Classical swine fever - An update

Research in Veterinary Science

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 169-178

  Paton, David J ^a   Greiser Wilke, I ^b  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Classical swine fever; Hog cholera; Review

Indexed keywords

DNA VACCINE; GLYCOPROTEIN E; GLYCOPROTEIN E2; LIVE VACCINE; MARKER VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS VACCINE;

APOPTOSIS; CELL KILLING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GENOTYPE; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INFECTION CONTROL; MEAT; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PESTIVIRUS; PIG FARMING; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SWINE DISEASE; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTIVITY; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

SUS SCROFA; SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA;

EID: 0141781306     PISSN: 00345288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0034-5288(03)00076-6     Document Type: Short Survey

References (103)

1. Anonymous, 1994. Report from the scientific veterinary committee on guidelines for a classical swine fever emergency vaccination programme. Document VI/7389/94-EN, Commission of the European Communities.
2. Anonymous, 1997. Report of the scientific veterinary committee (adopted 17 September 1997): the use of marker vaccines in the control of infectious diseases in particular, classical swine fever. Document VI/8119/97-AL, Commission of the European Communities.
3. Anonymous, 1998. Conclusions and recommendations. In: Report on measures to control classical swine fever in European wild boar, 6-7 April, Perugia, Italy. Commission of the European Community, Directorate General VI for Agriculture, Document VI/7196/98 AL, pp. 138-139.
4. Anonymous, 1999. Chapter on classical swine fever. In: Animal Health Code of the Office International des Epizooties, eighth ed. Rue de Prony, Paris, pp. 1230-127.
5. Anonymous, 2001. Council Directive 2001/89/EC on Community measures for the control of classical swine fever. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 316, 1.12.2001.
6. Anonymous, 2001. Commission Decision, Diagnostic Manual for Classical Swine Fever. Brussels: Commission of the European Community, SANCO/2507/2001 revl. Commission of the European Community, Brussels.
7. Anonymous, 2001. World Animal Health in 2001, Part 2. Tables on Animal Health Status and Disease Control Methods. Office International des Epizooties, Rue de Prony, Paris.
8. Anonymous, 2003. Commission decision of 30 December 2002 for the purchase by the Community of classical swine fever vaccine and the establishment of a Community stock of that vaccine. Document 2003/22/EC, Official Journal of the European Communities L 8/40, 14.1.2003.
9. Ahrens, U., Kaden, V., Drexler, C.H., Visser, N., 2000. Efficacy of the classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine Porcilis Pesti in pregnant sows. Veterinary Microbiology 77, 83-97.
10. Biagetti, M., Greiser-Wilke, I., Rutili, D., 2001. Molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever in Italy. Veterinary Microbiology 83, 205-215.
11. Biront, P., Leunen, J., 1988. Vaccines. In: Liess, B. (Ed.), Classical Swine Fever and Related Viral Infections. Nijhoff, Boston, USA, pp. 181-197.
12. Blacksell, S.D., 2000. Genetic characterisation of classical swine fever viruses from Lao PDR collected during 1997 and 1998. In: Blacksell, S.D. (Ed.), Classical Swine Fever and Emerging Diseases in Southeast Asia. Aciar Proceedings No. 94; ISBN 1 86320 286 2, Canberra, Australia, pp. 57-61.
13. Bruschke, C.J.M., Hulst, M.M., Moormann, R.L.M., van Rijn, P.A., van Oirschot, J.T., 1997. Glycoprotein Erns of pestivirus induces apoptosis in lymphocytes of several species. Journal of Virology 71, 6692-6696.
14. Crauwels, A.P., Nielen, M., Stegeman, J.A., Elbers, A.R., Dijkhuizen, A.A., Tielen, M.J., 1999. The effectiveness of routine serological surveillance: case study of the 1997 epidemic of classical swine fever in The Netherlands. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 18, 627-637.
15. Colijn, E.O., Bloemraad, M., Wensvoort, G., 1997. An improved ELISA for the detection of serum antibodies directed against classical swine fever virus. Veterinary Microbiology 59, 15-25.
16. de Smit, A.J., 2000. Laboratory diagnosis, epizootiology, and efficacy of marker vaccines in classical swine fever: a review. Veterinary Quarterly 22, 182-188.
