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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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Boli, J.1
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4
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London: Falmer
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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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(1988)
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Curtis, B.1
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5
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0004031178
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Toronto: University of Toronto Press
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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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(1992)
True Government by Choice Men?
-
-
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6
-
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0003738139
-
Education and State Formation Revisited
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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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Education and State Formation
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Green, A.1
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7
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0003473381
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London: Macmillan
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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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(1997)
Education, Globalization, and the Nation State
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-
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8
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0038056454
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De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press
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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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(1998)
Learning to be Loyal
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Harp, S.1
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9
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0003752824
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New York: Cambridge University Press
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The literature here is quite extensive. See, e.g., John Boli, New Citizens for a New Society (Elmford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1989); Bruce Curtis, Building the Educational State (London: Falmer, 1988), and True Government by Choice Men? (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Andy Green, Education and State Formation, "Education and State Formation Revisited," and Education, Globalization, and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1997); Stephen Harp, Learning to Be Loyal (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998); and James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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(1988)
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Van Horn Melton, J.1
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0003786568
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New York: Routledge
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Of course, some scholars studying the state and education have pointed out that schools are sites of contestation and that education systems are by no means mechanically determined by external powers, such as the state and the dominant class (see, e.g., Michael W. Apple, Education and Power, 2d ed. [New York: Routledge, 1995], and Educating the "Right" Way [New York: Routledge, 2001]). However, people working on state formation and education (see n. 2 above for a list of these researchers) often have failed to incorporate insights from these areas of literature to create more sophisticated theoretical formulations.
-
(1995)
Education and Power, 2d Ed.
-
-
Apple, M.W.1
-
13
-
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0003881892
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New York: Routledge
-
Of course, some scholars studying the state and education have pointed out that schools are sites of contestation and that education systems are by no means mechanically determined by external powers, such as the state and the dominant class (see, e.g., Michael W. Apple, Education and Power, 2d ed. [New York: Routledge, 1995], and Educating the "Right" Way [New York: Routledge, 2001]). However, people working on state formation and education (see n. 2 above for a list of these researchers) often have failed to incorporate insights from these areas of literature to create more sophisticated theoretical formulations.
-
(2001)
Educating the "Right" Way
-
-
-
14
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0141634954
-
-
note
-
The discussion in this article does not go beyond 1965. This is not because we regard state formation as having been completed in that year. Instead, we believe that state formation is always an ongoing process and that the ruling regime of Singapore continued to struggle to consolidate its dominance after 1965. The post-1965 educational politics of Singapore, once it became a sovereign state and entered a new phase of state formation after "withdrawing" from Malaysia, are clearly worth further study and should be the topic of another article.
-
-
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-
15
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0141523801
-
The Neglect of the Educational Systems by Bernstein
-
ed. A. Sadovnik (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex)
-
Margaret Archer, "The Neglect of the Educational Systems by Bernstein," in Knowledge and Pedagogy: The Sociology of Basil Bernstein, ed. A. Sadovnik (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1995).
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(1995)
Knowledge and Pedagogy: The Sociology of Basil Bernstein
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Archer, M.1
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16
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0038732853
-
-
New York: RoutledgeFalmer
-
Because of space limitations, we have omitted many crucial struggles over the state and Chinese schools in postwar Singapore and have provided a relatively abbreviated theoretical framework of state building and education in this article. Readers interested in a fuller theoretical and historical account may read Ting-Hong Wong, Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002).
-
(2002)
Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong
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Wong, T.-H.1
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19
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0004160757
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New York: Routledge
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See Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 2000); Misook Kim Cho and Michael W. Apple, "Schooling, Work, and Subjectivity," British Journal of Sociology of Education 19, no. 3 (September 1998): 269-90; and Roger Dale, The State and Education Policy (Bristol, Pa.: Open University Press, 1989).
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(2000)
Official Knowledge, 2d Ed.
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Apple, M.W.1
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20
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0032398830
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Schooling, Work, and Subjectivity
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September
-
See Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 2000); Misook Kim Cho and Michael W. Apple, "Schooling, Work, and Subjectivity," British Journal of Sociology of Education 19, no. 3 (September 1998): 269-90; and Roger Dale, The State and Education Policy (Bristol, Pa.: Open University Press, 1989).
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(1998)
British Journal of Sociology of Education
, vol.19
, Issue.3
, pp. 269-290
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Cho, M.K.1
Apple, M.W.2
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21
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0003602546
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Bristol, Pa.: Open University Press
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See Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 2000); Misook Kim Cho and Michael W. Apple, "Schooling, Work, and Subjectivity," British Journal of Sociology of Education 19, no. 3 (September 1998): 269-90; and Roger Dale, The State and Education Policy (Bristol, Pa.: Open University Press, 1989).
