Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: The myth, the logic and the science

European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 557-570

  Ngaage, Dumbor L ^a,b  

^a LEEDS GENERAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Beating heart surgery; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Complete myocardial revascularisation; Coronary artery bypass grafting; Myocardial protection; Off pump

Indexed keywords

BLOOD VESSEL SHUNT; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; ECONOMIC ASPECT; GOOD GENERAL CONDITION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; LITERATURE; LOGIC; MORBIDITY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCIENCE; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; CORONARY DISEASE; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0141626680     PISSN: 10107940     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1010-7940(03)00381-6     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Westaby S. Landmarks in cardiac surgery. 1997;Isis Medical Media Ltd, Oxford. p. 187-207.
2. Chenoweth D.E., Cooper S.W., Hugli T.E., Stewart R.W., Blackstone E.H., Kirklin J.W. Complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: evidence for generation of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. N Engl J Med. 304:1981;497-503.
3. Kirklin J.K., Westaby S., Blackstone E.H., Kirklin J.W., Chenoweth D.E., Pacifico A.D. Complement and the damaging effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 86:1983;845-857.
4. Salama A., Hugo F., Heinrich D., Hoge R., Muller R., Kiefel V., Mueller-Eckhardt C., Bhakdi S. Deposition of terminal C5b-9 complement complexes on erythrocytes and leucocytes during cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med. 318:1988;408-414.
5. Boyle E.M. Jr., Pohlman T.H., Johnson M.C., Verrier E.D. Endothelial cell injury in cardiovascular surgery: the systemic inflammatory response. Ann Thorac Surg. 63:1997;277-284.
6. Asimakopoulos G., Taylor K. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules. Ann Thorac Surg. 66:1998;2135-2144.
7. Picone A.L., Lutz C.J., Finck C., Carney D., Gatto L.A., Paskanik A., Searles B., Snyder K., Nieman G. Multiple sequential insults cause post-pump syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 67:1999;978-985.
8. Vallely M.P., Bannon P.G., Hughes C.F., Kritharides L. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules and cardiopulmonary bypass. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 9:2001;349-355.
9. Paparella D., Yau T.M., Young E. Cardiopulmonary bypass induced inflammation: pathophysiology and treatment. An update. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 21:2002;232-244.
10. Schroeder S., Börger N., Wrigge H., Welz A., Putensen C., Hoeft A., Stüber F. A tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism influences the inflammatory response after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;534-537.
11. Sawa Y., Shimazaki Y., Kadoba K., Masai T., Fukuda H., Ohata T., Taniguchi K., Matsuda H. Attenuation of cardiopulmonary bypass-derived inflammatory reactions reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 111:1996;29-35.
12. Kirklin J.K. Prospects for understanding and eliminating the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 51:1991;529-531.
13. Argenziano M., Chen J.M., Choudhri A.F., Cullinane S., Garfein E., Weinberg A.D., Smith C.R. Jr., Rose E.A., Landry D.W., Oz M.C. Management of vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery: identification of predisposing factors and use of a novel pressor agent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 116:1998;973-980.
14. Asimakopoulos G., Smith P.L.C., Ratnatunga C.P., Taylor K.M. Lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;1107-1115.
15. Fearn S.J., Pole R., Wesnes K., Faragher E.B., Hooper T.L., McCollum C.N. Cerebral injury during cardiopulmonary bypass: emboli impair memory. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 121:2001;1150-1160.
16. Gailiunas P. Jr., Chawla R., Lazarus J.M., Cohn L., Sanders J., Merrill J.P. Acute renal failure following cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 79:1980;241-243.
17. Tofukuji M., Stahl G.L., Metais C., Tomita M., Agah A., Bianchi C., Fink M.P., Sellke F.W. Mesenteric dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass: role of complement C5a. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;799-807.
18. Jansen P.G.M., te Velthuis H., Huybregts R.A.J.M., Paulus R., Bulder E.R., van der Spoel H.I., Bezemer P.D., Slaats E.H., Eijsman L., Wildevuur C.R.H. Reduced complement activation and improved postoperative performance after cardiopulmonary bypass with heparin-coated circuits. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 110:1995;829-834.
19. Belboul A., Lofgren C., Storm C., Jungbeck M. Heparin-coated circuits reduce occult myocardial damage during CPB: a randomized, single blind clinical trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 17:2000;580-586.
20. Dunn J., Kirsh M.M., Harness J., Carroll M., Straker J., Sloan H. Hemodynamic, metabolic, and hematologic effects of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 68:1974;138-147.
21. Ihnken K., Winkler A., Schlensak C., Sarai K., Neidhart G., Unkelbach U., Mulsch A., Sewell A. Normoxic cardiopulmonary bypass reduces oxidative myocardial damage and nitric oxide during cardiac operations in the adult. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 116:1998;327-334.
