Cost-effectiveness of different postoperative analgesic treatments

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 4, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1507-1519

  Engoren, Milo ^a  

^a ST VINCENT MERCY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute pain management; Cost effectiveness; Postoperative analgesia; Review

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DROTRECOGIN; FENTANYL; IBUPROFEN; KETOROLAC; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; PETHIDINE; PIRITRAMIDE; PROPOFOL; ROFECOXIB; SUFENTANIL;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; BLEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS; COST UTILITY ANALYSIS; DRUG FATALITY; GASTRITIS; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOXEMIA; LIVER TOXICITY; METABOLISM; MORBIDITY; NAUSEA; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA; PEPTIC ULCER; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRURITUS; REHABILITATION MEDICINE; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESPIRATORY ARREST; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VOMITING;

ANALGESICS, NON-NARCOTIC; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; CLINICAL TRIALS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HUMANS; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE;

EID: 0141628409     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.4.9.1507     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. WARFIELD CA, KAHN CH: Acute pain management: programs in US hospitals and experiences and attitudes among US adults. Anesthesiology (1995) 83(5):1090-1094.
2. STRASSELS SA, CHEN C, CARR DB: Postoperative analgesia: economics, resource use, and patient satisfaction in an urban teaching hospital. Anesth. Analg. (2002) 94(1):130-137.
3. ENGOREN M, STEFFEL C: Patient perception of monetary value to avoiding unpleasant side effects of anesthesia and surgery. J. Clin. Anesth. (2000) 12(5):388-391.
4. POISSON-SALOMON AS, BRASSEUR L, LORY C, CHAUVIN M, DURIEUX P: Audit of the management of postoperative pain. Presse Med. (1996) 25(22):1013-1017.
5. RAWAL N: Acute pain services revisited: good from far, far from good? Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. (2002) 27(2):117-121.
6. WEISSMAN C: The metabolic response to stress: an overview an update. Anesthesiology (1990) 73(2):308-327.
7. WILMORE DW: Catabolic illness: strategies for enhancing recovery. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325(10):695-702.
8. LIVINGSTON EH, PASSARO EP Jr: Postoperative ileus. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1990) 35(1):121-132.
9. STEINBROOK RA: Epidural anesthesia and gastrointestinal motility. Anesth. Analg. (1998) 86(4):837-844.
10. OGILIVY AJ, SMITH G: The gastrointestinal tract after anaesthesia. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. Suppl. (1995) 10:33-42.
11. THOREN T, TANGHOJ H, MATTWIL M, JARNEROT G: Epidural morphine delays gastric emptying and small intestine transit in volunteers. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. (1989) 33(2):174-180.
12. THORN SE, WATTWIL M, NASLUND I: Postoperative morphine but not epidural bupivacaine delays gastric emptying on the first day after cholecystectomy. Reg. Anesth. (1992) 17(2):91-94.
13. FRANTZIDES CT, COWLES V, SALAYMEH B, TEKIN E, CONDON RE: Morphine effects on human colonic myoelectric activity in the postoperative period. Am. J. Surg. (1992) 163(1):144-148.
14. CARPENTER RL: Gastrointestinal benefits of regional anesthesia/analgesia. Reg. Anesth. (1996) 21(Suppl 6.):13-17.
15. DE LEON-CASASOLA OA, KARABELLA D, LEMA MJ: Bowel function recovery after radical hysterectomies: thoracic epidural bupivacaine-morphine versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine: a pilot study. J. Clin. Anesth. (1996) 8(2):87-92.
16. BARDRAM L, FUNCH-JENSEN P, JENSEN P, CRAWFORD ME, KEHLET HI: Recovery after laparoscopic colonic surgery with epidural analgesia and oral nutrition and mobilization. Lancet (1995) 345(8952):763-764.
17. DUREUIL B, VIIRES N, CANTINEAU JP, AUBIER M, DESMONTS JM: Diaphragmatic contractility after upper abdominal surgery. J. Appl. Physiol. (1986) 61(5):1775-1780.
18. FORD GT, WHITELAW WA, ROSENAL TW, CRUSE PJ, GUENTER CA: Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in humans. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1983) 127(4):431-436.
19. ROAD JD, BURGESS KR, WHITELAW WA, FORD GT: Diaphragm function and respiratory response after upper abdominal surgery in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. (1984) 57(2):576-582.
