Hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore: A comparison of fatal and non-fatal cases

Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics

Volumn 92, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 1163-1169

  Chong, C Y ^a   Chan, K P ^b   Shah, V A ^a   Ng, W Y M ^a   Lau, G ^c   Teo, T E S ^c   Lai, S H ^c   Ling, A E ^b  

^a KK WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^b SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c HEALTH SCIENCES AUTHORITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Encephalitis; Enterovirus; Foot and mouth disease; Hand; Interstitial pneumonitis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DROWSINESS; ENCEPHALITIS; ENTEROVIRUS; FEMALE; HAND FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE; HUMAN; INFANT; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; MYELITIS; MYOCARDITIS; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SINGAPORE; SUPERINFECTION; VOMITING;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; LUNG DISEASES, INTERSTITIAL; MALE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK FACTORS; SINGAPORE;

EID: 0142030092     PISSN: 08035253     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08035250310005242     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Ho M, Chen ER, Hsu KH, Twu SJ, Chen KT, Tsai SF, et al. An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 929-35
2. Cardosa MJ, Krishnan S, Tio PH, Wong SC. Isolation of subgenus B adenovirus during a fatal outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in Sibu, Sarawak. Lancet 1999; 354: 987-91
3. Surveillance of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore. Epidemiol News Bull 2001; 27: 23-7
4. Chan KP, Goh KT, Chong CY, Teo ES, Lau G, Ling AE. Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 78-85
5. Blomberg J, Lycke E, Ahlfors K, Johnsson T, Wolontis S, von Zieppel G. New enterovirus type associated with epidemic of aseptic meninigitis and/or hand, foot and mouth disease. Lancet 1974; ii: 112
6. Hattori T, Hirayama K, Imai T, Yamada T, Kojima S. Pontine lesion in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome shown by MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1572
7. Geller TJ, Bellur SN. Peduncular hallunicinosis: magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of mesencephalic infarction during life. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 602-4
8. Zauotis T, Klein JD. Enterovirus infections. Pediatr Rev 1998; 19: 183-91
9. Byinton CL, Taggart EW, Carroll KC, Hillyard DR. A polymerase chain reaction-based epidemiologic investigation of the incidence of nonpolio enteroviral infections in febrile and afebrile infants 90 years and younger. Pediatr 1999; 103: E27
10. Lum LCS, Wong KT, Lam SK, Chua KB, Goh AYT, Lim WL, et al. Fatal enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. J Pediatr 1998; 133: 795-8
11. Hand, foot and mouth disease and enterovirus infection in Singapore. Epidemiol News Bull 1998; 24: 37-41
12. McMinn P, Lindsay K, Perera D, Chan HM, Chan KP, Cardosa MJ. Phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus 71 strains isolated during linked epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore and Western Australia. J Virol 2001; 75: 7732-8
13. Chang LY, Lin TY, Huang YC, Tsao KC, Shih SR, Kuo ML, et al. Comparison of enterovirus 71 and coxsackie virus A 16 clinical illnesses during the Taiwan enterovirus epidemic, 1998. Pediatr Infect Dis 1999; 18: 1092-6
14. Deaths among children during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease-Taiwan, Republic of China, April-July 1998. MMWR 1998; 47: 629-32
15. Chang LY, Lin TY, Hsu KH, Huang YC, Lin KL, Huseh C, et al. Clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary edema after enterovirus-71-related hand, foot and mouth disease. Lancet 1999; 354: 1682-6
16. Huang CC, Liu CC, Chang YC, Chen CY, Wang ST, Yeh TF. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 939-42
17. Abzug MJ, Keyserling HL, Lee ML, Levin MJ, Rothbart HA. Neonatal enterovirus infection: Virology, serology and effects of intravenous immune globulin. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1201-6
18. Dyer JR. Enterovirus associated neurological disease in an HIV-infected man. J Neurovirol 1998; 4: 569-71
19. Starlin R, Reed N, Leeman B, Black J, Trulock E, Mundy LM. Acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with echovirus 19 managed with pleconaril and intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Infect Dis 20001; 33: 430-2
20. Thampakkul S, Ballow M. Replacement intravenous immune serum globulin therapy in patients with antibody immune deficiency. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2001; 21: 165-9
21. Stiehm ER. Human intravenous immunoglobulin in primary and secondary antibody deficiencies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 696-707
22. Levin S. Interferon treatment of poliomyelitis. J Infect Dis 1985; 151: 745-6
23. Sawyer MH, Saez-Llorenz X, Aviles CL, O'Ryan M, Romero JR. Oral pleconaril reduces the duration and severity of enteroviral meningitis in children. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 173A
24. Shafran SD, Halota W, Gilbert D. Pleconaril is effective for enteroviral meningitis in adolescents and adults: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial. In: Program and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 26-29 September 1999. Abstract 1904
25. Rotbart HA, Webster AD. Treatment of potentially life-threatening enterovirus infections with pleconaril. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 228-35
26. M, Ho, Chen KT, Twu SJ. The epidemiology and control of enterovirus 71 in Taiwan. Presented at 7th Western Pacific Congress of Chemotherapy and Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China, 11-14 December 2000. International Society of Chemotherapy (Abstract p. 36 SYM GEN 4)