Nosocomial pneumonia: Prevention, diagnosis, treatment;Nosokomiale pneumonie: Prävention, diagnostik und therapie

Pneumologie

Volumn 57, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 532-545

  Lorenz, J ^a,g   Bodmann, K F ^b   Bauer, T T ^c   Ewig, S ^d   Trautmann, M ^e   Vogel, F ^f  

^a Klinikum Ludenscheid   (Germany)

^b Medizinische Klinik I   (United States)

^c RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^d Augusta Kranken Anstalt   (Germany)

^e KLINIKUM STUTTGART   (Germany)

^f Kliniken des Main Taunus Kreises   (Germany)

^g Klinik für Nephrologie und Dialyseverfahren   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMINOPENICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANSAMYCIN DERIVATIVE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CARBAPENEM; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFOTIAM; CEFPIROME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CILASTATIN PLUS IMIPENEM; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCLOXACILLIN; FOSFOMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; GLYCOPEPTIDE; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINCOSAMIDE; LINEZOLID; MEROPENEM; MEZLOCILLIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; NETILMICIN; OFLOXACIN; OXACILLIN; PIPERACILLIN; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOGRAMIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TAZOBACTAM; TEICOPLANIN; TOBRAMYCIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BLOOD CULTURE; CONTROL STRATEGY; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HEALTH SURVEY; HOSPITAL HYGIENE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; LUNG LAVAGE; OTOTOXICITY; PNEUMONIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEUS MIRABILIS; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS; SPUTUM ANALYSIS; TREATMENT INDICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

CROSS INFECTION; GERMANY; HUMANS; PNEUMONIA; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE;

