Making minorities: Cultural space, stigma transformation frames, and the categorical status claims of deaf, gay, and white supremacist activists in late twentieth century America

Sociological Forum

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 553-591

  Berbrier, Mitch ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

Claims making Deaf; Constructionism; Framing; Gays; Minorities; Stigma; White supremacists

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141800044     PISSN: 08848971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1021025307028     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. "300." 1993 "Debate manual for majority activists." Instauration, June:8.
2. Abbott, Andrew 1988 The System of Professions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. Adam, Barry 1978 The Survival of Domination: Inferiorization and Everyday Life. New York: Elsevier.
4. 1987 The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne.
5. Alba, Richard D. 1990 Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
6. Alden, Brice 1997 "Cochlear implants in Deaf children is genocide." Deaf Life, January:25-27.
7. Altman, Dennis 1982 The Homosexualization of America, the Americanization of the Homosexual. New York: St. Martin's Press
8. 1993 Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation. New York: New York University Press. (Orginaly published in 1971.)
9. Anderson, Benedict 1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
10. Anonymous 1987 "We future ethnics." Instauration, August:23.
11. Baker, Eric 1993 "Letter to the editor." The Populist Observer, April(86):10.
12. Bane, Michael n.d. "David Duke: Is the white race doomed?" Reprint of interview for Hustler magazine, in NAAWP News, Issue 18:8-11.
13. Bangs, Donald R. 1993 "Deaf studies: building bridges, building pride." In Deaf Studies III: Bridging Cultures in the 21st Century: 25-44. Washington, DC: College of Continuing Education, Gallaudet University.
14. Barth, Fredrik 1969 "Introduction." In Fredrik Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference: 9-38. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
15. Bayer, Ronald 1981 Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis, New York: Basic Books.
16. Baynton, Douglas C. 1996 Forbidden Signs: American Culture and the Campaign Against Sign Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Becker, Howard 1963 Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.
18. Benford, Robert 1997 "An insider's critique of the social movement framing perspective." Sociological Inquiry 67:409-430.
19. Benford, Robert and David Snow 2000 "Framing process and social movements: An overview and assessment." Annual Review of Sociology 26:611-639.
20. Berbrier, Mitch 1998a "'Half the battle': Cultural resonance, framing processes, and ethnic affectations in contemporary white separatist rhetoric." Social Problems 45:431-450.
21. 1998b "'Being Deaf has very little to do with one's ears': Boundary-work in the Deaf Culture movement." Perspectives on Social Problems 10:79-100.
22. 1998c "White supremacists and the (pan-) ethnic imperative: On 'European-Americans' and 'white student unions.'" Sociological Inquiry 68:498-516.
23. 1999 "Impression management for the thinking racist: A case study of intellectualization as stigma transformation in contemporary white supremacist discourse." The Sociological Quarterly 40:411-433.
24. Bernstein, Mary 1997 "Celebration and suppression: The strategic uses of identity by the lesbian and gay movement." American Journal of Sociology 103:531-565.
25. Best, Joel 1993 "But seriously folks: The limitations of the strict constructionist interpretation of social problems." In James A. Holstein and Gale Miller (eds.), Reconsidering Social Constructionism: Debates in Social Problems Theory: 109-127. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
26. 1995 "Afterword." In Joel Best (ed.), Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems, 2nd ed.:243-254. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
27. Bienvenu, M.J. 1989 "Disabled who?" TBC News, Issue 13:1.
28. 1993 "Deaf studies in the year 2000: New directions." In Deaf Studies III: Bridging Cultures in the 21st Century: 7-18. Washington, DC: College of Continuing Education, Gallaudet University.
29. Blume, Stuart S. 1997 "The rhetoric and counter-rhetoric of a 'bionic' technology." Science, Technology and Human Values 22:31-56.
30. Calhoun, Craig 1993a "Nationalism and ethnicity." Annual Review of Sociology 19:211-239.
31. 1993b "'New social movements' of the early nineteenth century. " Social Science History 17:385-427.
32. 1994 "Social theory and the politics of identity." In Craig Calhoun (ed.), Social Theory and the Politics of Identity: 9-37. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
33. CBS News 1990 "King Jordan." 60 Minutes, March 11, 1990.
34. Cerulo, Karen 1997 "Identity construction: New issues, new directions." Annual Review of Sociology 23:385-409.
35. Christiansen, John B., and Sharon N. Barnartt 1995 Deaf President Now! The 1988 Revolution at Gallaudet University. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
36. Cohen, Jean L. 1985 "Strategy or identity: New theoretical paradigms and contemporary social movements." Social Research 52:663-716.