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(1989)
The State and Education Policy
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Dale, R.1
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22
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0003331780
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On Pedagogic Discourse
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ed. J. Richardson (New York: Greenwood)
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Basil Bernstein, "On Pedagogic Discourse," in Handbook of Theory and Research for Sociology of Education, ed. J. Richardson (New York: Greenwood, 1986), pp. 205-40, and The Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1990).
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(1986)
Handbook of Theory and Research for Sociology of Education
, pp. 205-240
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Bernstein, B.1
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Basil Bernstein, "On Pedagogic Discourse," in Handbook of Theory and Research for Sociology of Education, ed. J. Richardson (New York: Greenwood, 1986), pp. 205-40, and The Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1990).
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The Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse
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Pedagogy, Identity, and the Construction of a Theory of Symbolic Control
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June
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Basil Bernstein and Joseph Solomon, "Pedagogy, Identity, and the Construction of a Theory of Symbolic Control," British Journal of Sociology of Education 20, no. 2 (June 1999): 269.
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(1999)
British Journal of Sociology of Education
, vol.20
, Issue.2
, pp. 269
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Bernstein, B.1
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Bernstein, Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse, pp. 191-93, and "On Pedagogic Discourse," p. 216.
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n. 11 above
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On the relationship between power and "official knowledge," see Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge (n. 11 above), Ideology and Curriculum, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 1990), and Education and Power (n. 5 above).
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Official Knowledge
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Apple, M.W.1
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33
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0003644402
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New York: Routledge
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On the relationship between power and "official knowledge," see Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge (n. 11 above), Ideology and Curriculum, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 1990), and Education and Power (n. 5 above).
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(1990)
Ideology and Curriculum, 2d Ed.
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34
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84947361389
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n. 5 above
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On the relationship between power and "official knowledge," see Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge (n. 11 above), Ideology and Curriculum, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 1990), and Education and Power (n. 5 above).
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Education and Power
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Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press
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Stanley S. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978), p. 31; and Yeo Kim Wah, Political Development in Singapore, 1945-1955 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1978), p. 1.
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Stanley S. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978), p. 31; and Yeo Kim Wah, Political Development in Singapore, 1945-1955 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1978), p. 1.
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Albert Lau, TheMalayan Union Controversy, 1942-1948 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990), p. 8; and Edwin Lee, The British as Rulers: Governing Multicultural Singapore, 1867-1914 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1991), pp. 3-19.
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Albert Lau, TheMalayan Union Controversy, 1942-1948 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990), p. 8; and Edwin Lee, The British as Rulers: Governing Multicultural Singapore, 1867-1914 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1991), pp. 3-19.
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Yeo, pp. 1-13, 69.
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March
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Khoo Kay Kim, "Sino-Malaya Relations in Peninsular Malaysia before 1942," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (March 1981) : 93-107, p. 93; and Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 234.
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The Chinese in Southeast Asia
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March
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Joyce Ee, "Chinese Migration to Singapore, 1896-1941," Journal of Southeast Asian History 2, no. 1 (March 1961): 33-35.
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, vol.2
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September
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Albert Lau, "Malayan Union Citizenship: Constitutional Change and Controversy in Malaya, 1942-1948," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20, no. 2 (September 1989): 216-17, and Malayan Union Controversy, pp. 6-7.
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Albert Lau, "Malayan Union Citizenship: Constitutional Change and Controversy in Malaya, 1942-1948," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20, no. 2 (September 1989): 216-17, and Malayan Union Controversy, pp. 6-7.
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Malayan Union Controversy
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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See Stephen Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Yen Ching Hwang, "Overseas Chinese Nationalism in Singapore and Malaya, 1877-1912," Modern Asian Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1982): 397-425, and "Chang Yunan and the Chaochow Railway, 1904-1908: A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Involvement in China's Modern Enterprise," Modem Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (February 1984): 119-35.
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Fitzgerald, S.1
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See Stephen Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Yen Ching Hwang, "Overseas Chinese Nationalism in Singapore and Malaya, 1877-1912," Modern Asian Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1982): 397-425, and "Chang Yunan and the Chaochow Railway, 1904-1908: A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Involvement in China's Modern Enterprise," Modem Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (February 1984): 119-35.
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Modern Asian Studies
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Chang Yunan and the Chaochow Railway, 1904-1908: A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Involvement in China's Modern Enterprise
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February
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See Stephen Fitzgerald, China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Yen Ching Hwang, "Overseas Chinese Nationalism in Singapore and Malaya, 1877-1912," Modern Asian Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1982): 397-425, and "Chang Yunan and the Chaochow Railway, 1904-1908: A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Involvement in China's Modern Enterprise," Modem Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (February 1984): 119-35.
