et al. Geographic information system aided analysis of factors associated with the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis infections of foxes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65:943-948. Highlights use of GIS to investigate fox infection and host distribution in east Germany.
41. Haag KL, Zaha A, Araujo AM, Gottstein B. Reduced genetic variability within coding and non-coding regions of the Echinococcus multilocularis genome. Parasitology 1997; 115:521-529.
42. Rinder H, Rausch RL, Takahashi K, et al. Limited range of genetic variation in Echinococcus multilocularis. J Parasitol 1997; 83:1045-1050. Isolates from Germany, Japan and Alaska showed different sequence data for the 18S coding region of rRNA that separated Eurasian and Alaskan isolates.
43. Nakao M, Yokoyama N, Sako Y, et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae). Mitochondrion 2002; 1:497-509. The mitochondrial DNA (13,738 bp) of E. multilocularis was sequenced and found to contain 2 major non-coding regions and 36 genes. An important paper for further development of phylogenetic and other studies.
44. 2 focal endemic area.