EID: 0141863207     PISSN: 09348387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-42217     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Ewig S, Dalhoff K, Lorenz J et al. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie. Nosokomiale Pneumonie: Empfehlungen zur Therapie und Prophylaxe. Pneumologie 2000; 54: 525-538
2. Vogel F, Naber K, Wacha H et al. Parenterale Antibiotika bei Erwachsenen. Empfehlungen einer Expertengruppe der Paul Ehrlich Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e. V. Chemotherapie J 1999; 1: 3-49
3. American Thoracic Society. Hospital acquired pneumonia in ventilated patients: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and preventive strategies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1711-1725
4. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wissenschaftlich-Medizinischer Fachgesellschaften.www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/awmfleit.htm
5. Zentralstelle der Deutschen Ärzteschaff zur Qualitätssicherung in der Medizin.www.aezq.de
6. Hauer T, Lacour M, Gastmeier P et al. Nosokomiale Infektionen in Deutschland (NIDEP). Med. Klinik 1996; 91: 681-686
7. Rüden H, Gastmeier P, Wischnewski N et al. Prävalenz der wichtigsten nosokomialen Infektionen in Deutschland, Ergebnisse der NIDEP-Studie. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 1997; 6: 198-203
8. Vincent J-L, Bihari DJ, Suter P. The prevalence of nosocomial infections in intensive care units in Europe (EPIC-Study). JAMA 1995; 274: 639-644
9. Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH et al. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 887-892
10. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Domart Y et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 877-884
11. Steinbrecher E, Sohr D, Nassauer A et al. Die häufigsten Erreger bei Intensivpatienten mit nosokomialen Infektionen, Ergebnisse des Krankenhaus-Infektions-Surveillance-Systems (KISS). Chemotherapie Journal 2000; 5: 179-184
12. Bonten MJM, Weinstein RA. Infection control in intensive care units and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 2000; 15: 327-335
13. Garner JS Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for isolation precautions in hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 53-80
14. Yu VL, Stout JE. Hospital characteristics associated with colonization of water systems by Legionella and risk of nosocomial legionnaires' disease: a cohort study of 15 hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21: 434-435
15. Pittet D, Huguenin T, Dharan S et al. Unusual cause of lethal pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 541-544
16. Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention am Robert Koch Institut. Empfehlungen zur Prävention und Kontrolle von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylocooccus aureus in Krankenhäusern und anderen medizinischen Einrichtungen. Bundesgesundheitsbl - Gesundheitsforsch - Gesundheitsschutz 1999; 42: 954-958
17. Gruson D, Hilbert G, Vargas F et al. Rotation and restricted use of antibiotics in a medical intensive care unit. Impact on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 837-843
18. Torres A, Carlet J, Bouza E et al. European Task Force on ventilator-associated pneumonia: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 1034-1045
19. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sanford J et al. Nosocomial respiratory infection with Gram-negative bacilli: the significance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77: 701-706
20. Pingleton SK, Fagon JY, Leeper KV. Patient selection for clinical investigation of ventilator-associated pneumonia: criteria for evaluating diagnostic techniques. Chest 1992; 105: 553S-556S
21. Fàbregas N, Ewig S, Torres A et al. Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: Comparative validation using immediate postmortem lung biopsies. Thorax 1999; 54: 867-873
22. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ et al. Detection of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients. Use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques in 147 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 110-116
23. El-Ebiary M, Tortes A, González J et al. Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associates pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1993; 147: 1552-1557
24. Chastre J, Fagon JY, Bornet-Leco M et al. Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 231-240
25. Wermert D, Marquette CH, Copin MC et al. Influence of pulmonary bacteriology and histology on the yield of diagnostic procedures in ventilator-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 139-147
26. Sanchez-Nieto JM, Torres A, Garcia-Cordoba F et al. Impact of invasive and noninvasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 371-376
27. Ruiz M, Torres A, Ewig S et al. Noninvasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associates pneumonia: evaluation of outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 119-125
28. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M et al. Invasive ans noninvasive strategies for management of suspectes ventilator-associates pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 621-630
29. Murray TJ, Washington JA. Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of expectorated sputum. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50: 339-344
30. Rello J, Gallego M, Mariscal D et al. The value of routine microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 196-200
31. Luna CM, Videla A, Mattera J et al. Blood cultures have limited value in predicting severity of illness and as a diagnostic tool in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1999; 116: 1075-1084
32. Bryan CS, Reynolds KL. Bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia. Analysis of 172 episodes from a single metropolitan area. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 668-671
33. Li J, Plorde JJ, Carlson LG. Effects of volume and periodicity on blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1994 Nov ; 32 (11): 2829-31