20. MEISSNER A, ROLF N, VAN AKEN H: Thoracic epidural anesthesia and the patient with heart disease: benefits, risks, and controversies. Anesth. Analg. (1997) 85(3):517-528.
21. VAN BELLE AF, WESSELING GJ, PENN OC, WOUTERS EF: Postoperative pulmonary function abnormalities after coronary artery bypass surgery. Respir. Med. (1992) 86(3):195-199.
22. RAWAL N, SJÖSTRAND U, CHRISTOFFERSSON E, DAHLSTROM B, ARVILL A, RYDMAN H: Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in the grossly obese: influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function. Anesth. Analg. (1984) 63(6):583-592.
23. YEAGER MP, GLASS DD, NEFF RK, BRINCK-JOHNSEN T: Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology (1987) 66(6):729-736.
24. TUMAN KJ, MCCARTHY RJ, MARCH RJ, DELARIA GA, PATEL RV, IVANKOVICH AD: Effects of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on coagulation and outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesth. Analg. (1991) 73(6):696-704.
25. JAYR C, THOMAS H, REY A, FARHAT F, LASSER P, BOURGAIN JL: Postoperative pulmonary complications. Epidural analgesia using bupivacaine and opioids versus parenteral opioids. Anesthesiology (1987) 78(4):666-676.
26. PENG PW, CHAN VW: Local and regional block in postoperative pain control. Surg. Clin. North Am. (1999) 79(2):345-370.
27. CHRISTOPHERSON R, BEATTIE C, FRANK SM et al.: Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery: Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology (1993) 79(3):422-434.
28. HENDOLIN H, MATTILA MA, POIKOLAINEN E: The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on the development of deep vein thrombosis of the legs after open prostatectomy. Acta Chir. Scand. (1981) 147(6):425-429.
29. JORGENSEN LN, RASMUSSEN LS, NIELSEN PT, LEFFERS A, ALBRECHT-BESTE E: Antithrombotic efficacy of continuous extradural analgesia after knee replacement. Br. J. Anaesth. (1991) 66(1):8-12.
30. MODIG J, BORG T, KARLSTROM G, MARIPUU E, SAHLSTEDT B: Thrombembolism after total hip replacement: role of epidural and general anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. (1983) 62(2):174-180.
31. SHARROCK NE, HAAS SB, HARGETT MJ, URQUHART B, INSALL JN, SCUDERI G: Effects of epidural anesthesia on the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. (1991) 73(4):502-506; (Erratum: J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. (1991) 73(6):952).
32. ROSENFELD BA: Benefits of regional anesthesia on thromboembolic complications following surgery. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. (1996) 21(6 Suppl.):9-12.
33. BORG T, MODIG J: Potential antithrombotic effects of local anaesthetics due to their inhibition of platelet aggregation. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. (1985) 29(7):739-742.
34. TELLADO-RODRIGUEZ J, CHRISTOU NV: Clinical assessment of host defense. Surg. Clin. North Am. (1988) 68(1):41-55.
35. NOHR CW, CHRISTOU NV, RODE H, GORDON J, MEAKINS JL: In vivo and in vitro humoral immunity in surgical patients. Ann. Surg. (1994) 200(3):373-380.
36. HARVEY KB, MOLDAWER LL, BISTRIAN BR, BLACKBURN GL: Biological measures for the formulation of a hospital prognostic index. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1981) 34(10):2013-2022.
37. JOHNSON WC, ULRICH F, MEQUID MM et al.: Role of delayed hypersensitivity in predicting postoperative morbidity and mortality. Am. J. Surg. (1979) 137(4):536-542.
38. VAN DEN BERGHE G, WOUTERS P, WEEKERS F et al.: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345(19):1359-1367.
39. CHROUSOS GP: The hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332(20):1351-1362.
40. LIEBESKIND JC: Pain can kill. Pain (1991) 44(1):3-4.
41. ALONZO NC, BAYER BM: Opioids, immunology, and host defenses of intravenous drug abusers. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. (2002) 16(3):553-569.
42. TONNESEN E, WAHLGREEN C: Influence of extradural and general anesthesia on natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte subpopulations in patients undergoing hysterectomy. Br. J. Anaesth. (1988) 60(5):500-507.
43. ROSENBERG-ADAMSEN S, KEHLET H, DODDS C, ROSENBERG J: Postoperative sleep disturbances: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Br. J. Anaesth. (1996) 76(4):552-559.