17. de Smit, A.J., Bouma, A., de Kluijver, E.P., Terpstra, C., Moormann, R.J.M., 2001a. Duration of the protection of an E2 subunit marker vaccine against classical swine fever after a single vaccination. Veterinary Microbiology 78, 307-317.
18. de Smit, A.J., Bouma, A., Terpstra, C., van Oirschot, J.T., 1999. Transmission of classical swine fever virus by artificial insemination. Veterinary Microbiology 67, 239-249.
19. de Smit, A.J., Bouma, A., van Gennip, E.P., de Kluijver, E.P., Moormann, R.J.M., 2001b. Chimeric (marker) C-strain viruses induce clinical protection against virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and reduce transmission of CSFV between vaccinated pigs. Vaccine 19, 1467-1476.
20. de Smit, A.J., Eble, P.L., de Kluijver, E.P., Bloemraad, M., Bouma, A., 2000. Laboratory experience during the classical swine fever epizootic in the Netherlands in 1997-1998. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 197-208.
21. Depner, K.R., Bouma, A., Koenen, F., Klinkenberg, D., Lange, E., de Smit, H., Vanderhallen, H., 2001. Classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine. Trial II. Challenge study in pregnant sows. Veterinary Microbiology 83, 107-120.
22. Dewulf, J., Laevens, H., Koenen, F., Mintiens, K., de Kruif, A., 2000. Airborne transmission of classical swine fever virus under experimental conditions. The Veterinary Record 147, 735-738.
23. Dewulf, J., Laevens, H., Koenen, F., Mintiens, K., de Kruif, A., 2001a. An experimental infection with classical swine fever virus in pregnant sows: transmission of the virus, course of the disease, antibody response and effect on gestation. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B - Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 48, 583-591.
24. Dewulf, J., Laevens, H., Koenen, F., Mintiens, K., de Kruif, A., 2001b. An E2 sub-unit marker vaccine does not prevent horizontal or vertical transmission of classical swine fever virus. Vaccine 20, 86-91.
25. Dewulf, J., Laevens, H., Koenen, F., Mintiens, K., de Kruif, A., 2001c. Evaluation of the potential of dogs, cats and rats to spread classical swine fever virus, The Veterinary Record 149, 212-213.
26. Done, S.H., Potter, R.A., Gresham, A.C.J., Chennells, D.G., 2000. Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome - two new pig diseases: a simple view of the clinical indicators. In Practice 23, 14-21.
27. Dong, X.N., Wei, K., Liu, Z.Q., Chen, Y.H., 2002. Candidate peptide vaccine induced protection against classical swine fever virus. Vaccine 21, 167-173.
28. Edwards, S., 2000. Survival and inactivation of classical swine fever. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 175-181.
29. Edwards, S., Fukusho, A., Lefevre, P.-C., Lipowski, A., Pejsak, Z., Roche, P., Westergaard, J., 2000. Classical swine fever: the global situation. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 103-119.
30. Elber, A.R., Stegeman, A., Moser, H., Ekker, H.M., Smak, J.A., Pluimers, F.H., 1999. The classical swine fever epidemic 1997-1998 in The Netherlands: descriptive epidemiology. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 42, 157-184.
31. Elbers, A.R.W., Moser, H., Ekker, H.M., Crauwels, P.A.A., Stegeman, J.A., Smak, J.A., Pluimers, F.H., 2001a. Tracing systems used during the epidemic of classical swine fever in the Netherlands, 1997-1998. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties 20, 614-629.
32. Elbers, A.R., Stegeman, J.A., de Jong, M.C., 2001b. Factors associated with the introduction of classical swine fever virus into pig herds in the central area of the 1997/99 epidemic in The Netherlands. The Veterinary Record 149, 377-382.
33. Ellis, P.R., James, A.D., Shaw, A.P., 1977. Studies on the epidemiology and economics of swine fever eradication in the EEC. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels-Luxembourg, Catalogue no. CL-SK-77-002-EN-C, p. 96.
34. Floegel-Niesmann, G., 2001. Classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine. Trial III. Evaluation of discriminatory ELISAs. Veterinary Microbiology 83, 121-136.
35. Frias-Lepoureau, M.T., 2002. Reemergence of classical swine fever in Cuba, 1993 to 1997. In: Morilla, A., Hernandez, P., Yoon, J.K., Zimmerman, J. (Eds.), Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Iowa State Press, Ames Iowa, pp. 143-147, ISBN 0-8138-0383-7.