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Modem Asian Studies
, vol.18
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Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Overseas Chinese Archives
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Fitzgerald; and Ng-Lun Ngai-Ha and Chang ChakYan, "China and the Development of Chinese Education in Hong Kong," in their Overseas Chinese in Asia between the Two World Wars (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Overseas Chinese Archives, 1989), pp. 169-85.
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Lee Ting Hui, "Chinese Education in Malaya, 1894-1911," in The 1911 Revolution: The Chinese in British and Dutch Southeast Asia, ed. L. T. Lee (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1987), pp. 48-65; and Philip Loh, Seeds of Separation: Educational Policy in Malaya, 1874-1940 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975).
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Lee Ting Hui, "Chinese Education in Malaya, 1894-1911," in The 1911 Revolution: The Chinese in British and Dutch Southeast Asia, ed. L. T. Lee (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1987), pp. 48-65; and Philip Loh, Seeds of Separation: Educational Policy in Malaya, 1874-1940 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975).
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Saravanan Gopinathan, Towards a National System of Education in Singapore, 1945-1973 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1974); and Tan Liok Ee, The Politics of Chinese Education in Malaya, 1945-1961 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1997).
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Gopinathan, pp. 4-5; Tan, pp. 19-20; and Wong, Hegemonies Compared (n. 8 above).
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New York: Routledge
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On the role of the state in negative exclusion, see Daniel Liston, Capitalist Schools (New York: Routledge, 1988); and Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984).
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New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press
-
The constitution of the Malayan Union granted local citizenship to those born in either Singapore or the union and those who had resided in either of the territories for 10 of the preceding 15 years. This policy, in effect, gave local citizenship to almost all Chinese and Indian residents. This scheme was advanced because the British wished to give the Chinese residents a definite status and curb possible interference from, the Chinese government in the affairs of those Chinese. This pro-Chinese opinion gained support in 'Whitehall because during the war the Chinese people were the most dedicated group resisting the Japanese, while the Malays collaborated with the enemy. Singapore was excluded from the Malayan Union because the British wanted to preserve it as a free port and naval base. Also, by leaving out Singapore, the British hoped that the Malays, who would still be the numerical majority in the union, would consider the scheme palatable. About the controversy over the Malayan Union, see James de Vere Allen, The Malayan Union, Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 10 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967); Cheah Boon Kheng, "Malayan Chinese and the Citizenship Issue, 1945-1948," Review of Indonesia and Malayan Affairs 12, no. 2 (December 1978): 95-122; Lau (n. 28 above); and Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-1965 (Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1974).
-
(1967)
Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 10
, vol.10
-
-
De Vere Allen, J.1
-
66
-
-
0038732892
-
Malayan Chinese and the Citizenship Issue, 1945-1948
-
December
-
The constitution of the Malayan Union granted local citizenship to those born in either Singapore or the union and those who had resided in either of the territories for 10 of the preceding 15 years. This policy, in effect, gave local citizenship to almost all Chinese and Indian residents. This scheme was advanced because the British wished to give the Chinese residents a definite status and curb possible interference from, the Chinese government in the affairs of those Chinese. This pro-Chinese opinion gained support in 'Whitehall because during the war the Chinese people were the most dedicated group resisting the Japanese, while the Malays collaborated with the enemy. Singapore was excluded from the Malayan Union because the British wanted to preserve it as a free port and naval base. Also, by leaving out Singapore, the British hoped that the Malays, who would still be the numerical majority in the union, would consider the scheme palatable. About the controversy over the Malayan Union, see James de Vere Allen, The Malayan Union, Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 10 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967); Cheah Boon Kheng, "Malayan Chinese and the Citizenship Issue, 1945-1948," Review of Indonesia and Malayan Affairs 12, no. 2 (December 1978): 95-122; Lau (n. 28 above); and Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-1965 (Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1974).
-
(1978)
Review of Indonesia and Malayan Affairs
, vol.12
, Issue.2
, pp. 95-122
-
-
Kheng, C.B.1
-
67
-
-
0141634915
-
-
n. 28 above
-
The constitution of the Malayan Union granted local citizenship to those born in either Singapore or the union and those who had resided in either of the territories for 10 of the preceding 15 years. This policy, in effect, gave local citizenship to almost all Chinese and Indian residents. This scheme was advanced because the British wished to give the Chinese residents a definite status and curb possible interference from, the Chinese government in the affairs of those Chinese. This pro-Chinese opinion gained support in 'Whitehall because during the war the Chinese people were the most dedicated group resisting the Japanese, while the Malays collaborated with the enemy. Singapore was excluded from the Malayan Union because the British wanted to preserve it as a free port and naval base. Also, by leaving out Singapore, the British hoped that the Malays, who would still be the numerical majority in the union, would consider the scheme palatable. About the controversy over the Malayan Union, see James de Vere Allen, The Malayan Union, Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 10 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967); Cheah Boon Kheng, "Malayan Chinese and the Citizenship Issue, 1945-1948," Review of Indonesia and Malayan Affairs 12, no. 2 (December 1978): 95-122; Lau (n. 28 above); and Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-1965 (Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1974).