22. Birdi I., Regragui I.A., Izzat M.B., Alonso C., Black A.M.S., Bryan A.J., Angelini G.D. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature on pulmonary gas exchange after coronary artery operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 61:1996;118-123.
23. Massoudy P., Zahler S., Tassani P., Becker B.F., Richter J.A., Pfauder M., Lange R., Meisner H. Reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels and cellular adhesion in coronary artery bypass grafting procedures with separated pulmonary and systemic extracorporeal circulation without an oxygenator. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 17:2000;729-736.
24. Morioka K., Muraoka R., Chiba Y., Ihaya A., Kimura T., Noguti H., Uesaka T. Leukocyte and platelet depletion with a blood cell separator: effects on lung injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 111:1996;45-54.
25. Fromes Y., Gaillard D., Ponzio O., Chauffert M., Gerhardt M., Deleuze P., Bical O.M. Reduction of the inflammatory response following coronary bypass grafting with total minimal extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 22:2002;527-533.
26. Hill G.E., Alonso A., Spurzem J.R., Stammers A.H., Robbins R.A. Aprotinin and methylprednisolone equally blunt cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammation in humans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 110:1995;1658-1662.
27. Chaney M.A. Corticosteriods and cardiopulmonary bypass. A review of clinical investigations. Chest. 121:2002;921-931.
28. Mojcik C.F., Levy J.H. Aprotinin and the systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;745-754.
29. Hayashida N., Tomoeda H., Oda T., Tayama E., Chihara S., Kawara T., Aoyagi S. Inhibitory effect of milrinone on cytokine production after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:1999;1661-1667.
30. Massoudy P., Zahler S., Baranky A., Becker B.F., Richter J.A., Meisner H. Sodium nitroprusside during coronary artery bypass grafting: evidence for an antiinflammatory action. Ann Thorac Surg. 67:1999;1059-1064.
31. Yau T.M., Weisel R.D., Mickle D.A., Burton G.W., Ingold K.U., Ivanov J., Mohabeer M.K., Tumiati L., Carson S. Vitamin E for coronary bypass operations. A prospective, double blind, randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 108:1994;302-310.
32. Fitch J.C.K., Rollins S., Matis L., Alford B., Aranki S., Collard C.D., Dewar M., Elefteriades J., Hines R., Kopf G., Kraker P., Li L., O'Hara R., Rinder C., Rinder H., Shaw R., Smith B., Stahl G., Shernan S.K. Pharmacology and biological efficacy of a recombinant, humanized, single-chain antibody C5 complement inhibitor in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 100:1999;2499-2506.
33. Fung M., Loubser P.G., Ündar A., Mueller M., Sun C., Sun W.N., Vaughn W.K., Fraser C.D. Inhibition of complement, neutrophil, and platelet activation by an anti-factor D monoclonal antibody in simulated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 122:2001;113-122.
34. Kovacich J.C., Boyle E.M., Morgan E.N., Canty T.G., Farr A.L., Caps M.T., Frank N., Pohlman T.H., Verrier E.D. Inhibition of the transcriptional activator protein nuclear factor κB prevents hemodynamic instability associated with the whole-body inflammatory response syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 118:1999;154-162.
35. Sakaguchi T., Sawa Y., Fukushima N., Nishimura M., Ichikawa H., Kaneda Y., Matsuda H. A novel strategy of decoy transfection against nuclear factor-κB in myocardial preservation. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;624-629.
36. D'Acquisto F., May M.J., Ghosh S. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB): an emerging theme in anti-inflammatory therapies. Mol Interv. 2:2002;22-35.
37. Harig F., Feyrer R., Mahmound F.O., Blum U., von der Emde J. Reducing the post-pump syndrome by using heparin-coated circuits, steroids, or aprotinin. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 47:1999;111-118.
38. Defraigne J., Pincemail J., Larbuisson R., Blaffart F., Limet R. Cytokine release and neutrophil activation are prevented by heparin-coated circuits and aprotinin administration. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;1084-1091.
39. Baufreton C., Jansen P.G.M., Le Besnerais P., Velthius H., Thijs C.M., Wildevuur C.R.H., Loisance D.Y. Heparin coating with aprotinin reduces blood activation during coronary artery operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 63:1997;50-56.
40. Schmartz D., Tabardel Y., Preiser J., Barvais L., d'Hollander A., Duchateau J., Vincent J. Does aprotinin influence the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass in patients? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 125:2003;184-190.
41. Mihaljevic T., Tönz M., von Segesser L.K., Pasic M., Grob P., Fehr J., Seifert B., Turina M. The influence of leukocyte filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass on postoperative lung function: a clinical study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 109:1995;1138-1145.