44. LYNCH EP, LAZOR MA, GELLIS JE, ORAV J, GOLDMAN L, MARCANTONIO ER: The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delerium. Anesth. Analg. (1998) 86(4):781-785.
45. MARCANTONIO ER, JUAREZ G, GOLDMAN L et al.: The relationship of postoperative delerium with psychoactive medications. JAMA (1994) 272(19):1518-1522.
46. HAYES C, MOLLOY AR: Neuropathic pain in the perioperative period. Int. Anesthesiolol. Clin. (1997) 35:67-81.
47. HARAGSIM L, DALAL R, BAGGA H, BASTANI B: Ketorolac-induced acute renal failure and hyperkalemia: report of three cases. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1994) 24(4):578-580.
48. RUDUSKY BM: Severe postoperative hemorrhage attributed to single-dose parenteral ketorolac-induced coagulopathy. Angiology (2000) 51(12):999-1002.
49. WEALE AE, WARWICK DJ, DURANT N, PROTHERO D: Is there a clinical interaction between low molecular weight heparin and non-steroidal analgesics after total hip replacement? Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. (1995) 77(1):35-37.
50. AGRAWAL A, GERSON CR, SELIGMAN I, DSIDA RM: Postoperative hemorrhage after tonsillectomy: use of ketorolac tromethamine. Otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg. (1999) 120(3):335-339.
51. BOMBARDIER C, LAINE L, REICIN A et al.: Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343(21):1520-1528.
52. LANGMAN MJ, JENSEN DM, WATSON DJ et al.: Adverse upper gastrointestinal effects of rofecoxib compared with NSAIDs. JAMA (1999) 282(20):1929-1933.
53. KONSTAM MA, WEIR MR, REICIN A et al.: Cardiovascular thrombotic events in controlled, clinical trials of rofecoxib. Circulation (2001) 104(19):2280-2288.
54. CATELLA-LAWSON F, REILLY MP, KAPOOR SC et al.: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345(25):1809-1817.
55. CHANDRASEKHARAN NV, DAI H, ROOS KL et al.: COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(21):13926-13931.
56. HEUBI JE, BARBACCI MB, ZIMMERMAN HJ: Therapeutic misadventures with acetaminophen: hepatoxicity after multiple doses in children. J. Pediatr. (1998) 132(1):22-27.
57. LUMPKIN MM: FDA public health advisory. Anesthesiology (1998) 88:27A-28A.
58. LEE A, CHUI PO: What outcomes should be measured after anaesthesia? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. (2001) 15:531-540.
59. NO AUTHORS LISTED: Understanding costs and cost-effectiveness in critical care: report from the second American Thoracic Society workshop on outcomes research. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2001) 165(4):540-550.
60. GOLD MR, RUSSELL LB, SEIGEL JE, WEINSTEIN MC: Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Oxford University Press, New York, USA (1996).
61. SHWARTZ M, YOUNG DW, SIEGRIST R: The ratio of costs to charges: how good a basis for estimating costs? Inquiry (1995 - 1996) 32(4):476-481.
62. MACARIO A, VITEZ TS, DUNN B, MCDONALD T: Where are the costs in perioperative care? Analysis of hospital costs and charges for inpatient surgical care. Anesthesiology (1995) 83(6):1138-1144.
63. MAWHINNEY S, BROWN ER, MALCOLM J et al.: Identification of risk factors for increased cost, charges, and length of stay for cardiac patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2000) 70(3):702-710.
64. JEGERS M, EDBROOKE DL, HIBBERT CL, CHALFIN DB, BURCHARDI H: Definitions and methods of cost assessment: an intensivist's guide. ESICM section on health research and outcome working group on cost effectiveness. Intensive Care Med. (2002) 28(6):680-685.
65. WATCHA MF, WHITE PF: Economics of anesthetic practice. Anesthesiology (1997) 86(5):1170-1196.
66. RITTENHOUSE BE, CHOINIÈRE: An economic evaluation of pain therapy after hysterectomy. Patient-controlled analgesia versus regular opioid therapy. Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care (1999) 15(3):548-562.
67. CHOINIÈRE, RITTENHOUSE BE, PERREAULT S et al.: Efficacy and costs of patient-controlled analgesia versus regularly administered intramuscular opioid therapy. Anesthesiology (1998) 89(6):1377-1388.