-
-
-
Lau1
-
68
-
-
0003558918
-
-
Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya
-
The constitution of the Malayan Union granted local citizenship to those born in either Singapore or the union and those who had resided in either of the territories for 10 of the preceding 15 years. This policy, in effect, gave local citizenship to almost all Chinese and Indian residents. This scheme was advanced because the British wished to give the Chinese residents a definite status and curb possible interference from, the Chinese government in the affairs of those Chinese. This pro-Chinese opinion gained support in 'Whitehall because during the war the Chinese people were the most dedicated group resisting the Japanese, while the Malays collaborated with the enemy. Singapore was excluded from the Malayan Union because the British wanted to preserve it as a free port and naval base. Also, by leaving out Singapore, the British hoped that the Malays, who would still be the numerical majority in the union, would consider the scheme palatable. About the controversy over the Malayan Union, see James de Vere Allen, The Malayan Union, Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 10 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967); Cheah Boon Kheng, "Malayan Chinese and the Citizenship Issue, 1945-1948," Review of Indonesia and Malayan Affairs 12, no. 2 (December 1978): 95-122; Lau (n. 28 above); and Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-1965 (Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1974).
-
(1974)
From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-1965
-
-
Sopiee, M.N.1
-
69
-
-
84917167065
-
The Anti-federation Movement in Malaya, 1946-1948
-
March
-
Yeo Kim Wah, "The Anti-federation Movement in Malaya, 1946-1948," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4 (March 1973): 43-44.
-
(1973)
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, vol.4
, pp. 43-44
-
-
Wah, Y.K.1
-
71
-
-
0141523757
-
-
September 12, Secretary for Chinese Affairs, Appendix B of the Report on a Vernacular Publications Bureau, CO (Colonial Office declassified files) 825/90/7
-
Straits Budget, September 12, 1946; and E. C. S. Adkins, Secretary for Chinese Affairs, Appendix B of the Report on a Vernacular Publications Bureau, CO (Colonial Office declassified files) 825/90/7.
-
(1946)
Straits Budget
-
-
Adkins, E.C.S.1
-
72
-
-
0141746908
-
-
CO 825/90/7
-
CO 825/90/7.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
84972130832
-
Malayan Civil Service, 1874-1941: Colonial Bureaucracy/Malayan Elite
-
January
-
For instance, Adkins had judged that the only way to resolve the problem of Chinese schools was to replace them with English institutions (CO 825/90/7; and Memorandum from the Member for Education, Ex. Co. Paper no. 3/26/52, Federation of Malaya, CO [Colonial Office declassified files] 1022/285). The British colonial bureaucrats in Singapore and the peninsula had this anti-Chinese disposition chiefly because, considering the Malays as the only indigenous group, they had put very minimum effort into learning Chinese language and culture. For the formation of this anti-Chinese attitude, see James de Vere Allen, "Malayan Civil Service, 1874-1941: Colonial Bureaucracy/Malayan Elite," Comparative Studies in Society and History 12, no. 1 (January 1970): 149-87.
-
(1970)
Comparative Studies in Society and History
, vol.12
, Issue.1
, pp. 149-187
-
-
De Vere Allen, J.1
-
76
-
-
0141746887
-
-
March 18 and April 16
-
Sin Chew Jit Poh, March 18 and April 16, 1952.
-
(1952)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
77
-
-
0141746887
-
-
April 11 and 17
-
Ibid., April 11 and 17, 1952.
-
(1952)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
78
-
-
0141746892
-
-
CO 1022/285
-
CO 1022/285.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
0141634908
-
-
December 12 and 23
-
Ibid., December 12 and 23, 1953.
-
(1953)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
89
-
-
0004961335
-
-
n. 21 above
-
Before automatic registration, the number of registered voters was very small, and the majority of the electorate were Indians. After automatic registration, the electorate increased from 76,000 to 300,299, and the Chinese became predominant. See Yeo, Political Development in Singapore (n. 21 above), pp. 256, 259.
