메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 487-492

Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia for surgery: Still going strong?

Author keywords

Epidural anaesthesia; Epidural analgesia; Paediatrics; Postoperative outcome; Safety

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; FENTANYL; KETAMINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; OPIATE; ROPIVACAINE; SUFENTANIL;

EID: 0142029598     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001503-200310000-00008     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (2)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 0034676746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: Results from overview of randomised trials
    • Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ 2000; 321:1493-1497.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.321 , pp. 1493-1497
    • Rodgers, A.1    Walker, N.2    Schug, S.3
  • 2
    • 0031887664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: Cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials
    • Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, et al. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg 1998; 86:598-612.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , pp. 598-612
    • Ballantyne, J.C.1    Carr, D.B.2    DeFerranti, S.3
  • 3
    • 84921431733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery
    • Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (4):CD001893.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Jorgensen, H.1    Wetterslev, J.2    Moiniche, S.3    Dahl, J.B.4
  • 4
    • 0034816753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis
    • Beattie WS, Badner NH, Choi P. Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:853-858.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 853-858
    • Beattie, W.S.1    Badner, N.H.2    Choi, P.3
  • 5
    • 0034796164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: A randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs Cooperative study
    • Park WY, Thompson JS, Lee KK. Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: a randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs Cooperative study. Ann Surg 2001; 234:560-569.
    • (2001) Ann Surg , vol.234 , pp. 560-569
    • Park, W.Y.1    Thompson, J.S.2    Lee, K.K.3
  • 6
    • 0037070806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: A randomised trial
    • Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359:1276-1282. A large randomized trial of EAA versus general anaesthesia/systemic analgesia, known as the MASTER trial, which has initiated a wide discussion on outcome benefits. It is a milestone trial in anaesthesia with regard to size and multicentre design, but has also been criticized with regard to trial design, conduct and power (see [8•9,10]).
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 1276-1282
    • Rigg, J.R.1    Jamrozik, K.2    Myles, P.S.3
  • 7
    • 0037304141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients
    • Peyton PJ, Myles PS, Silbert BS, et al. Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:548-554. A summary of predetermined subgroup analyses of the MASTER trial [6••], which found no further morbidity and mortality benefits of EAA and answers some of the issues under current discussion.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 548-554
    • Peyton, P.J.1    Myles, P.S.2    Silbert, B.S.3
  • 8
    • 0037125586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in major surgery
    • letter to the editor
    • Van Aken H, Gogarten W, Brussel T, Brodner G. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in major surgery [letter to the editor]. Lancet 2002; 360:568. A letter to the editor of the Lancet, which provides major criticism of the MASTER trial and initiated the ongoing discussion - the reply of the authors can be found on p. 569 of this issue.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 568
    • Van Aken, H.1    Gogarten, W.2    Brussel, T.3    Brodner, G.4
  • 9
    • 0037125586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in major surgery
    • Low J. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in major surgery. Lancet 2002; 360:568.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 568
    • Low, J.1
  • 10
    • 0037125586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in major surgery
    • Kehlet H, Holte K. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in major surgery. Lancet 2002; 360:568-569.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 568-569
    • Kehlet, H.1    Holte, K.2
  • 11
    • 0036932491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: Comparison with caudal epidural block
    • Somri M, Gaitini LA, Vaida SJ, et al. Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: comparison with caudal epidural block. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:791-797. Excellent paper utilizing catecholamine response to surgery to assess block quality in children and show superiority of epidural over peripheral nerve block with regard to this parameter.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 791-797
    • Somri, M.1    Gaitini, L.A.2    Vaida, S.J.3
  • 12
    • 0036714158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pain management in orthopaedic patients: No differences in pain score, but improved stress control by epidural anaesthesia
    • Adams HA, Saatweber P, Schmitz CS, Hecker H. Postoperative pain management in orthopaedic patients: no differences in pain score, but improved stress control by epidural anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19:658-665. Small study in adults with similar results to [11••].
    • (2002) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 658-665
    • Adams, H.A.1    Saatweber, P.2    Schmitz, C.S.3    Hecker, H.4
  • 13
    • 0036150146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central neuraxial analgesia in cardiac surgery
    • Falcucci O. Central neuraxial analgesia in cardiac surgery. Mt Sinai J Med 2002; 69:45-50. Good review of the pertinent literature.