42. Westaby S., Saaltvedt K., White S., Katsumata T., van Oeveren W., Halligan P.W. Is there a relationship between cognitive dysfunction and systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass? Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;667-1672.
43. Favaloro R.G., Effler D.B., Groves L.K., Sheldon W.C., Sones F.M. Direct myocardial revascularization by saphenous vein graft. Present operative technique and indications. Ann Thorac Surg. 10:1970;97-111.
44. Trapp W.G., Bisarya R. Placement of coronary artery bypass graft without pump oxygenator. Ann Thorac Surg. 19:1975;1-9.
45. Benetti F.J., Naselli C., Wood M., Geffner L. Direct myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Experience in 700 patients. Chest. 100:1991;312-316.
46. Buffolo E., de Andrade J.C.S., Rodrigues Branco J.N.R., Teles C.A., Aguiar L.F., Gomes W.J. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 61:1996;63-66.
47. Gu Y.J., Mariani M.A., Boonstra P.W., Grandjean J.G., Oeveren W.V. Complement activation in coronary artery bypass grafting patients without cardiopulmonary bypass: the role of tissue injury by surgical incision. Chest. 116:1999;892-898.
48. Strüber M., Cremer J.T., Gohrbandt B., Hagl C., Jankowski M., Völker B., Rückoldt H., Martin M., Haverich A. Human cytokine responses to coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;1330-1335.
49. Matata B.M., Sosnowski A.W., Galiñanes M. Off-pump bypass graft operation significantly reduces oxidative stress and inflammation. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;785-791.
50. Ascione R., Lloyd C.T., Underwood M.J., Lotto A.A., Pitsis A.A., Angelini G.D. Inflammatory response after coronary revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;1198-1204.
51. Diegeler A., Doll N., Rauch T., Haberer D., Walther T., Falk V., Gummert J., Autschbach R., Mohr F.W. Humoral immune response during coronary artery bypass grafting. A comparison of limited approach, "off-pump" technique, and conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 102:2000;III-95-III-100.
52. Buckberg G.D., Allen B.S. Myocardilal protection management during adult cardiac operations. Baue A.E., Geha A.S., Hammond G.L., Laks H., Naunheim K.S. Glenn's thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 1996;1653-1687 Apple & Lange, Stamford.
53. Mehlhorn U., Allen S.J., Adams D.L., Davies K.L., Gogola G.R., de Vivie R., Laine G.A. Normothermic continuous antegrade blood cardioplegia does not prevent myocardial edema and cardiac dysfunction. Circulation. 92:1995;1940-1946.
54. Atkins C.W., Boucher C.A., Pohot G.M. Preservation of interventricular septal function in patient having coronary artery bypass grafts without cardiopulmonary bypass. Am Heart J. 107:1984;304-309.
55. Ascione R., Lloyd C.T., Gomes W.J., Caputo M., Bryan A.J., Angelini G.D. Beating versus arrested heart revascularization: evaluation of myocardial function in a prospective randomized study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 15:1999;685-690.
56. Penttilä H.J., Lepojärvi M.V.K., Kiviluoma K.T., Kaukoranta P.K., Hassinen I.E., Peuhkurinen K.J. Myocardial preservation during coronary surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;565-571.
57. Van Dijk D., Nierich A.P., Jansen E.W.L., Nathoe H.M., Suyker W.J.L., Diephuis J.C., van Boven W., Borst C., Buskens E., Grobbee D.E., de Medina E.O.R., de Jaegere P.P.T. Early outcome after off-pump versus on pump coronary bypass surgery. Circulation. 104:2001;1761-1766.
58. Czerny M., Baumer H., Kilo J., Zuckermann A., Grubhofer G., Chevtchik O., Wolner E., Grimm M. Complete revascularization in coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;165-169.
59. Bennetts J.S., Baker R., Ross I.K., Knight J.L. Assessment of myocardial injury by troponin T in off-pump coronary artery grafting and conventional coronary artery graft surgery. ANZ J Surg. 72:2002;105-109.
60. Masuda M., Morita S., Tomita H., Kurisu K., Nishida T., Tominaga R., Yasui H. Off-pump attenuates myocardial enzyme leakage but not postoperative brain natriuretic peptide secretion. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 8:2002;139-144.
61. Lockowandt U., Öwall A. Myocardial outflow of prostacyclin in relation to metabolic stress during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;206-211.
62. Gerritsen W.B.M., van Boven W.J.P., Driessen A.H.G., Haas F.J.L.M., Aarts L.P.H.J. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: oxidative stress and renal function. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 20:2001;923-929.
63. Guyton R.A., Thourani V.H., Puskas J.D., Shanewise J.S., Steele M.A., Palmer-Steele C.L., Vinten-Johansen J. Perfusion-assisted direct coronary artery bypass: selective graft perfusion in off-pump cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;171-175.