37. Colburn, David R. and George E. Pozzetta 1994 "Race, ethnicity, and the evolution of political legitimacy." In David Farber (ed.), The Sixties: From Memory to History: 119-148. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
38. Cornell, Stephen, and Douglas Hartmann 1998 Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
39. Cory, Donald Webster 1951 The Homosexual in America. New York: Greenberg.
40. 1963 "From the first to the second Cory report." ONE 11(10):5-8.
41. Cruikshank, Margaret 1992 The Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement. New York: Routledge.
42. Daniels, Jessie 1997 White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse. New York: Routledge.
43. D'Emilio, John 1983 Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44. Dobratz, Betty A. and Stephanie Shanks-Meile 1994 "Ideology and the framing process in the white separatist/supremacist movement in the United States." Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Los Angeles, Aug. 5, 1994.
45. 1997 "White Power, White Pride!" The White Separatist Movement in the United States. New York: Twayne.
46. Downey, Dennis J. 1999 "From Americanization to multiculturalism: Political symbols and struggles for cultural diversity in twentieth-century American race relations." Sociological Perspectives 42:249-278.
47. Duke, David c1980 Untitled, letter of resignation. Wilcox Collection on Contemporary Political Movements, University of Kansas.
48. Dynes, Wayne R. 1990 "Minority, homosexuals as a." In Wayne R. Dynes (ed.), Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Vol. 2: 820-822. New York: Garland.
49. Eisinger, Peter 1973 "The conditions of protest behavior in American cities." American Political Science Review 82:789-804.
50. Elmer, Glaister, and Evelyn Elmer 1989 "Future ethnic relations in the U.S." Instauration December:9-12.
51. Epstein, Stephen 1987 "Gay politics, ethnic identity: The limits of social constructionism." Socialist Review 17:9-54.
52. Escoffier, Jeffrey 1985 Sexual revolution and the politics of gay identity." Socialist Review 82/83:119-153.
53. Espiritu, Yen Le 1992 Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
54. Farb, Esme P. 1988 Untitled. TBC News, Issue 5:9, 12.
55. Ferber, Abby L. 1998 White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
56. Frank, David John, and Elizabeth H. McEneaney 1999 "The individualization of society and the liberalization of state policies on same-sex sexual relations, 1984-1995." Social Forces 77:911-944.
57. Gamson, Joshua 1995 "Must identity movements self-destruct? A Queer dilemma." Social Problems 42:390-407.
58. Gans, Herbert J. 1979 "Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America." Ethnic and Racial Studies 2:1-19.
59. George, John, and Laird Wilcox 1996 American Extremists. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
60. Geraldo 1988 "Young hate mongers." Nov. 11, 1988. Investigative News Group transcript prepared by Journal Graphics.
61. 1992 "The KKK today: Kids, kookouts & kross burnings." June 12, 1992. Investigative News Group transcript prepared by Burrelle's Information Services.
62. Gieryn Thomas F. 1983 "Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists." American Sociological Review. 48:781-795.
63. 1999 Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64. Gleason, Philip 1991 "Minorities (almost) all: The minority concept in American social thought." American Quarterly 43:392-424.
65. Goffman, Erving 1963 Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
66. Gubrium Jaber F., and James A. Holstein 1997 The New Language of Qualitative Method. New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Herek, Gregory 1993 "Affidavit: On prejudice toward gay people and gays as security risks." In Marc Wolinsky and Kenneth Sherrill (eds.), Gays and the Military: Joseph Steffan Versus the United States: 121-140. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
68. Higgins, Paul 1980 Outsiders in a Hearing World: A Sociology of Deafness, London: Sage.
69. Hobsbawm, E. J. 1990 Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Hughey, Michael, ed. 1998 New Tribalisms: The Resurgence of Race and Ethnicity. New York: New York University Press.
71. Hunt, Scott A., Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow 1994 "Identity fields: Framing processes and the social construction of movement identities." In Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, (eds.), New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity: 185-208. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
72. Instauration 1980 "New rhetoric for new times." Interview with Robert Lenski, January:15.
73. Jankowski, Katherine A. 1997 Deaf Empowerment: Emergence, Struggle, and Rhetoric. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
74. Kameny, Franklin E. 1964 "A message to the members of the Mattachine Society of Washington from the President of the Society on the state of the Society - April 1964." Kinsey Institute on Sex Research, Vertical File.