-
Political Development in Singapore
, pp. 256
-
-
Yeo1
-
90
-
-
0011070712
-
From Colonialism to Independence, 1945-1965
-
ed. E. C. T. Chew and E. Lee (Singapore: Oxford University Press)
-
Yeo Kirn Wah and Albert Lau, "From Colonialism to Independence, 1945-1965," in A History of Singapore, ed. E. C. T. Chew and E. Lee (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 132-33.
-
(1991)
A History of Singapore
, pp. 132-133
-
-
Wah, Y.K.1
Lau, A.2
-
91
-
-
0004961335
-
-
Yeo, Political Development in Singapore, pp. 149-50; and Albert Lau, "The Colonial Office and the Singapore Merdeka Mission, 23 April to 15 May 1956," Journal of South Seas Society 49 (1994): 104-22.
-
Political Development in Singapore
, pp. 149-150
-
-
Yeo1
-
92
-
-
0141523717
-
The Colonial Office and the Singapore Merdeka Mission, 23 April to 15 May 1956
-
Yeo, Political Development in Singapore, pp. 149-50; and Albert Lau, "The Colonial Office and the Singapore Merdeka Mission, 23 April to 15 May 1956," Journal of South Seas Society 49 (1994): 104-22.
-
(1994)
Journal of South Seas Society
, vol.49
, pp. 104-122
-
-
Lau, A.1
-
99
-
-
0141858440
-
-
March 1 and 6, and April 4
-
About the responses of some mainstream Chinese education bodies, such as the Singapore Chinese Middle School Teacher Association and the Chinese School Management/Staff Association, see related reports from Sin Chew Jit Poh, March 1 and 6, and April 4, 1956.
-
(1956)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
103
-
-
0141858440
-
-
July 17
-
Ibid.; and Sin Chew Jit Poh, July 17, 1956.
-
(1956)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
107
-
-
0141858426
-
-
July 17 and August 6
-
Ibid., July 17 and August 6, 1958.
-
(1958)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
109
-
-
0141746888
-
-
Singapore: Ministry of Education; reprint
-
Syllabus for Geography in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957 (in Chinese) (Singapore: Ministry of Education; reprint, 1959); and Syllabus for History in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957 (in Chinese) (Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Education; reprint, 1959).
-
(1959)
Syllabus for Geography in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957 (in Chinese)
-
-
-
110
-
-
0141634887
-
-
Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Education; reprint
-
Syllabus for Geography in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957 (in Chinese) (Singapore: Ministry of Education; reprint, 1959); and Syllabus for History in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957 (in Chinese) (Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Education; reprint, 1959).
-
(1959)
Syllabus for History in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957 (in Chinese)
-
-
-
112
-
-
0003921599
-
-
New York: Teachers College Press
-
Michael W. Apple, Teachers and Texts: A Political Economy of Class and Gender Relations in Education (London: Routledge, 1986), Cultural Politics and Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1996), and Official Knowledge (n. 11 above); and Cho and Apple (n. 11 above).
-
(1996)
Cultural Politics and Education
-
-
-
113
-
-
0003686465
-
-
n. 11 above
-
Michael W. Apple, Teachers and Texts: A Political Economy of Class and Gender Relations in Education (London: Routledge, 1986), Cultural Politics and Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1996), and Official Knowledge (n. 11 above); and Cho and Apple (n. 11 above).
-
Official Knowledge
-
-
-
114
-
-
0141858446
-
-
n. 11 above
-
Michael W. Apple, Teachers and Texts: A Political Economy of Class and Gender Relations in Education (London: Routledge, 1986), Cultural Politics and Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1996), and Official Knowledge (n. 11 above); and Cho and Apple (n. 11 above).
-
-
-
Cho1
Apple2
-
117
-
-
84905325348
-
-
April 21
-
In 1958 the government needed to reschedule the Senior III Examination so that the timing of these two tests would not be too close and candidates from English schools sitting for both the COSCE and the Senior III Examination would have enough time for preparation (Sin Chew Jit Poh, April 21, 1958). This decision of the government implied that the two exams had different requirements.
-
Sin Chew Jit Poh
, pp. 1958
-
-
-
119
-
-
0141858440
-
-
January 26
-
For more on the admission policy of the Nanyang University, see Sin Chew Jit Poh, January 26, 1956; Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih (The history of Nanyang University inauguration) (Singapore: Nanyang Cultural Publishing, 1956), pp. 195-99; and Ting-Hong Wong, "State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953-1965," Formosan Education and Society 1, no. 1 (December 2000): 59-85. For the China-oriented inclination of this university, one can check the backgrounds of its professors on pp. 189-91 of Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih.