64. Muraki S., Morris C.D., Budde J.M., Velez D.A., Zhao Z., Guyton R., Vinten-Johanson J. Experimental off-pump coronary artery revascularization with adenosine-enhanced reperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 121:2001;570-579.
65. Vassiliades T.A., Nielsen J.L., Lonquist J.L. Coronary perfusion methods during off-pump coronary bypass: results of a randomized clinical trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;S1383-S1389.
66. Yeatman M., Caputo M., Narayan P., Ghosh A.K., Ascione R., Ryder I., Angelini G.D. Intracoronary shunts reduce transient intraoperative myocardial dysfunction during off-pump coronary operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 73:2002;1411-1417.
67. Laude K., Thuillez C., Richard V. Coronary endothelial dysfunction after ischemia and reperfusion: a new therapeutic target? Braz Med Biol Res. 34:2001;1-7.
68. Sato H., Zhao Z.-Q., McGee D.S., Williams M.W., Hammon J.W., Vinten-Johansen J. Supplemental L-arginine during cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion avoids regional postischemic injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 110:1995;302-314.
69. Nakamura K., Schmidt I., Gray C.C., Dewar A., Rothery S., Severs N.J., Yacoub M.H., Amrani M. The effect of chronic L-arginine administration on vascular recovery following cold cardioplegic arrest in rats. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 21:2002;753-759.
70. Bouchard J.F., Chouinard J., Lamontagne D. Participation of prostaglandin E2 in the endothelial protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in isolated rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 45:2000;418-427.
71. Maczewski M., Beresewicz A. The role of adenosine and ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the protection afforded by ischemic preconditioning against the post-ischemic endothelial dysfunction in guinea-pig hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;1735-1747.
72. Gray C.C., Amrani M., Yacoub M.H. Heat stress proteins and myocardial protection: experimental model or potential clinical tool? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 31:1999;559-573.
73. Mack M., Bachand D., Acuff T., Edgerton J., Prince S., Dewey T., Magee M. Improved outcomes in coronary artery bypass grafting with beating-heart techniques. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 124:2002;598-607.
74. Ankeney J.L. To use or not to use the pump oxygenator in coronary bypass operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 19:1975;108-109.
75. Lacò A.L., Contini M., Teodori G., Di Mauro M., Di Gammarco G., Vitolla G., Iovino T., Calafiore A.M. Off or on bypass: what is the safety threshold? Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;1486-1489.
76. Cooley D.A. Con: beating-heart surgery for coronary revascularization: is it the most important development since the introduction of the heart-lung machine? Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;1779-1781.
77. Jegaden O., Mikaeloff. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. The beginning of the end? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 19:2001;237-238.
78. Loisance D. To pump or not to pump. That is not the real question. Br J Cardiol. 8:2001;442-443.
79. Yacoub M. Off-pump coronary bypass surgery. In search of an identity. Circulation. 104:2001;1743-1745.
80. Bonchek L.I. Off-pump coronary artery bypass: is it for everyone? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 124:2002;431-434.
81. Buffolo E. Why is "off-pump" coronary artery bypass grafting better? Heart Surg Forum. 5:2002;154-156.
82. Mathison M., Buffolo E., Jatene A.D., Jatene F., Reichenspurner H., Matheny R.G., Shennib H., Akin J.J., Mack M.J. Right heart circulatory support facilitates coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;1083-1085.
83. Kim K.B., Lim C., Ahn H., Yang J.K. Intraaortic ballon pump therapy facilitates posterior vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;1964-1968.
84. Soltoski P., Salerno T., Levinsky L., Schmid S., Hasnain S., Diesfeld T., Huang C., Akhter M., Alnoweiser O., Bergsland J. Conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: its effect on outcome. J Card Surg. 13:1998;328-334.
85. Mishra M., Malhotra R., Mishra A., Meharwal Z.S., Trehan N. Hemodynamic changes during displacement of the beating heart using epicardial stabilization for off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 16:2002;685-690.
86. Vassiliades T.A., Nielsen J.L., Lonquist J.L. Hemodynamic collapse during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 73:2002;1874-1879.
87. Mathison M., Edgerton J.R., Horswell J.L., Akin J.J., Mack M.J. Analysis of hemodynamic changes during beating heart surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;1355-1360.
88. Biswas S., Clements F., Diodato L., Hughes G.C., Landolfo K. Changes in systolic and diastolic function during multivessel off-pump coronary bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 20:2001;913-917.
89. Do Q., Goyer C., Chavanon O., Couture P., Denault A., Cartier R. Hemodynamic changes during off-pump CABG surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 21:2002;385-390.
90. Torracca L., Schreuder J.J., Quarti A., Ismeno G., Franzé V., Alfieri O. Acute effects of beating heart coronary surgery on left ventricular performance. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;S1348-S1352.
