Interdecadal variability of the relationship between the Indian Ocean zonal mode and East African coastal rainfall anomalies

Journal of Climate

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 548-554

  Clark, Christina Oelfke ^a   Webster, Peter J ^a   Cole, Julia E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRELATION METHODS; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; RAIN; SEA LEVEL;

ZONAL PATTERNS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; DECADAL VARIATION; RAINFALL; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

(EAST); AFRICA; INDIAN OCEAN;

EID: 0141788067     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0548:IVOTRB>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Cadet, D. L., and B. Diehl, 1984: Interannual variability of the surface field over the Indian Ocean during the recent decades. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 21-25.
2. Clark, C. O., J. E. Cole, and P. J. Webster, 2000: Indian Ocean SST and Indian summer rainfall: Predictive relationships and their decadal variability. J. Climate, 13, 2503-2519.
3. Goddard, L., and N. E. Graham, 1999: Importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19 099-19 116.
4. Graham, N. E., 1994: Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical and North Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s: Observations and model results. Climate Dyn., 10, 135-162.
5. Hastenrath, S., A. Nicklis, and L. Greischar, 1993: Atmospheric-hydrospheric mechanisms of climate anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20 219-20 235.
6. Mutai, C. C., M. N. Ward, and A. W. Colman, 1998: Towards the prediction to the East Africa short rains based on sea surface temperature-atmosphere coupling. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 975-997.
7. Nicholson, S. E., 1997: An analysis of the ENSO signal in the tropical Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 345-375.
8. Nicholson, S. E., and D. Entekhabi, 1987: Rainfall variability in equatorial and southern Africa: Relationships with sea surface temperatures along the southwestern coast of Africa. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 561-578.
9. Nicholson, S. E., and J. Kim, 1997: The relationship of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation to African rainfall. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 117-135.
10. Ogallo, L. J., J. E. Janowiak, and M. S. Halpert, 1988: Teleconnection between seasonal rainfall over East Africa and global sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. 66, 807-821.
11. Reason, C. J. C., R. J. Allan, J. A. Lindesay, and T. J. Ansell, 2000: ENSO and climate signals across the Indian Ocean basin in the global context. Part I: Interannual composite patterns. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1285-1327.
12. Reverdin, G., D. L. Cadet, and D. Gutzler, 1986: Interannual displacements of correction and surface circulation over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 43-67.
13. Saji, N. H., B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360-363.
14. Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes, 1996: Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperature using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420.
15. Terray, P., 1994: An evaluation of climatological data in the Indian Ocean area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 359-386.
16. Trenberth, K. E., 1990: Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 988-993.
17. Trenberth, K. E., and T. J. Hoar, 1996: The 1990-1995 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 57-60.
18. Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, 1995: ENSO signals in global upper-ocean temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1317-1332.
19. Wang, B., 1995: Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades. J. Climate, 8, 267-285.
20. Webster, P. J., A. M. Moore, J. P. Loschnigg, and R. R. Leben, 1999: Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-1998. Nature, 401, 356-360.
21. World Meteorological Organization, 1998: WMO statement on the status of the global climate in 1997. WMO Tech. Doc. 877, 12 pp.
22. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analysis of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
23. Yu, L. S., and M. M. Rienecker, 1999: Mechanisms for the Indian Ocean warming during the 1997-1998 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 735-738.
24. Yu, L. S., and M. M. Rienecker, 2000: Indian Ocean warming of 1997-1998. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16 923-16 939.