36. Frias-Lepoureau, M.T., Greiser-Wilke, I., 2002. An update on classical swine fever (CSF) virus molecular epidemiology. In: Morilla, A., Hernandez, P., Yoon, J.K., Zimmerman, J. (Eds.), Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Iowa State Press, Ames Iowa, pp. 165-171, ISBN 0-8138-0383-7.
37. Fritzemeier, J., Greiser-Wilke, I., Teuffert, J., Moennig, V., 1999. CSF in German wild boar: characterization of CSF virus isolates and epidemiological links to CSF in German domestic pigs. In: Report on the Seminar on the control of Classical Swine Fever and the evaluation of the interlaboratory comparison test. State Veterinary Institute, Jihlava, Czech Republic, December 3-4, 1998. European Commission TAIEX Office, pp. 66-69.
38. Fritzemeier, J., Teuffert, J., Greiser-Wilke, I., Staubach, C., Schlüter, H., Moennig, V., 2000. Epidemiology of classical swine fever in Germany in the nineties. Veterinary Microbiology 77, 29-41.
39. Gibbens, J., Mansley, S., Thomas, G., Morris, H., Paton, D., Drew, T., Sandvik, T., Wilesmith, J., 2000. Origins of the CSF outbreak. The Veterinary Record 147, 310.
40. Greiser-Wilke, I., Fritzemeier, J., Koenen, F., Vanderhallen, H., Rutili, D., de Mia, G.M., Romero, L., Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M., Rosell, R., San Gabriel, A., 2000a. Molecular epidemiology of a large classical swine fever epidemic in the European Union in 1997-1998. Veterinary Microbiology 77, 17-27.
41. Greiser-Wilke, I., Zimmermann, B., Fritzemeier, J., Floegel, G., Moennig, V., 2000b. Structure and presentation of a World Wide Web database of CSF virus isolates held at the EU Reference Laboratory. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 131-136.
42. Griot, C., Thur, B., Vanzetti, T., Schleiss, W., Schmindt, J., Hofmann, M.A., 1999. Classical swine fever in wild boars: a challenge for any veterinary service. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 103rd Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA, October 7-14.
43. Hahn, J., Park, S.H., Song, J.Y., An, S.H., Ahn, B.Y., 2001. Construction of recombinant swinepox viruses and expression of the classical swine fever E2 protein. Journal of Virological Methods 93, 49-56.
44. Hammond, J.M., Jansen, E.S., Morrissy, C.J., Goff, W.V., Meehan, G.C., Williamson, M.M., Lenghaus, C., Sproat, K.W., Andrew, M.E., Coupar, B.E.H., Johnson, M.A., 2001b. A prime-boost vaccination strategy using naked DNA followed by recombinant porcine adenovirus protects pigs from classical swine fever. Veterinary Microbiology 80, 101-119.
45. Hammond, J.M., Jansen, E.S., Morrissy, C.J., Williamson, M.M., Hodgson, A.L., Johnson, M.A., 2001a. Oral and sub-cutaneous vaccination of commercial pigs with a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the classical swine fever virus gp55 gene. Archives of Virology 146, 1787-1793.
46. Hennecken, M., Stegeman, J.A., Elbers, A.R., van Nes, A., Smak, J.A., Verheijden, J.H., 2000. Transmission of classical swine fever virus by artificial insemination during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands: a descriptive epidemiological study. Veterinary Quarterly 22, 228-233.
47. Horst, H.S., Dijkhuizen, A.A., Huirne, R.B., Meuwissen, M.P., 1999. Monte Carlo simulation of virus introduction into the Netherlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 41, 209-229.
48. Jalvingh, A.W., Nielen, M., Maurice, H., Stegeman, A.J., Elbers, A.R., Dijkhuizen, A.A., 1999. Spatial and stochastic simulation to evaluate the impact of events and control measures on the 1997-1998 classical swine fever epidemic in The Netherlands. I. Description of simulation model. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 42, 271-295.