91. Burfiend W.R., Duhaylogsod F.G., Samuelson D., Leone B.J. The effects of mechanical stabilization on left ventricular performance. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 14:1999;285-289.
92. Mueller X.M., Chassot G., Zhou J., Eisa K.M., Chappuis C., Tevaearai H.T., von Seggesser L.K. Hemodynamics optimization during off-pump coronary artery bypass: the 'no compression' technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 22:2002;249-254.
93. Sepic J., Wee J.O., Soltesz E.G., Hsin M.K., Cohn L.H., Laurence R.G., Aklog L. Cardiac positioning using an apical suction device maintains beating heart hemodynamics. Heart Surg Forum. 5/volume-nr>:2002;279-284.
94. Murkin J.M. Hemodynamic changes during cardiac manipulation in off-CPB surgery: relevance in brain perfusion. Heart Surg Forum. 5:2002;221-224.
95. Detter C., Deuse T., Christ F., Boehm D.H., Reichenspurner H., Reichart B. Comparison of two stabilizer concepts for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;497-501.
96. Messmer B.J. Coronary surgery without extracorporeal circulation: benefit or additional risk for the patient? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 4:1990;509.
97. Westaby S. Coronary surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass. Br Heart J. 73:1995;203-205.
98. Kim K.B., Lim C., Lee C., Chae I.H., Oh B.H., Lee M.M., Park Y.B. Off-pump coronary artery bypass may decrease the patency of saphenous vein grafts. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;1033-1037.
99. Gill I.S., Higginson L.A., Maharajh G.S., Keon W.J. Early and follow-up angiography in minimally invasive coronary bypass without mechanical stabilization. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;56-60.
100. Lund O., Christensen J., Holme S., Fruergaard K., Olesen A., Kassis E., Abildgaard. On-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass: independent risk factors and off-pump patency. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 20:2001;901-907.
101. Calafiore A.M., Teodori G., Di Giammarco G., Vitolla G., Maddestra N., Paloscia L., Zimarino M., Mazzei V. Multiple arterial conduits without cardiopulmonary bypass: early angiographic results. Ann Thorac Surg. 67:1999;450-456.
102. Hirose H., Amano A., Yoshida S., Takahashi A., Hagano N. Off-pump coronary artery bypass: early results. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 6:2000;110-118.
103. Ömeroǧlu S.N., Kirali K., Güler M., Toker M.E., İpek G., Işik ÖYakut C. Midterm angiographic assessment of coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;844-850.
104. Jatene F.B., Pêgo-Fernandes P.M., Hueb A.C., de Oliveira P.M., Dallan L.A., Fontes R., Coelho R., Stolf N.A.G. Angiographic evaluation of graft patency in minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;1066-1069.
105. Bull D.A., Neumayer L.A., Stringham J.C., Meldrum P., Affleck D.G., Karwnande S.V. Coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass versus off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass grafting: does eliminating the pump reduce morbidity and cost? Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;170-175.
106. Puskas J.D., Thourani V.H., Marshall J.J., Dempsey S.J., Steiner M.A., Sammons B.H., Brown W.M. III, Gott J.P., Weintraub W.S., Guyton R.A. Clinial outcomes, angiographic patency, and resource utilization in 200 consecutive off-pump coronary bypass patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;1477-1484.
107. Farsak B., Günaydin S., Kandemir ÖTokmakoglu H., Aydin H., Yorgancioglu C., Süzer K., Zorlutuna Y. Midterm angiographic results of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart Surg Forum. 5:2002;358-363.
108. Gundry S.R., Romano M.A., Shattuck O.H., Razzouk A.J., Bailey L.L. Seven-year follow-up of coronary artery bypasses performed with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 115:1998;1273-1278.
109. Arom K.V., Flavin T.F., Emery R.W., Kshettry V.R., Janey P.A., Petersen R.J. Safety and efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;704-710.
110. Bedi H.S., Suri A., Kalkat M.S., Sengar B.S., Mahajan V., Chawla R., Sharma V.P. Global myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass using innovative techniques for myocardial stabilization and perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;156-164.
111. Calafiore A.M., Di Giammarco G., Teodori G., Mazzei V., Vitolla G. Recent advances in multivessel coronary grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Heart Surg Forum. 1:1998;20-25.
112. Cartier R., Brann S., Dagenais F., Martineau R., Couturier A. Systematic off-pump coronary artery revascularization in multivessel disease: experience of three hundred cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 119:2000;221-229.
113. Puskas J.D., Williams W.H., Duke P.G., Staples J.R., Glas K.E., Marshall J.J., Leimbach M., Huber P., Garas S., Sammons B.H., McCall S.A., Petersen R.J., Bailey D.E., Chu H., Mahoney E.M., Weintraub W.S., Guyton R.A. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury, transfusion requirements, and length of stay: a prospective randomized comparison of two hundred unselected patients undergoing off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 125:2003;797-808.