68. HECKER BR, ALBERT L: Patient-controlled analgesia: a randomized, prospective comparison between two commercially available PCA pumps and conventional analgesic therapy for postoperative pain. Pain (1988) 35(1):115-120.
69. SCALLEY RD, BERQUIST KD, COCHRAN RS: Patient-controlled analgesia in orthopedic procedures. Orthop. Rev. (1988) 17(11):1106-1113.
70. SANANSILP V, LERTAKYAMANEE J, UDOMPUNTURAK S: Cost-effectiveness analysis of patient-controlled analgesia, intramuscular q.i.d. injection and p.r.n. injection for postoperative pain relief. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. (1995) 78(11):600-604.
71. D'HAESE J, VANLERSBERGHE C, UMBRAIN V, CAMU F: Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a disposable patient-controlled analgesia device and intramuscular analgesia in surgical patients. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. (1998) 15(3):297-303.
72. SMYTHE M, LOUGHLIN K, SCHAD RF, LUCARROTI RL: Patient-controlled analgesia versus intramuscular analgesic therapy. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. (1994) 51(1):1433-1440.
73. SMITH CV, RAYBURN WF, KARAISKAKIS PT, MORTON RD, NORVELL MJ: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and epidural morphine for postcesarean pain and recovery. J. Reprod. Med. (1991) 36(6):430-434.
74. VERCAUTEREN M, VEREECKEN K, LA MALFA M, COPPEJANS H, ADRIAENSEN H: Cost-effectiveness of analgesia after caesarean section. A comparison of intrathecal morphine and epidural PCA. Acta Anaesthesial. Scand. (2002) 46(1):85-89.
75. COHEN BE, HARTMAN MB, WADE JT, MILLER JS, GILBERT R, CHAPMAN TM: Postoperative pain control after lumbar spine fusion. Patient-controlled analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia. Spine (1997) 22(16):1892-1896.
76. ROCKEMANN MG, SEELING W, DUSCHEK S, REINELT H, STEFFEN P, GEORGIEFF M: Epidural bolus donidine/morphine versus epidural patient-controlled bupivacaine/sufentanil: quality of postoperative analgesia and cost-identification analysis. Anesth. Analg. (1997) 85(4):864-869.
77. COHEN S, SUBAK LL, BROSE WG, HALPERN J: Analgesia after Cesarean delivery: patient evaluations and costs of five opiod techniques. Reg. Anesth. (1991) 16(3):141-149.
78. ISSIOUI T, KLEIN KW, WHITE PF: Cost-efficacy of rofecoxib versus acetaminophen for preventing pain after ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology (2002) 97(4):931-937.
79. AMMAR AD: Postoperative epidural analgesia following abdominal aortic surgery: do the benefits justify the costs? Ann. Vasc. Surg. (1998) 12(4):359-363.
80. PAULSEN EK, PORTER MG, HELMER SD, LINHARDT PW, KLIEWER ML: Thoracic epidural versus patient-controlled analgesia in elective bowel resections. Am. J. Surg. (2001) 182(6):570-577.
81. COLWELL CW Jr, MORRIS BA. Patient-controlled analgesia compared with intramuscular injection of analgesics for the management of pain after an orthopaedic procedure. J. Bone Joint Surg. (1995) 77A(5):726-733.
82. READY LB, OGDEN R, CHADWICK H et al.: Development of an anesthesiology-based postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology (1988) 68(1):100-106.
83. MAIER C, KIBBEL K, MERCKER S, WULF H: Postoperative pain therapy at general nursing stations. An analysis of eight years experience at an anaesthesiological acute pain service. Anaesthesist (1994) 43(6):385-397.
84. SARTAIN JB, BARRY JJ: The impact of an acute pain service on postoperative pain management. Anaesth. Intensive Care (1999) 27(4):375-380.
85. STACEY BR, RUDY TE, NELHAUS D: Management of patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of primary surgeons and a dedicated pain service. Anesth. Analg. (1997) 85(1):130-134.
86. COLEMAN SA, BOOKER-MILBURN J: Audit of postoperative pain control. Influence of a dedicated acute pain nurse. Anaesthesia (1996) 51(12):1093-1096.
87. MIASKOWSKI C, CREWS J, READY LB, PAUL SM, GINSBERG B: Anesthesia-based pain services improve the quality of postoperative pain management. Pain (1999) 80(1-2):23-29.