    • (2002) Mt Sinai J Med , vol.69 , pp. 45-50
    • Falcucci, O.1
  • 14
    • 0037235478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomized trial of high thoracic epidural analgesia for coronary artery bypass surgery
    • Royse C, Royse A, Soeding P, et al. Prospective randomized trial of high thoracic epidural analgesia for coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:93-100. Outstanding RCT of EAA in coronary artery bypass surgery with a good trial design and interesting outcome parameters including assessment of postoperative depression and posttraumatic stress.
    • (2003) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.75 , pp. 93-100
    • Royse, C.1    Royse, A.2    Soeding, P.3
  • 15
    • 0033946445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in postoperative outcome
    • Grass JA. The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in postoperative outcome. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 2000; 18:407-428, viii.
    • (2000) Anesthesiol Clin North Am , vol.18 , pp. 407-428
    • Grass, J.A.1
  • 16
    • 0036022698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: Effects on surgical stress responses and implications for postoperative nutrition
    • Holte K, Kehlet H. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: effects on surgical stress responses and implications for postoperative nutrition. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:199-206. An excellent review, summarizing suggestions by this group to utilize EAA to enable 'fast-track' recovery after surgery and thereby reduce morbidity and mortality. A paper every surgeon should read!
    • (2002) Clin Nutr , vol.21 , pp. 199-206
    • Holte, K.1    Kehlet, H.2
  • 17
    • 0037311811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of epidural anaesthesia on intestinal oxygenation in pigs
    • Vagts DA, Iber T, Szabo B, et al. Effects of epidural anaesthesia on intestinal oxygenation in pigs. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:212-220. Interesting animal study further supporting the preference for vasoconstrictors over fluid loading for treatment of EAA induced hypotension.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 212-220
    • Vagts, D.A.1    Iber, T.2    Szabo, B.3
  • 18
    • 0036039997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on colonic blood flow
    • Gould TH, Grace K, Thorne G, Thomas M. Effect of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on colonic blood flow. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:446-451. Similar results to [17•], but here in a technically demanding study in humans.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 446-451
    • Gould, T.H.1    Grace, K.2    Thorne, G.3    Thomas, M.4
  • 20
    • 0036828476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blinded comparison of thoracic epidural ropivacaine, ropivacaine/fentanyl, or bupivacaine/fentanyl for postthoracotomy analgesia
    • Macias A, Monedero P, Adame M, et al. A randomized, double-blinded comparison of thoracic epidural ropivacaine, ropivacaine/fentanyl, or bupivacaine/fentanyl for postthoracotomy analgesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1344-1350.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1344-1350
    • Macias, A.1    Monedero, P.2    Adame, M.3
  • 21
    • 0036224168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor function during patient-controlled analgesia via a lumbar epidural catheter after major abdominal surgery: Ropivacaine-sufentanil vs. bupivacaine-sufentanil
    • Eberhart LH, Lehle B, Kiefer P, et al. [Motor function during patient-controlled analgesia via a lumbar epidural catheter after major abdominal surgery: ropivacaine-sufentanil vs. bupivacaine-sufentanil]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2002; 37:216-221. German-language publication (with English abstract), demonstrating an interesting difference between measured motor function and ability to ambulate, which illustrates clinical relevance (or better irrelevance) of certain measures.
    • (2002) Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther , vol.37 , pp. 216-221
    • Eberhart, L.H.1    Lehle, B.2    Kiefer, P.3
  • 22
    • 0036713163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural combination of ropivacaine with sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement: A pilot study
    • Kampe S, Diefenbach C, Kanis B, et al. Epidural combination of ropivacaine with sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement: a pilot study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19:666-671. Small pilot study suggesting that lower concentrations of ropivacaine than the commonly used 0.2% might offer advantages for lumbar administration after orthopaedic surgery.
    • (2002) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 666-671
    • Kampe, S.1    Diefenbach, C.2    Kanis, B.3
  • 23
    • 0344837772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural ketamine potentiates epidural morphine but not fentanyl in acute nociception in rats
    • Hoffmann VL, Baker AK, Vercauteren MP, et al. Epidural ketamine potentiates epidural morphine but not fentanyl in acute nociception in rats. Eur J Pain 2003; 7:121-130. Animal study challenging our common understanding of opioids effects.