75. 1969 "Gay is good." In Ralph W. Weltge (ed.), The Same Sex: 129-145. Philadelphia, PA: Pilgrim Press.
76. 1971 "Homosexuals as a minority group." In Edward Sagarin (ed.), The Other Minorities: Nonethnic Collectivities Conceptualized as Minority Groups: 50-65. Waltham, MA: Ginn and Company.
77. Kannapell, Barbara 1984 "The President's message." The Deaf-pride Advocate 3(1):2.
78. Kitsuse, John I. 1980 "Coming out all over: Deviants and the politics of social problems." Social Problems 28:1-13.
79. Klandermans, Bert 1992 "The social construction of protest and multiorganizational fields." In Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (eds.), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory: 77-103. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
80. Kranz, Stephen M. n.d. "A white 'coming out.'" NAAWP News, Issue 63:10.
81. Kubal, Timothy J. 1998 "The presentation of political self: Cultural resonance and the construction of collective action frames." The Sociological Quarterly 39:539-554.
82. Lane, Harlan 1984 When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf. New York: Random House.
83. 1992 The Mask of Benevolence: Disabling the Deaf Community. New York: Vintage.
84. Latour, Bruno 1987 Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
85. Lewis, Earl 2000 "Constructing African Americans as minorities." In Andre Burguiere and Raymond Grew (eds.), The Construction of Minorities. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
86. Marcus, Eric 1992 Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990. New York: HarperCollins.
87. Marotta, Toby 1981 The Politics of Homosexuality. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
88. McCaskill-Emerson, Carolyn 1993 "Multicultural/minority issues in Deaf studies." In Deaf Studies III: Bridging Cultures in the 21st Century: 45-52. Washington, DC: College of Continuing Education, Gallaudet University.
89. McKee, James B. 1993 Sociology and the Race Problem: The Failure of a Perspective. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
90. Meyers, Barton 1984 "Minority group: An ideological formulation." Social Problems 32:1-15.
91. Montgomery, George 1993 "Supraextrapolative predictions: A fast-forward glimpse of Deafness in the 21st century." In Mervin D. Garretson (ed.), Deafness: 1993-2013, Deaf American Monograph, Vol. 43: 109-114. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.
92. Morris, Aldon 1984 The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: Free Press.
93. Murray, Stephen O. 1979 "The institutional elaboration of a quasi-ethnic community." International Review of Modern Sociology 9:165-177.
94. NAAWP News 1983 ANAAWP vs. NAACP." Issue 1:5.
95. NACHO 1968 North American Conference of Homophile Organizations, Fourth Meeting - Aug. 12-17, 1968, Chicago, IL. Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, Vertical File.
96. Nagel, Joane 1994 "Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture." Social Problems 41:152-176.
97. 1996 American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Transformation of Identity and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
98. National League for Social Understanding c1960 Flyer. Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, Vertical File.
99. Olzak, Susan, and Joane Nagel 1986 "Introduction, competitive ethnic relations: An overview." In Susan Olzak and Joane Nagel (eds.), Competitive Ethnic Relations: 1-14. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
100. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant 1994 Racial Formation in the United States From the 1960s to the 1980s, 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.
101. Padden, Carol, and Tom Humphries 1988 Deaf in America: Voices From a Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
102. Paul, William 1982 "Minority status for gay people: Majority reaction and social context." In William Paul, James D. Weinrich, John C. Gonsiorek, and Mary E. Hotvedt (eds.), Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues: 351-369. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
103. Pfuhl, Erdwin and Stuart Henry 1993 The Deviance Process. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
104. Pichardo, Nelson 1997 "New social movements: A critical review." Annual Review of Sociology 23:411-430.
105. Poussaint, Alvin F. 1999 "They hate, they kill. Are they insane?" The New York Times, August 26.
106. Prus, Robert C. 1975 "Resisting designations: An extension of attribution theory into a negotiated context." Sociological Inquiry 45:3-14.
107. Rittenhouse, Robert K., and Marion Dokes 1992 "Building coalitions between the black and the Deaf communities: Parallel agenda." In Mervin D. Garretson (ed.), Viewpoints on Deafness, A Deaf American Monograph 42:113-117. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.
108. Rockquemore, Kerry A., and David L. Brunsma 2002 Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
109. Rosen, Roslyn 1991 "Some thoughts on deafness." In Mervin D. Garretson (ed.), Perspectives on Deafness, A Deaf American Monograph 41:127-129. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.