-
(1956)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
120
-
-
0141746893
-
-
Singapore: Nanyang Cultural Publishing
-
For more on the admission policy of the Nanyang University, see Sin Chew Jit Poh, January 26, 1956; Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih (The history of Nanyang University inauguration) (Singapore: Nanyang Cultural Publishing, 1956), pp. 195-99; and Ting-Hong Wong, "State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953-1965," Formosan Education and Society 1, no. 1 (December 2000): 59-85. For the China-oriented inclination of this university, one can check the backgrounds of its professors on pp. 189-91 of Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih.
-
(1956)
Nan-yang Ta Hsueh Ch'uang Hsiao Shih (The History of Nanyang University Inauguration)
, pp. 195-199
-
-
-
121
-
-
0037718698
-
State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953-1965
-
December
-
For more on the admission policy of the Nanyang University, see Sin Chew Jit Poh, January 26, 1956; Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih (The history of Nanyang University inauguration) (Singapore: Nanyang Cultural Publishing, 1956), pp. 195-99; and Ting-Hong Wong, "State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953-1965," Formosan Education and Society 1, no. 1 (December 2000): 59-85. For the China-oriented inclination of this university, one can check the backgrounds of its professors on pp. 189-91 of Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih.
-
(2000)
Formosan Education and Society
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 59-85
-
-
Wong, T.-H.1
-
122
-
-
0141634890
-
-
For more on the admission policy of the Nanyang University, see Sin Chew Jit Poh, January 26, 1956; Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih (The history of Nanyang University inauguration) (Singapore: Nanyang Cultural Publishing, 1956), pp. 195-99; and Ting-Hong Wong, "State Formation, Hegemony, and Nanyang University in Singapore, 1953-1965," Formosan Education and Society 1, no. 1 (December 2000): 59-85. For the China-oriented inclination of this university, one can check the backgrounds of its professors on pp. 189-91 of Nan-yang ta hsueh ch'uang hsiao shih.
-
Nan-yang Ta Hsueh Ch'uang Hsiao Shih
, pp. 189-191
-
-
-
123
-
-
0141858433
-
-
Syllabus for Geography in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957; and Syllabus for History in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957. The word Malaya referred to the geographical region of the Malay Peninsula.
-
(1957)
Syllabus for Geography in Primary and Secondary Schools
-
-
-
124
-
-
0141858433
-
-
The word Malaya referred to the geographical region of the Malay Peninsula
-
Syllabus for Geography in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957; and Syllabus for History in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1957. The word Malaya referred to the geographical region of the Malay Peninsula.
-
(1957)
Syllabus for History in Primary and Secondary Schools
-
-
-
128
-
-
0141634891
-
British Policies and Education of Malays
-
Philip Loh, "British Policies and Education of Malays," Paedagogica Historica 14, no. 2 (1974): 355-84, and "A Review of Educational Development in the Federated Malay States to 1939," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (September 1974): 225-38; Rex Stevenson, Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policies towards Malays: 1875-1906 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975); and Keith Watson, "Rulers and Ruled: Racial Perceptions, Curriculum, and Schooling in Colonial Malaya and Singapore," in The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience, ed. J. A. Mangan (London: Routledge, 1993).
-
(1974)
Paedagogica Historica
, vol.14
, Issue.2
, pp. 355-384
-
-
Loh, P.1
-
129
-
-
0141523758
-
A Review of Educational Development in the Federated Malay States to 1939
-
September
-
Philip Loh, "British Policies and Education of Malays," Paedagogica Historica 14, no. 2 (1974): 355-84, and "A Review of Educational Development in the Federated Malay States to 1939," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (September 1974): 225-38; Rex Stevenson, Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policies towards Malays: 1875-1906 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975); and Keith Watson, "Rulers and Ruled: Racial Perceptions, Curriculum, and Schooling in Colonial Malaya and Singapore," in The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience, ed. J. A. Mangan (London: Routledge, 1993).
-
(1974)
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, vol.5
, Issue.2
, pp. 225-238
-
-
-
130
-
-
0141634891
-
-
Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
-
Philip Loh, "British Policies and Education of Malays," Paedagogica Historica 14, no. 2 (1974): 355-84, and "A Review of Educational Development in the Federated Malay States to 1939," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (September 1974): 225-38; Rex Stevenson, Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policies towards Malays: 1875-1906 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975); and Keith Watson, "Rulers and Ruled: Racial Perceptions, Curriculum, and Schooling in Colonial Malaya and Singapore," in The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience, ed. J. A. Mangan (London: Routledge, 1993).