49. Jemeresic, L., Greiser-Wilke, I., Madic, J., Lojkic, M., Terzik, S., Floegel-Niesmann, G., 2002. Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus isolates from Croatia isolated in 1997. In: 5th ESVV Pestivirus Symposium, Cambridge, UK, August 26-27, p. 75 (http://www.ploufragan.afssa.fr/esvv/Programmes/absbookp.doc).
50. Kaden, V., Heyne, H., Kiupel, H., Letz, W., Kern, B., Lemmer, U., Gossger, K., Rothe, A., Böhme, H., Tyrpe, P., 2002. Oral immunisation of wild boar against classical swine fever: concluding analysis of the recent field trials in Germany. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wschr. 115, 179-185.
51. Kaden, V., Lange, E., Fischer, U., Strebelow, G., 2000. Oral immunisation of wild boar against classical swine fever: evaluation of the first field study in Germany. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 239-252.
52. Klinkenberg, D., de Bree, J., Laevens, H., de Jong, M.C., 2002. Within- and between-pen transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus: a new method to estimate the basic reproduction ratio from transmission experiments. Epidemiology and Infection 128, 239-299.
53. Knoetig, S.M., Summerfield, A., Spagnuolo-Weaver, M., Mccollough, K.C., 1999. Immunopathogenesis of classical swine fever: role of monocytic cells. Immunology 97, 359-366.
54. Koenen, F., van Caenegem, G., Vermeersch, J.P., Vandenheede, J., Delyker, H., 1996. Epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of classical swine fever in an area of high pig density. The Veterinary Record 139, 367-371.
55. Kummerer, B.M., Tautz, N., Becher, P., Thiel, H., Meyers, G., 2000. The genetic basis for cytopathogenicity of pestiviruses. Veterinary Microbiology 77, 117-128.
56. Laddomada, A., 2000. Incidence and control of CSF in wild boar in Europe. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 121-130.
57. Langedijk, J.P., Middel, W.G., Meloen, R.H., Kramps, J.A., de Smit, J.A., 2001. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a virus type-specific peptide based on a subdomain of envelope protein Erns for serologic diagnosis of pestivirus infections in swine. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39, 906-912.
58. Lowings, P., Ibata, G., de Mia, G.M., Rutili, D., Paton, D., 1999. Classical swine fever in Sardinia: epidemiology of recent outbreaks. Epidemiology and Infection 122, 553-559.
59. Mangen, M.J., Jalvingh, A.W., Nielen, M., Mourits, M.C., Klinkenberg, D., Dijkhuizen, A.A., 2001. Spatial and stochastic simulation to compare two emergency-vaccination strategies with a marker vaccine in the 1997/1998 Dutch classical swine fever epidemic. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 48, 177-200.
60. Mangen, M.J., Nielen, M., Burrell, A.M., 2002. Simulated effect of pig-population density on epidemic size and choice of control strategy for classical swine fever epidemics in The Netherlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 56, 141-163.
61. Markowska-Daniel, I., Collins, R.A., Pejsak, Z., 2001. Evaluation of a genetic vaccine against classical swine fever. Vaccine 19, 2480-2484.
62. Meuwissen, M.P., Horst, S.H., Huirne, R.B., Dijkhuizen, A.A., 1999. A model to estimate the financial consequences of classical swine fever outbreaks: principles and outcomes. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 42, 249-270.
63. McGoldrick, A., Bensaude, E., Ibata, G., Sharp, G., Paton, D.J., 1999. Closed one-tube reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction for the detection of pestiviral RNA with fluorescent probes. Journal of Virological Methods 79, 85-95.
64. Meyers, G., Rümenapf, T., Thiel, H.-J., 1989. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the genome of hog cholera virus. Virology 171, 555-567.
65. Moennig, V., 2000. Introduction to classical swine fever: virus, disease and control policy. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 93-102.
66. Moennig, V., Plagemann, P.G.W., 1992. The pestiviruses. Advances in Virus Research 41, 53-98.
67. Moennig, V., Floegel-Niesmann, G., Greiser-Wilke, I., 2003. Clinical signs and epidemiology of classical swine fever: a review of new knowledge. The Veterinary Journal 165, 11-18.
68. Moormann, R.J.M., Bouma, A., Kramps, J.A., Terpstra, C., de Smit, H.J., 2000. Development of a classical swine fever subunit marker vaccine and companion diagnostic test. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 209-219.