110. Rutherford, Susan Dell 1993 A Study of American Deaf Folklore. Burtonsville, MD: Linstock Press.
111. Sagarin, Edward, ed. 1971 The Other Minorities: Nonethnic Collectivities Conceptualized as Minority Groups. Waltham, MA: Ginn and Company.
112. Schlesinger, Arthur M. 1992 The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society. New York: Norton.
113. Schneider, Joseph W., and Peter Conrad 1980 In the closet with illness: Epilepsy, stigma potential, and information control." Social Problems 22:32-44.
114. Schudson, Michael 1989 "How culture works: Perspectives from media studies on the efficacy of symbol." Theory and Society 18:153-180.
115. Schultz, Kara 1991 "Breaking the sound barrier: The rhetoric of the 'Deaf Power' movement." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Denver.
116. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky 1993 "How to bring your kids up gay." In Michael Warner (ed.), Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory: 69-81. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
117. Seidman, Steven, Chet Meeks, and Francie Traschen 1999 "Beyond the closet? The changing social meaning of homosexuality in the United States. " Sexualities 2:9-34.
118. Silber, Ilana Friedrich 1995 "Space, fields, boundaries: The rise of spatial metaphors in contemporary sociological theory." Social Research 62:323-355.
119. Skillings, Judith H., and James E. Dobbins 1991 "Racism as disease: Etiology and treatment implications." Journal of Counseling and Development 70:206-212.
120. Skocpol, Theda 1979 States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, & China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Smith, Christian 1998 American Evangelicalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
122. Snow, David A., and Robert Benford 1992 "Master frames and cycles of protest." In Aldon Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (eds.), Frontiers of Social Movements Theory: 135-155. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
123. 2000 "Framing process and social movements: An overview and assessment." Annual Review of Sociology 26:611-639.
124. Snow, David A. Burke E. Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford 1986 "Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation." American Sociological Review. 51:464-481.
125. Sonya Live 1992 "Ku Klux Klan." March 2, 1992. CNN transcript from Lexis-Nexis database.
126. Steele, Shelby 1990 The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America. New York: St. Martin's Press.
127. Stewart, Larry G. 1992 "Debunking the bilingual/bicultural snow job in the American Deaf community." In Mervin Garretson (ed.), Viewpoints on Deafness, A Deaf American Monograph, Vol. 42: 129-144. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.
128. Stokoe, William 1960 "Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication system of the American Deaf." Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers No. 8. Buffalo, NY: University of Buffalo.
129. Swart, William 1995 "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master frames, cycles of protest, and 'master frame alignment.'" The Sociological Quarterly 36:465-481.
130. Taylor, Charles 1994 Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
131. Tilly, Charles 1984 Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
132. Treesberg, Judith 1990 "Who cares about the children?" TBC News, Issue 29:1.
133. Trice, Harrison M., and Paul Michael Roman 1970 "Delabeling, relabeling, and alcoholics anonymous." Social Problems 17:538-546.
134. Van Cleve, John Vickrey, and Barry A. Crouch 1989 A Place of Their Own: Creating the Deaf Community in America. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
135. Wade, Wyn Craig 1987 The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster.
136. Warner, Michael 1993 "Introduction." In Michael Warner (ed.), Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
137. Waters, Mary C. 1990 Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
138. Wilkinson, Doris 2000 "Rethinking the concept of 'minority': A task for social scientists and practitioners." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 27:115-132.
139. Wilson, Tom n.d. "The morality issue." NAAWP News, 33:1.
140. Winslow, Robert W. ed. 1972 The Emergence of Deviant Minorities: Social Problems and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
141. Wirth, Louis 1945 "The problem of minority groups." In Ralph Linton (ed.), The Science of Man in the World Crisis: 347-372. New York: Columbia University Press.
142. Woodcock, Kathryn 1992 "Cochlear implants vs. Deaf Culture?" In Mervin D. Garretson (ed.), Viewpoints on Deafness, A Deaf American Monograph, Vol. 42: 151-155. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.
143. Woodward, James 1982 How You Gonna Get to Heaven if You Can't Talk With Jesus: On Depathologizing Deafness. Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers.
144. Wrightington, Peter V. 1989 "The meteoric rise of the new David Duke." Instauration, September:10-14.
145. Young, Donald 1932 American Minority Peoples: A Study of Racial and Cultural Conflicts in the United States. New York: Harper and Brothers.