34. Petri MG, Konig J, Moecke HP et al. Epidemiology of invasive mycosis in ICU patients: a prospective multicenter study in 435 non-neutropenic patients. Paul-Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy, Divisions of Mycology and Pneumoma Research. Intensive Care Med 1997 Mar; 23 (3): 317-25
35. Helbig JH, Uldum SA, Luck PC et al. Detection of Legionella pneumophila antigen in urine samples by the BinaxNOW immunochromatographic assay and comparison with both Binax Legionella Urinary Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and Biotest Legionella Urin Antigen EIA. J. Med Microbiol 2001; 50: 509-516
36. Ruf B, Schurmann D, Horbach I et al. Prevalence and diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia: a 3-year prospective study with emphasis on application of urinary antigen detection. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 1341-1348
37. Formica N, Yates M, Meers M et al. The impact of diagnosis by legionella urinary antigen test on the epidemiology and outcomes of Legionnaires' disease. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 127: 275-280
38. Grossmann RF, Fein AM. Evidence-based assessment of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associates pneumonia. Executive summary. Chest 2000; 117 (4 Suppl 2): 177s-181s
39. Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M. Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1993; 104: 1230-1235
40. Baker AM, Meredith JW, Apnik FF. Pneumonia in intubated trauma patients: Microbiology and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 343-349
41. Niederman MS, Mantovani R, Schoch P. Pneumonia in the critically ill hospitalized patient. Chest 1990; 97: 170-181
42. Rello J, Ricart M, Ausina V. Pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae among mechanically ventilated patients: incidence, outcome and risk factors. Chest 1992; 102: 1562-1565
43. Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat J. Ventilator associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 531-539
44. Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V. Incidence, etiology, and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1991; 100: 877-884
45. Brewer SC, Wunderink RG, Jones CB. Ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chest 1996; 109: 1019-1029
46. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G. A comparative analysis of patients with early-onset vs. late-onset nosocomial pneumonia ion the ICU-setting. Chest 2000; 117: 1434-1442
47. Montravers P, Fagon JY, Chastre J. Follow-up protected specimen brushes to assess treatment in nosocomial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 38-44
48. Hilf M, Yu VL, Sharp JA. Antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: Outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. Am J Med 1989; 87: 540-546
49. Rello J, Paiva JA, Baraibar J et al. International Conference for the development of consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2001; 120: 956-971
50. Hubmayr RD. Statement of the 4th consensus conference in critical care on ICU-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 1521-1536
51. Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention am Robert Koch Institut. Prävention der nosokomialen Pneumonie. Bundesgesundheitsbl - Gesundheitsforsch - Gesundheitsschutz 2000; 43: 302-309
52. Kappstein I. Standard-Hygienemaßnahmen. In: Daschner F (ed). Praktische Krankenhaushygiene und Umweltschutz, 2.Auflage. Springer,: 393-428
53. Valles J, Artigas A, Rello J et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 179-186
54. Kollef MH, Skubas NJ, Sundt TM. A randomized clinical trial of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in cardiac surgery patients. Chest 1999; 116: 1339-1346
55. Girou E, Schortgen F, Delclaux C et al. Association of noninvasive ventilation with nosocomial infections and survival in critically ill patients. JAMA 2000; 284: 2376-2378
56. Torres A, Gatell JM, Aznar E et al. Re-intubation increases the risk of nosocomial pneumonia in patients needing mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 137-141
57. Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G et al. Influence of long-term oro- or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1132-1138
58. Holzapfel L, Chastang C, Demingeon G et al. A randomized study assessing the systematic search for maxillary sinusitis in nasotracheally mechanically ventilated patients. Influence of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 695-701
59. Rello J, Sonora R, Jubert P et al. Pneumonia in intubated patients: role of respiratory airway care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 111-115
60. Cook D, de Jonghe B, Brochard L. Influence of airway management on ventilator-associated pneumonia. JAMA 1998; 279: 781-787
61. Craven DE, Kunches LM, Kilinsky V et al. Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 792-796
62. Dreyfuss D, Djedaini K, Weber P et al. Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 738-743
63. Kollef MH, Shapiro SD, Fraser VJ et al. Mechanical ventilation with or without 7-day circuit changes. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995; 23: 168-174
64. Deppe SA, Kelley JW, Thoi LL. Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients using Trach Care closed suction system versus an open suction-system: prospective randomized study. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 1389-1393
65. Johnson KL, Kearney PA, Johnson SB et al. Closed versus open endotracheal suctioning: costs and physiological consequences. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 658-666
66. Combes P, Fauvage B, Oleyer C. Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients, a prospective randomised evaluation of the Stericath closed suctioning system. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 878-882
67. Kollef MH. The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 627-634
68. Torres A, Serra-Batlles J, Ros E et al. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 540-543