-
(1975)
Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policies Towards Malays: 1875-1906
-
-
Stevenson, R.1
-
131
-
-
0141634891
-
Rulers and Ruled: Racial Perceptions, Curriculum, and Schooling in Colonial Malaya and Singapore
-
ed. J. A. Mangan (London: Routledge)
-
Philip Loh, "British Policies and Education of Malays," Paedagogica Historica 14, no. 2 (1974): 355-84, and "A Review of Educational Development in the Federated Malay States to 1939," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (September 1974): 225-38; Rex Stevenson, Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policies towards Malays: 1875-1906 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975); and Keith Watson, "Rulers and Ruled: Racial Perceptions, Curriculum, and Schooling in Colonial Malaya and Singapore," in The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience, ed. J. A. Mangan (London: Routledge, 1993).
-
(1993)
The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience
-
-
Watson, K.1
-
132
-
-
0003810364
-
-
n. 31 above
-
Under pressure from the Indian government, the colonial state in British Malaya enacted the Labour Code of 1923, which stipulated that rubber plantations provide schools for children of Tamil workers. Many plantation owners dismissed this legislation as a shifting of public responsibility that should rightly belong to the state and responded halfheartedly by installing a rudimentary form of schools. Loh, Seeds of Separatism (n. 31 above), pp. 44-47, 102; and S. M. Ponniah, "The Poverty of Tamil Education in Singapore, 1946-1966," Intisari 3, no. 4 (1968): 97.
-
Seeds of Separatism
, pp. 44-47
-
-
Loh1
-
133
-
-
0141634892
-
The Poverty of Tamil Education in Singapore, 1946-1966
-
Under pressure from the Indian government, the colonial state in British Malaya enacted the Labour Code of 1923, which stipulated that rubber plantations provide schools for children of Tamil workers. Many plantation owners dismissed this legislation as a shifting of public responsibility that should rightly belong to the state and responded halfheartedly by installing a rudimentary form of schools. Loh, Seeds of Separatism (n. 31 above), pp. 44-47, 102; and S. M. Ponniah, "The Poverty of Tamil Education in Singapore, 1946-1966," Intisari 3, no. 4 (1968): 97.
-
(1968)
Intisari
, vol.3
, Issue.4
, pp. 97
-
-
Ponniah, S.M.1
-
134
-
-
0141746855
-
Writing Indigenous History in Malaysia: A Survey on Approaches and Problems
-
August
-
Cheah Boon Kheng, "Writing Indigenous History in Malaysia: A Survey on Approaches and Problems," Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (August 1997): 41-42; and Albert Lau, "The National Past and the Writing of the History of Singapore," in Imagining Singapore, ed. B. K. Choon, A. Pakir, and T. C. Kiong (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1992), pp. 46-48.
-
(1997)
Crossroads: an Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, vol.10
, Issue.2
, pp. 41-42
-
-
Kheng, C.B.1
-
135
-
-
0010874106
-
The National Past and the Writing of the History of Singapore
-
ed. B. K. Choon, A. Pakir, and T. C. Kiong (Singapore: Times Academic Press)
-
Cheah Boon Kheng, "Writing Indigenous History in Malaysia: A Survey on Approaches and Problems," Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (August 1997): 41-42; and Albert Lau, "The National Past and the Writing of the History of Singapore," in Imagining Singapore, ed. B. K. Choon, A. Pakir, and T. C. Kiong (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1992), pp. 46-48.
-
(1992)
Imagining Singapore
, pp. 46-48
-
-
Lau, A.1
-
137
-
-
0141523715
-
Tertiary Education in Malaya: Policy and Practice, 1905-1962
-
June
-
K. G. Tregonning, "Tertiary Education in Malaya: Policy and Practice, 1905-1962," Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 63, pt. 1 (June 1990): 1-14, esp. 8.
-
(1990)
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
, vol.63
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-14
-
-
Tregonning, K.G.1
-
138
-
-
0141858428
-
-
n. 80 above
-
First Education Triennial Survey, 1955-1957 (n. 80 above), p. 37. About the background of the UCLES, its role in consolidating imperial power, its connection with the colonial office, and its adjustment to the postwar era of decolonization, see A. J. Stockwell, "Examination and Empire: The Cambridge Certificate in the Colonies, 1857-1957," in Making Imperial Mentalities: Socialization and British Imperialism, ed. J. A. Mangan (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990).
-
(1955)
First Education Triennial Survey, 1955-1957
, pp. 37
-
-
-
139
-
-
0141523766
-
Examination and Empire: The Cambridge Certificate in the Colonies, 1857-1957
-
ed. J. A. Mangan (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
-
First Education Triennial Survey, 1955-1957 (n. 80 above), p. 37. About the background of the UCLES, its role in consolidating imperial power, its connection with the colonial office, and its adjustment to the postwar era of decolonization, see A. J. Stockwell, "Examination and Empire: The Cambridge Certificate in the Colonies, 1857-1957," in Making Imperial Mentalities: Socialization and British Imperialism, ed. J. A. Mangan (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990).