69. Moormann, R.J.M., van Gennip, H.G.P., Miedema, G.K.W., Hulst, M.M., van Rijn, P.A., 1996. Infectious RNA transcribed from an engineered full-length cDNA template of the genome of a pestivirus. Journal of Virology 70, 763-770.
70. Morilla, A., Carvajal, M.A., 2002. Experiences with classical swine fever vaccination in Mexico. In: Morilla, A., Hernandez, P., Yoon, J.K., Zimmerman, J. (Eds.), Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Iowa State Press, Ames Iowa, pp. 159-164, ISBN 0-8138-0383-7.
71. Morilla, A., Rosales, C., 2002. Reemergence of classical swine fever virus in Mexico. In: Morilla, A., Hernandez, P., Yoon, J.K., Zimmerman, J. (Eds.), Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Iowa State Press, Ames Iowa, pp. 149-152, ISBN 0-8138-0383-7.
72. Mortensen, S., Strandbygaard, B., Botner, A., Feld, N., Willeberg, P., 2001. Monitoring porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection status in swine herds based on analysis of antibodies in meat juice samples. Veterinary Research 32, 441-453.
73. Nielen, M., Jalvingh, A.W., Meuwissen, M.P., Horst, S.H., Dijkhuizen, A.A., 1999. Spatial and stochastic simulation to evaluate the impact of events and control measures on the 1997-1998 classical swine fever epidemic in The Netherlands. II. Comparison of control strategies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 42, 297-317.
74. Parchariyanon, S., Inui, K., Damrongwatanapokin, S., Pinyochon, W., Lowings, P., Paton, D., 2000. Sequence analysis of E2 glycoprotein genes of classical swine fever viruses: identification of a novel genogroup in Thailand. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 107, 236-238.
75. Paton, D., 2002. The reappearance of classical swine fever in England in 2000. In: Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine. Iowa State Press, Ames Iowa, pp. 153-158, ISBN 0-8138-0383-7.
76. Paton, D.J., Mcgoldrick, A., Greiser-Wilke, I., Parchariyanon, S., Song, J.-Y., Liou, P.P., Stadejek, T., Lowings, J.P., Björklund, H., Belak, S., 2000. Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 137-157.
77. Reimann, I., Depner, K., Trapp, S., Beer, M., 2002. Towards a modified live vaccine: a chimeric pestivirus with an altered cell tropism protects pigs from lethal CSFV challenge infection. In: 5th ESVV Pestivirus Symposium, Cambridge, UK, August 26-27, p. 48 (http://www.ploufragan.afssa.fr/esvv/Programmes/absbookp.doc).
78. Risatti, G.R., Callahan, J.D., Nelson, W.M., Borca, M.V., 2002. Rapid detection of classical swine fever virus using a portable real time RT-PCR assay. In: 5th Pestivirus Symposium, St. John's College, Cambridge, UK, 26-29th August, p. 36 (http://www.ploufragan.afssa.fr/esvv/Programmes/absbookp.doc).
79. Roberts, M., 1995. Evaluation of optimal size of restriction zones in disease control with particular reference to classical swine fever. In: Proceedings of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Reading England, pp. 119-130.
80. Ruggli, N., Tratchin, J.-D., Mittelholzer, C., Hofmann, M.A., 1996. Nucleotide sequence of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort/187 and transcription of infectious RNA from stably cloned full-length cDNA. Journal of Virology 70, 3478-3487.
81. pro is required for prevention of double-stranded RNA-induced cell death and type 1 interferon synthesis. In: 5th Pestivirus Symposium, St. John's College, Cambridge, UK, 26-29th August, p. 24 (http://www.ploufragan.afssa.fr/esvv/Programmes/absbookp.doc).
82. Sandvik, T., Drew, T., Paton, D., 2000. CSF virus in East Anglia: from where? Veterinary Record 147, 251.
83. Stegeman, A., Elbers, A.R., Bouma, A., de Smit, H., de Jong, M.C., 1999a. Transmission of classical swine fever virus within herds during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 42, 201-218.
84. Stegeman, A., Elbers, A.R., Smak, J., de Jong, M.C., 1999b. Quantification of the transmission of classical swine fever virus between herds during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 42, 219-234.
85. Stegeman, A., Elbers, A., de Smit, H., Moser, H., Smak, J., Pluimers, F., 2000. The 1997-1998 epidemic of classical swine fever in the Netherlands. Veterinary Microbiology 73, 183-196.