88. BARDIAU FM, TAVIAUX NF, ALBERT A, BOOGAERTS JG, STADLER M: An intervention study to enhance postoperative pain management. Anesth. Analg. (2003) 96(1):179-185.
89. BARDIAU FM, BRAECKMAN MM, SEIDEL L, ALBERT A, BOOGAERTS JG: Effectiveness of an acute pain service inception in a general hospital. J. Clin. Anesth. (1999) 11(7):583-589.
90. WHEATLEY RG, MADEJ TH, JACKSON IJ, HUNTER D: The first year's experience of an acute pain service. Br. J. Anaesth. (1991) 67(3):353-359.
91. GOULD TH, CROSBY DL, HARMER M et al.: Policy for controlling pain after surgery: effect of sequential changes in management. Br. Med. J. (1992) 305(6863):1187-1193.
92. LIU SS, ALLEN HW, OLSSON GL: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: prospective experience with 1030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology (1998) 88(3):688-695.
93. NO AUTHORS LISTED: Quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain: American Pain Society Quality of Care Committee. JAMA (1995) 274(23):1874-1880.
94. Royal College of Surgeons of England and College of Anaesthetists Commission on Provision of Surgical Service: report of a working party. London, UK (1990).
95. READY LB: How many acute pain services are there in the United States, and who is managing patient-controlled analgesia? Anesthesiology (1995) 82(1):322 [Letter].
96. MERRY A, JUDGE MA, READY B: Acute pain services in New Zealand hospitals: a survey. NZ Med. J. (1997) 110(1046):233-235.
97. STAMER UM, MPASIOS N, STUBER F, MAIER C: A survey of acute pain services in Germany and a discussion of international survey data. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. (2002) 27(2):125-131.
98. O'HIGGINS F, TUCKEY JP: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: United Kingdom practice. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. (2000) 44(9):1087-1092.
99. WILDER-SMITH OH, MOHRLE JJ, MARTIN NC: Acute pain management after surgery or in the emergency room in Switzerland: a comparative survey of Swiss anaesthesiologists and surgeons. Eur. J. Pain (2002) 6(3):189-201.
100. RAWAL N, ALLVIN R: Acute pain services in Europe: a 17-nation survey of 105 hospitals. The EuroPain Acute Pain Working Party. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. (1998) 15(3):354-363.
101. MCDONNELL A, NICHOLL J, READ SM: Acute pain teams and the management of postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. (2003) 41(3):261-273.
102. TIGHE SQ, BIE JA, NELSON RA, SKUES MA: The acute pain service: effective or expensive care? Anaesthesia (1998) 53(4):397-403.
103. BRODNER G, MERTES N, BUERKLE H, MARCUS MAE, VAN AKEN H: Acute pain management: analysis, implication and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients. Eur. J. Anaesth. (2000) 17(9):566-575.
104. TSUI SL, LAW S, FOK M et al.: Postoperative analgesia reduces mortality and morbidity after esophagectomy. Am. J. Surg. (1997) 173(6):472-478.
105. BASSE L, HJORT JAKOBSEN D, BILLESBOLLE P, WERNER M, KEHLET H: A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection. Ann. Surg. (2000) 232(1):51-57.
106. SIEGEL JE, WEINSTEIN MC, RUSSELL LB, GOLD MR: Recommendations for reporting cost-effectiveness analyses. Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. JAMA (1996) 276:1339-1341.
107. WEINSTEIN MD, SIEGEL JE, GOLD MR, KAMLET MS, RUSSELL LB: Recommendations of the panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. JAMA (1996) 276:1253-1258.
108. RUSSELL LB, GOLD MR, SIEGEL JE, DANIELS N, WEINSTEIN MC: The role of cost-effectiveness analysis in health and medicine. Panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. JAMA (1996) 276:1172-1177.
109. SYWAK M, PASIEKA JL: Long-term follow-up and cost benefit of adrenalectomy in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. Br. J. Surg. (2002) 89(12):1587-1593.
110. ANGUS DC, LINDE-ZWIRBLE WT, CLERMONT G et al.: Cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 31(1):1-11.
111. INADOMI JM, SAMPLINER R, LAGERGREN J, LIEBERMAN D, FENDRICK AM, VAKIL N: Screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus in high-risk groups: a cost-utility analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. (2003) 138(3):176-186.