    • (2003) Eur J Pain , vol.7 , pp. 121-130
    • Hoffmann, V.L.1    Baker, A.K.2    Vercauteren, M.P.3
  • 24
    • 0036063806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 'membrane in syringe' technique that allows identification of the epidural space with saline while avoids injection of air into the epidural space
    • Lin BC, Chen KB, Chang CS, et al. A 'membrane in syringe' technique that allows identification of the epidural space with saline while avoids injection of air into the epidural space. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2002; 40:55-60. A clever idea, which needs to prove its clinical usefulness.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol sin , vol.40 , pp. 55-60
    • Lin, B.C.1    Chen, K.B.2    Chang, C.S.3
  • 25
    • 0036058819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical results with a new acoustic device to identify the epidural space
    • Lechner TJ, van Wijk MG, Maas AJ. Clinical results with a new acoustic device to identify the epidural space. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:768-772. Another clever tool (or toy) requiring more detailed evaluation.
    • (2002) Anaesthesia , vol.57 , pp. 768-772
    • Lechner, T.J.1    Van Wijk, M.G.2    Maas, A.J.3
  • 26
    • 0034752443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach in pediatric patients undergoing fundoplication using nerve stimulation guidance
    • Tsui BC, Seal R, Koller J, et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach in pediatric patients undergoing fundoplication using nerve stimulation guidance. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1152-1155.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1152-1155
    • Tsui, B.C.1    Seal, R.2    Koller, J.3
  • 27
    • 0031683085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmation of epidural catheter placement using nerve stimulation
    • Tsui BC, Gupta S, Finucane B. Confirmation of epidural catheter placement using nerve stimulation. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:640-644.
    • (1998) Can J Anaesth , vol.45 , pp. 640-644
    • Tsui, B.C.1    Gupta, S.2    Finucane, B.3
  • 28
    • 0034814437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The placement of the epidural catheter at the predicted site by electrical stimulation test
    • Hayatsu K, Tomita M, Fujihara H, et al. The placement of the epidural catheter at the predicted site by electrical stimulation test. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1035-1039.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Hayatsu, K.1    Tomita, M.2    Fujihara, H.3
  • 29
    • 0346667067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound and local anaesthesia: Part III. Ultrasound and neuroaxial local anaesthesia
    • Grau T, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. [Ultrasound and local anaesthesia: part III. Ultrasound and neuroaxial local anaesthesia]. Anaesthesist 2003; 52:68-73. Excellent German-language meta-analysis (with English abstract) of the usefulness of ultrasound, utilizing detailed biomathematical assessments.
    • (2003) Anaesthesist , vol.52 , pp. 68-73
    • Grau, T.1    Conradi, R.2    Martin, E.3    Motsch, J.4
  • 30
    • 0033944216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications of spinal and epidural anesthesia
    • Horlocker TT. Complications of spinal and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 2000; 18:461-485.
    • (2000) Anesthesiol Clin North Am , vol.18 , pp. 461-485
    • Horlocker, T.T.1
  • 31
    • 0036791779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological complications following central neuraxial blocks; are there predictive factors?
    • De Tommaso O, Caporuscio A, Tagariello V. Neurological complications following central neuraxial blocks; are there predictive factors? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19:705-716. Extensive review of the literature (139 references) in a worthwhile attempt to identify predictive factors for neurological disasters.
    • (2002) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 705-716
    • De Tommaso, O.1    Caporuscio, A.2    Tagariello, V.3
  • 32
    • 0036618416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of successful neuraxial block: A prospective study
    • de Oliveira Filho GR, Gomes HP, da Fonseca MH, et al. Predictors of successful neuraxial block: a prospective study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19:447-451. Large prospective study in 1481 patients calculating independent odds ratios for 'first attempt' identification of epidural and intrathecal space, confirming the high importance of patient positioning (odds ratio 3.84).
    • (2002) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 447-451
    • De Oliveira Filho, G.R.1    Gomes, H.P.2    Da Fonseca, M.H.3
  • 33
    • 0036220849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic spinal cord lesions complicating epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: Report of three cases
    • Wilkinson PA, Valentine A, Gibbs JM. Intrinsic spinal cord lesions complicating epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: report of three cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72:537-539.