114. Sabik J.F., Gillinov A.M., Blackstone E.H., Vacha C., Houghtaling P.L., Navia J., Smedira N.G., McCarthy P.M., Cosgrove D.M., Lytle B.W. Does off-pump coronary surgery reduce morbidity and mortality? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 124:2002;698-707.
115. Puskas J.D., Wright C.E., Ronson R.S., Brown W.M., Gott J.P., Guyton R.A. Off-pump multivessel coronary bypass via sternotomy is safe and effective. Ann Thorac Surg. 66:1998;1068-1072.
116. Cleveland J.C., Shroyer A.L.W., Chen A.Y., Peterson E., Grover F.L. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting decreases risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;1282-1289.
117. Mckay R.G., Mennett R.A., Gallager R.C., Horowitz L., Takata H., Low H.B., Hammond J.A., Underhill D.J., Preissler P.L., Humphrey C.B., Ellison L.H., Boden W.E. A comparison of on-pump vs off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery among low, intermediateand high-risk patients: the Hartford hospital experience. Conn Med. 65:2001;515-521.
118. Cheng W., Denton T.A., Fontana G.P., Raissi S., Blanche C., Kass R.M., Magliato K.E., Mirocha J., Trento A. Off-pump coronary surgery: effect on early mortality and stroke. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 124:2002;313-320.
119. Bergsland J., Schmid S., Yanulevich J., Hasnain S., Lajos T.Z., Salerno T.A. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass: a strategy for improving results in surgical revascularization. Heart Surg Forum. 1:1998;107-110.
120. Tashiro T., Todo K., Haruta Y., Yasunaga H., Tachikawa Y. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass for high-risk patients. Cardiovasc Surg. 4:1996;207-211.
121. Akiyama K., Ogasawara K., Inoue T., Shindou S., Okumura H., Negishi N., Sezai Y. Myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with operative risk factors. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 5:1999;31-35.
122. Yokoyama T., Baumgartner F.J., Gheissari A., Capouya E.R., Panagiotides G.P., Declusin R.J. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary bypass in high-risk subgroups. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;1546-1550.
123. Prifti E., Bonacchi M., Giunti G., Frati G., Proietti P., Leacche M., Salica A., Sani G., Brancaccio G. Does on-pump/beating-heart coronary artery bypass grafting offer better outcome in end-stage coronary artery disease patients? J Card Surg. 15:2000;403-410.
124. Al-Ruzzeh S.A., Nakamura K., Athanasiou T., Modine T., George S., Yacoub M., Ilsley C., Amrani M. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery improve the outcome in high-risk patients? a comparative study of 1398 high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 23:2003;50-55.
125. Christenson J.T., Simonet F., Badel P., Schmuziger M. Evaluation of preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump support in high risk coronary patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 11:1997;1097-1103.
126. Svedjeholm R., Huljebrant I., Håkanson E., Vanhanen I. Glutamate and high dose glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) in the treatment of severe cardiac failure after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 59:1995;S23-S30.
127. D'Ancona G., Karamanoukian H., Ricci M., Kawaguchi A., Bergsland J., Salerno T. Myocardial revascularization on the beating heart after recent onset of acute myocardial infarction. Heart Surg Forum. 4:2001;74-79.
128. Locker C., Shapira I., Paz Y., Kramer A., Gurevitch J., Matsa M., Pevni D., Mohr R. Emergency myocardial revascularization for acute myocardial infarction: survival benefits of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 17:2000;234-238.
129. Mohr R., Moshkovitch Y., Shapira I., Amir G., Hod H., Gurevitch J. Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 118:1999;50-56.
130. Moshkovitz Y., Sternik L., Paz Y., Gurevitch J., Feinberg M.S., Smolinsky A.K., Mohr R. Primary coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass in impaired left ventricular function. Ann Thorac Surg. 63:1997;S44-S47.
131. Shennib H., Endo M., Benhamed O., Morin J.F. Surgical revascularization in patients with poor left ventricular function: on- or off-pump? Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;S1344-S1347.
132. Nakayama Y., Sakata R., Ura M., Itoh T. Long-term results of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with renal insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;496-500.
133. Ascione R., Lloyd C.T., Underwood M.J., Gomes W.J., Angelini G.D. On-pump versus off-pump coronary revascularization: evaluation of renal function. Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;493-498.
134. Ascione R., Nason G., Al-Ruzzeh S., Ko C., Ciulli F., Angelini G.D. Coronary revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with preoperative nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;2020-2025.
135. Güler M., Kirali K., Toker M.E., Bozbuga N., Ömeroglu S.N., Akinci E., Yakut C. Different CABG methods in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;152-157.