69. Drakulovic MB, Torres A, Bauer TT et al. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 1851-1858
70. Gentilello L, Thompson DA, Tonneson AS et al. Effect of a rotating bed on the incidence of pulmonary complications in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: 783-786
71. Treloar MP, Helsmooertel CM, Stein KL. The efficacy of an oscillating bed in the prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in critically ill victims of blunt trauma: a prospective study. Chest 1990; 97: 132-137
72. Prod'hom G, Leuenberger P, Koerfer J et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients receiving antacid, ranitidine, or sucralfate as prophylaxis for stress ulcer. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 653-662
73. Cook DJ, Guyatt G, Marshall J et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. New Engl J Med 1998; 338: 791
74. Nieuwenhoven CA van, Buskens E, Thiel FH van et al. Relationship between methodological trial quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 2001; 286: 335-340
75. Heinrich R, Mitschka J. Multi-center, randomised comparative study of ceftazidime vs. cefotaxime in the treatment of patients 65 years of age and older with nosocomial bacterial pulmonary and urinary tract infections. Int J Exp Clin Chem 1991; 4: 40-47
76. Garber G, Auger P, Chan R et al. A Multicenter, Open Comparative Study of Parenteral Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Nosocomial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15: 85-88
77. Speich R, Imhof E, Vogt M et al. Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerance of Piperacillin/Tazobactam compared to Co-Amoxiclav plus an Aminoglycoside in the Treatment of Severe Pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 313-317
78. Defouilloy C, Gerard A, Berche P et al. Assessing a strategy using amoxicillin-clavulanate i.v. then switching to per os, for the treatment of early nosocomial pneumonia under mechanical ventilation. Medicine et Maladies Infectieuses 2001; 31: 7-13
79. Jauregui L, Minns P, Hageage G. A Comparison of Ampicillin/Sulbactam versus Cefotaxim in the Therapy of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalized Patients. J Chem 1995; 7: 153-156
80. Berk S, Musgrave T, Kalbfleisch J. A Comparison of Ampicillin-Sulbactam with Cefamandole in the Treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia in the Elderly. Infections in Medicine 1993; 8: 29-38
81. McClosky R, Killebrew D, Tutlane V et al. A randomised double blinded comparison of mezlocillin and ticarcillin for the treatment of respiratory infections. J Antimicrobiol Chem 1982; 9: 209-213
82. West M, Boulanger B, Fogarty C et al. Levofloxacin Compared with Imipenem/Cilastatin Followed by Ciprofloxacin in Adult Patients with Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomised, Open-Label Study. Clinical Therapeutics 2003; 2: 485-506
83. Jaccard C, Troillet N, Harbarth S et al. Prospective Randomized Comparison of Imipenem-Cilastatin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Nosocomial Pneumonia or Peritonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 2966-2972
84. Joshi M, Bernstein J, Solomkin J et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin for the treatment of patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 389-397
85. Zielmann S, Dahlmann K, Pfründer D et al. Sulbactam/Piperacillin vs. Ofloxacin in der Behandlung von Pneumonien bei intensivmedizinischen Patienten: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven, randomisierten offenen Vergleichsstudie. Betalactamantibiotika im Vergleich. München, 1995
86. Norrby S, Finch R, Glauser M. Monotherapy in serious hospital-acquired infections: a clinical trial of ceftazidime versus imipenem/cilastatin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 927-937
87. Rubinstein E, Lode H, Grassi C. Ceftazidime Monotherapy vs. Ceftriaxon/Tobramycin for Serious Hospital-Acquired Gram-Negative Infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1217-1228
88. Ambrose P, Richerson M, Staton M et al. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Cefepime Compared With Ceftazidime In Intensive Care Unit Patients With Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 1999; 8: 245-251
89. Torres T, Bauer T, Leon-Gil C et al. Treatment of severe nosocomial pneumonia: a prospective randomised comparison of ciprofloxacin with imipenem/cilastatin. Thorax 2000; 55: 1033-1039
90. Fink M, Snydman D, Niederman M et al. Treatment of Severe Pneumonia in Hospitalized Patients: Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial Comparing Intravenous Ciprofloxacin with Imipenen-Cilastatin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 547-557
91. Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH. Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1073-1083
92. Rapp RP, Young B, Foster TS. Ceftazidime versus Tobramycin/Ticarcillin in treating hospital-acquired pneumonia and bacteremia. Pharmacotherapy 1984; 4: 211-215
93. Mandell LA, Nicolle LE, Ronald AF. A multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing ceftazidime versus cefazolin/tobramycin in treatment of hospitalized patients with non-pneumococcal pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12 (Suppl): S9-S20
94. Mouton Y, Deboseker Y, Bazin C. Etude prospective randomisee controlee. Imipenem-cilastatine versus cefotaxime/amykacine dans le traitment des infections respiratoires inferieurs. Presse Med 1990; 19: 607-612
95. Garau J, Blanquer J, Cobo L et al. Prospective, Randomised, Multicentre Study of Meropenem versus Imipenem/Cilastatin as Empiric Monotherapy in Severe Nosocomial Infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 11: 789-796
96. Mangi RJ, Greco T, Ryan J. Cefuroxime versus combination antibiotic therapy of hospital-acquired infection. Am J Med 1988; 84: 68-74
97. Cometta A, Barmgateen JD, Law D. Prospective randomized comparison of imipenem monotherapy with imipenem plus netilmicin for treatment of severe infections in nonneutropenic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1309-1313