    • (2002) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.72 , pp. 537-539
    • Wilkinson, P.A.1    Valentine, A.2    Gibbs, J.M.3
  • 34
    • 0036242725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-operative paraplegia following spinal cord infarction
    • Weinberg L, Harvey WR, Marshall RJ. Post-operative paraplegia following spinal cord infarction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:469-472. Case report confirming the multifactorial causation of paraplegia in a patient, who also had EAA.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 469-472
    • Weinberg, L.1    Harvey, W.R.2    Marshall, R.J.3
  • 35
    • 0036786357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paraplegia associated with combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia caused by preoperatively unrecognized spinal vertebral metastasis
    • Kararmaz A, Turhanoglu A, Arslan H, et al. Paraplegia associated with combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia caused by preoperatively unrecognized spinal vertebral metastasis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:1165-1167.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 1165-1167
    • Kararmaz, A.1    Turhanoglu, A.2    Arslan, H.3
  • 36
    • 0036105281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catheter-related epidural abscesses: Don't wait for neurological deficits
    • Royakkers AA, Willigers H, van der Ven AJ, et al. Catheter-related epidural abscesses: don't wait for neurological deficits. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:611-615. Report of three cases, which are a timely reminder that early MRI scan is the diagnostic tool of choice in patients with any signs and symptoms of epidural infection irrespective of their neurological status.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 611-615
    • Royakkers, A.A.1    Willigers, H.2    Van Der Ven, A.J.3
  • 37
    • 0036899487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial contamination of epidural needles after multiple skin passes
    • Orlikowski C, Majedi PM, Keil AD. Bacterial contamination of epidural needles after multiple skin passes. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:922-924. Interesting study contradicting common beliefs about risks of bacterial contamination of needles with long insertion time and multiple insertion attempts.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 922-924
    • Orlikowski, C.1    Majedi, P.M.2    Keil, A.D.3
  • 38
    • 0036036445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of S1 motor block to determine a safe, reliable test dose for epidural analgesia
    • Daoud Z, Collis RE, Ateleanu B, Mapleson WW. Evaluation of S1 motor block to determine a safe, reliable test dose for epidural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:442-445. A good idea to objectify a rather subjective test, confirmed by a study.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 442-445
    • Daoud, Z.1    Collis, R.E.2    Ateleanu, B.3    Mapleson, W.W.4
  • 39
    • 0036072587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safer epidural and spinal connectors
    • Lanigan CJ. Safer epidural and spinal connectors. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:567-571. A simple and elegant proposal for the prevention of potentially fatal errors, which won the Safety Prize of the AAGBI in Belfast 2001.
    • (2002) Anaesthesia , vol.57 , pp. 567-571
    • Lanigan, C.J.1
  • 40
    • 0036839971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric regional anaesthesia, a survey of practice in the United Kingdom
    • Sanders JC. Paediatric regional anaesthesia, a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:707-710.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 707-710
    • Sanders, J.C.1
  • 41
    • 0036219748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia is a good alternative to general anesthesia in pediatric surgery: Experience in 1,554 children
    • Uguralp S, Mutus M, Koroglu A, et al. Regional anesthesia is a good alternative to general anesthesia in pediatric surgery: experience in 1,554 children. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37:610-613.
    • (2002) J Pediatr Surg , vol.37 , pp. 610-613
    • Uguralp, S.1    Mutus, M.2    Koroglu, A.3
  • 42
    • 0142044089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In praise of the epidural space for analgesia in neonates
    • Moriarty A. In praise of the epidural space for analgesia in neonates. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:836-837.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 836-837
    • Moriarty, A.1
  • 43
    • 0036097770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary Doppler flow velocity pattern during caudal epidural anaesthesia in children
    • Ozasa H, Hashimoto K, Saito Y. Pulmonary Doppler flow velocity pattern during caudal epidural anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:317-321. Important observation with clinical implications.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 317-321
    • Ozasa, H.1    Hashimoto, K.2    Saito, Y.3
  • 44
    • 0036211316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined epidural and general anaesthesia in a patient with a transplanted heart undergoing upper abdominal surgery
    • Grimsehl K, Levack ID. Combined epidural and general anaesthesia in a patient with a transplanted heart undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88:612-613.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.88 , pp. 612-613
    • Grimsehl, K.1    Levack, I.D.2
  • 45
    • 0036076880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis
    • Karaca S, Akgun I. Epidural anaesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19:528-529.
    • (2002) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 528-529
    • Karaca, S.1    Akgun, I.2
  • 46
    • 0036372957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia in a child with possible spinal muscular atrophy
    • Veen A, Molenbuur B, Richardson FJ. Epidural anaesthesia in a child with possible spinal muscular atrophy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12:556-558.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 556-558
    • Veen, A.1    Molenbuur, B.2    Richardson, F.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.