-
(1990)
Making Imperial Mentalities: Socialization and British Imperialism
-
-
Stockwell, A.J.1
-
141
-
-
0141523778
-
-
October 29
-
Ibid., October 29, 1959; Straits Times, October 29, 1959.
-
(1959)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
142
-
-
0004011833
-
-
October 29
-
Ibid., October 29, 1959; Straits Times, October 29, 1959.
-
(1959)
Straits Times
-
-
-
143
-
-
0141634857
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1959 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 2.
-
(1959)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 2
-
-
-
144
-
-
0141523708
-
-
October 13 and December 11
-
Sin Chew Jit Poh, October 13 and December 11, 1960.
-
(1960)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
147
-
-
0141746895
-
-
Singapore: Nan Chiau Girls' High School, in Chinese
-
The table of contents of the history series of the World Bookstore was available in Special Issue for the Twentieth Anniversary of Nan Chiau Girls' High School, 1967 (Singapore: Nan Chiau Girls' High School, 1967), (in Chinese) pp. 108-10.
-
(1967)
Special Issue for the Twentieth Anniversary of Nan Chiau Girls' High School, 1967
, pp. 108-110
-
-
-
148
-
-
0141634902
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1960 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 6.
-
(1960)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 6
-
-
-
149
-
-
0141858429
-
-
Sixth form is a British system. It is a 2-year course to prepare students who have completed secondary education for the entrance examination of universities
-
Sixth form is a British system. It is a 2-year course to prepare students who have completed secondary education for the entrance examination of universities.
-
-
-
-
150
-
-
0141746901
-
-
In 1961, the government replaced the old Senior Middle III Examination with these two exams
-
In 1961, the government replaced the old Senior Middle III Examination with these two exams.
-
-
-
-
155
-
-
0141858421
-
-
n. 93 above
-
Stockwell (n. 93 above). One indicator for the development of this kind of partnership relation was the installation of the Singapore Advisory Committee of the UCLES in May 1960. This committee consisted of representatives from both the Ministry of Education in Singapore and the UCLES, and its function was to cooperate in the administration of local Cambridge exams. See Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1960, p. 7.
-
-
-
Stockwell1
-
156
-
-
0141523728
-
-
Stockwell (n. 93 above). One indicator for the development of this kind of partnership relation was the installation of the Singapore Advisory Committee of the UCLES in May 1960. This committee consisted of representatives from both the Ministry of Education in Singapore and the UCLES, and its function was to cooperate in the administration of local Cambridge exams. See Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1960, p. 7.
-
(1960)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 7
-
-
-
161
-
-
0141858365
-
-
July 10
-
Standard, July 10, 1959.
-
(1959)
Standard
-
-
-
163
-
-
0141523708
-
-
May 19
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1960, p. 7; and Sin Chew Jit Poh, May 19, 1960.
-
(1960)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
164
-
-
0038892798
-
-
May 19
-
Straits Times, May 19, 1960.
-
(1960)
Straits Times
-
-
-
167
-
-
0141523708
-
-
January 19
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1959 (n. 96 above), p. 2; and Sin Chew Jit Poh, January 19, 1960.
-
(1960)
Sin Chew Jit Poh
-
-
-
168
-
-
0038892798
-
-
January 12
-
Straits Times, January 12, 1960.
-
(1960)
Straits Times
-
-
-
169
-
-
0141634881
-
-
n. 89 above, p. 103
-
Ponniah (n. 89 above), p. 103.
-
-
-
Ponniah1
-
170
-
-
0141634882
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1962 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 4.
-
(1962)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 4
-
-
-
171
-
-
0141858420
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1964 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 5.
-
(1964)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 5
-
-
-
172
-
-
0141634880
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1963 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 4.
-
(1963)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 4
-
-
-
173
-
-
0141858372
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1967 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 7.
-
(1967)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 7
-
-
-
176
-
-
84902964927
-
-
n. 83 above
-
Report of the Nanyang University Curriculum Review Committee (Singapore: Nanyang University, 1965), p. 1; and Wong, "State Formation" (n. 83 above).
-
State Formation
-
-
Wong1
-
177
-
-
0141634843
-
-
Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.
-
Ministry of Education, Annual Report, 1965 (Singapore: Government Printer, n.d.), p. 18.
-
(1965)
Ministry of Education, Annual Report
, pp. 18
-
-
-
178
-
-
0141858383
-
-
n. 11 above
-
See also Cho and Apple (n. 11 above).
-
-
-
Cho1
Apple2
|