136. Roosens C., Heerman J., De Somer F., Caes F., Van Belleghem Y., Poelaert J.I. Effects of off-pump coronary surgery on the mechanics of the respiratory system, lung, and chest wall: comparison with extracorporeal circulation. Crit Care Med. 30:2002;2430-2437.
137. Montague N.T., Kouchoukos N.T., Wilson T.A., Bennett A.L., Knott H.W., Lochridge S.K., Erath H.G., Clayton O.W. Morbidity and mortality of coronary bypass grafting in patients 70 years of age and older. Ann Thorac Surg. 39:1985;552-557.
138. Mullany C.J., Darling G.E., Pluth J.R., Orszulak T.A., Schaff H.V., Ilstrup D.M., Gersh B.J. Early and late results after isolated coronary artery bypass surgery in 159 patients aged 80 years and older. Circulation. 82:(5 Suppl):1990;IV229-IV236.
139. Hirose H. Coronoary artery bypass grafting in the elderly. Chest. 117:2000;1262-1270.
140. Boyd W.D., Desai N.D., Del Rizzo D.F., Novick R.J., McKenzie F.N., Menkis A.H. Off-pump surgery decreases postoperative complications and resource utilization in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;1490-1493.
141. Stamou S.C., Dangas G., Dullum M.K., Pfister A.J., Boyce S.W., Bafi A.S., Garcia J.M., Corso P.J. Beating heart surgery in octogenarians: perioperative outcome and comparison with younger age groups. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;1140-1145.
142. Al-Ruzzeh S., George S., Yacoub M., Amrani M. The clinical outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 20:2001;1152-1156.
143. Hoff S.J., Ball S.K., Coltharp W.H., Glassford D.M. Jr., Lea J.W. IV, Petracek M.R. Coronary artery bypass in patients 80 years and over: is off-pump the operation of choice? Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;S1340-S1343.
144. Mohr R., Moshkovitz Y., Gurevitch J., Benetti F.J. Reoperative coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 63:1997;S40-S43.
145. Schultz A., Mair H., Wildhirt S.M., Gillrath G., Lamm P., Kilger E., Reichart B. Re-OPCAB vs Re-CABG for myocardial revascularization. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 49:2001;144-148.
146. D'Ancona G., Karamanoukian H., Ricci M., Salerno T., Lajos T., Bergsland J. Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass: determinants of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Heart Surg Forum. 4:2001;152-158.
147. Riha M., Danzmayr M., Nagele G., Mueller L., Hoefer D., Ott H., Laufer G., Bonatti J. Off pump coronary artery bypass grafting in EuroSCORE high and low risk. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 21:2002;193-198.
148. Drenth D.J., Veeger J.G.M., Winter J.B., Grandjean J.G., Mariani M.A., van Boven A.J., Boonstra P.W. A prospective randomized trial comparing stenting with off-pump coronary surgery for high-grade stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery: three-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 40:2002;1955-1960.
149. Nathoe H.M., van Dijk D., Jansen E.W.L., Suyker W.J.L., Diephuis J.C., van Boven W., de la Rivière A.B., Borst C., Kalkman C.J., Gorbbee D.E., Buskens E., de Jaegere P.P.T. A comparison of on-pump and off-pump coronary bypass surgery in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 348:2003;394-402.
150. Calafiore A.M., Di Mauro M., Contini M., Di Giammarco G., Pano M., Vitolla G., Bivona A., Carella R., D'Alessandro S. Myocardial revascularization
151. Plomondon M.E., Cleveland J.C., Ludwig S.T., Grunwald G.K., Kiefe C.I., Grover F.L., Shroyer A.L. Off-pump coronary artery is associated with improved risk-adjusted outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;114-119.
152. Patel N.C., Grayson A.D., Jackson M., Au J., Yonan N., Hasan R., Fabri B.M. The effect of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 22:2002;255-260.
153. Angelini G.D., Taylor F.C., Reeves B.C., Ascione R. Early and midterm outcome after off-pump and on-pump surgery in Beating Heart Against Cardioplegic Arrest Studies (BHACAS 1 and 2): a pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 359:(9313):2002;1194-1199.
154. Straka Z., Brucek P., Vanek T., Votava J., Widimsky P. Routine immediate extubation for off-pump coronary bypass grafting without thoracic epidural analgesia. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;1544-1547.
155. Nader N.D., Khadra W.Z., Reich N.T., Bacon D.R., Salerno T.A., Panos A.L. Blood product use in cardiac revascularization: comparison of on- and off-pump techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;1640-1643.
156. Ascione R., Williams S., Lloyd C.T., Sundaramoorthi T., Pitsis A.A., Angelini G.D. Reduced postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirement after beating-heart coronary operations: a prospective randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 121:2001;689-696.