86. Summerfield, A., Hofmann, M.A., Mccullough, K.C., 1998. Low density blood granulocytic cells induced during classical swine fever are targets for virus infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 63, 289-301.
87. high+ T-cells before the onset of viraemia during classical swine fever. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 78, 3-19.
88. Summerfield, A., Zingle, K., Inumaru, S., Mccullough, K.C., 2001b. Induction of apoptosis in bone marrow neutrophil-lineage cells by classical swine fever virus. Journal of General Virology 82, 1309-1318.
89. Susa, M., König, M., Saalmüller, A., Reddehase, M.J., Thiel, H.-J., 1992. Pathogenesis of classical swine fever: B-lymphocyte deficiency caused by hog cholera virus. Journal of Virology 66, 1171-1175.
90. Thiel, H.-J., Plagemann, P.G.W., Moennig, V., 1996. Pestiviruses. In: Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., et al. (Eds.), Fields Virology, third ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, New York, pp. 1059-1073 (Chapter 33).
91. Trautwein, G., 1988. Pathology and pathogenesis of the disease. In: Liess, B. (Ed.), Classical Swine Fever and Related Infections. Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston, pp. 24-27.
92. Tu, C., Lu, Z., Li, H., Yu, X., Liu, X., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Yin, Z., 2001. Phylogenetic comparison of classical swine fever virus in China. Virus Research 81, 29-37.
93. Uttenthal, A., 2002. PCR-detection of classical swine fever virus in meat juice. In: 5th Pestivirus Symposium; St. John's College, Cambridge, UK, 26-29th August, pp. 97 (http://www.ploufragan.afssa.fr/esvv/Programmes/absbookp.doc).
94. van Gennip, H.G., van Rijn, P.A., Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., de Smit, A.J., Moormann, R.J., 2000. Chimeric classical swine fever viruses containing envelope protein Erns or E2 of bovine viral diarrhoea virus protect pigs against challenge with CSFV and induce a distinguishable antibody response. Vaccine 19, 447-459.
95. van Gennip, H.G., Bouma, A., van Rijn, P.A., Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., Moormann, R.J., 2002. Experimental non-transmissible marker vaccines for classical swine fever (CSF) by trans-complementation of Erns or E2 of CSFV. Vaccine 20, 1544-1556.
96. van Oirschot, J.T., Terpstra, C.A., 1977. Congenital persistent swine fever infection. I. Clinical and virological observations. Veterinary Microbiology 2, 121-132.
97. van Rijn, P.A., Bossers, A., Wensvoort, G., Moormann, R.J.M., 1996. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 containing one structural antigenic unit protects pigs from lethal CFSV challenge. Journal of General Virology 77, 2737-2745.
98. van Rijn, P.A., van Gennip, H.G.P., Moormann, R.J.M., 1999. An experimental marker vaccine and accompanying serological diagnostic test both based on envelope glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever (CSFV). Vaccine 17, 433-440.
99. van Zijl, M., Wensvoort, G., de Kluyver, E., Hulst, M., van Der Gulden, H., Gielkens, A., Berns, A., Moormann, R., 1991. Live attenuated pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus protects swine against both pseudorabies and hog cholera. Journal of Virology 65, 2761-2765.
100. Vanderhallen, H., Mittelholzer, C., Hofmann, M.A., Koenen, F., 1999. Classical swine fever virus is genetically stable in vitro and in vivo. Archives of Virology 144, 1669-1677.
101. Wengler, G., Bradley, D.W., Collett, M.S., Heinz, F.X., Schlesinger, R.W., Strauss, J.H., 1995. Flaviviridae. In: Murphy, F.A., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Ghabrial, S.A., Jarvis, A.W., Martelli, G.P., Mayo, M.A., Summers, M.D. (Eds.), Virus Taxonomy. Sixth Report of the International Commitee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 415-427.
102. Williams, D.R., Matthews, D., 1988. Outbreaks of classical swine fever in Great Britain in 1986. The Veterinary Record 122, 479-483.
103. Yu, X., Tu, C., Li, H., Hu, R., Chen, C., Li, Z., Zhang, M., Yin, Z,, 2001. DNA-mediated protection against classical swine fever virus. Vaccine 19, 1520-1525.