157. Lancey R.A., Soller B.R., Vander Salm T.J. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a case-matched comparison of clinical outcomes and costs. Heart Surg Forum. 3:2000;277-281.
158. Baisden C.E., Bolton R., Riggs M.W. Readmission and mortality in patients discharged the day after off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;68-73.
159. Ascione R., Lloyd C.T., Underwood M.J., Lotto A.A., Pitsis A.A., Angelini G.D. Economic outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg. 68:1999;2237-2242.
160. Kilo J., Czerny M., Gorlitzer M., Zimpfer D., Baumer H., Wolner E., Grimm M. Cardiopulmonary bypass affects cognitive brain function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;1926-1932.
161. Patel N.C., Deodhar A.P., Grayson A.D., Pullan D.M., Keenan D.J.M., Hasan R., Fabri B.M. Neurological outcomes in coronary surgery: independent effect of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;400-406.
162. Bowles B.J., Lee J.D., Dang C.R., Taoka S.N., Johnson E.W., Lau E.M., Nekomoto K. Coronary artery bypass performed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with reduced cerebral microemboli and improved clinical results. Chest. 119:2001;25-30.
163. Bucerius J., Gummert J.F., Borger M.A., Walther T., Doll N., Onnasch J.F., Metz S., Falk V., Mohr F.W. Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;472-478.
164. Diegeler A., Hirsch R., Schneider F., Schilling D., Falk V., Rauch T., Mohr F.W. Neuromonitoring and neurocognitive outcome in off-pump versus conventional coronary bypass operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 69:2000;1162-1166.
165. Zamvar V., Williams D., Hall J., Payne N., Cann C., Young K., Karthikeyan S., Dunne J. Assessment of neurocognitive impairment after off-pump and on-pump techniques for coronary bypass graft surgery: prospective randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 325:2002;1268-1273.
166. Trehan N., Mishra M., Sharma P., Mishra A., Kasliwal R.R. Further reduction in stroke after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a 10-yr experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;S1026-S1032.
167. Stamou S.C., Jablonski K.A., Pfister A.J., Hill P.C., Dullum M.K.C., Bafi A.S., Boyce S.W., Petro K.R., Corso P.J. Stroke after conventional versus minimally invasive coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. (74):2002;394-399.
168. Hernandez F., Cohn W.E., Baribeau Y.R., Tryzelaar J.F., Charlesworth D.C., Clough R.A., Klemperer J.D., Morton J.R., Westbrook B.M., Olmstead E.M., O'Connor G.T. In-hospital outcomes of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass procedures: a multicenter experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;1528-1534.
169. Ascione R., Caputo M., Calori G., Lloyd C.T., Underwood M.J., Angelini G.D. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after conventional and beating heart coronary surgery: a prospective, randomized study. Circulation. 102:2000;1530-1535.
170. Salamon T., Michler R.E., Knott K.M., Brown D.A. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting does not decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;505-507.
171. Haase M., Sharma A., Fielitz A., Uchino S., Rocktaeschel J., Bellomo R., Doolan L., Matalanis G., Rosalion A., Buxton B.F., Raman J.S. On-pump coronary artery surgery versus off-pump exclusive arterial coronary grafting: a matched cohort comparison. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;62-67.
172. Hirose H., Amano A., Takahashi A. On-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass using quadruple arterial grafts. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 10:2002;101-106.
173. Gommes W.J., Erlichman M.R., Batista-Filho M.L., Knobel M., Almeida D.R., Carvalho A.C., Catani R., Buffolo E. Vasoplegic syndrome after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 23:2003;165-169.
174. Musleh G.S., Patel N.C., Grayson A.D., Pullah D.M., Keenan D.J.M., Fabri B.M., Hassan R. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery does not reduce gastrointestinal complications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 23:2003;170-174.
175. Chavanon O., Carrier M., Cartier R., Hébert Y., Pellerin M., Pagé P., Perrault L.P. Increased incidence of acute ascending aortic dissection with off-pump aortocoronary bypass surgery? Ann Thorac Surg. 71:2001;117-121.
176. Jones E.L., Weintraub W.S. The importance of completeness of revascularization during long-term follow-up after coronary artery operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 112:1996;227-237.
177. Bell M.R., Gersh B.J., Schaff H.V., Holmes D.R., Fisher L.D., Alderman E.L., Myers W.O., Parsons L.S., Reeder G.S. Effect of completeness of revascularization on long-term outcome of patients with three-vessel disease undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. A report from the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation. 86:1992;446-457.
178. Quigley R.L., Weiss S.J., Highbloom R.Y., Pym J. Creative arterial bypass can be performed on the beating heart. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;793-797.
179. Kobayashi J., Sasako Y., Bando K., Niwaya K., Tagusari O., Nakajima H., Nakamura Y., Ishida M., Kitamura S. Multiple off-pump coronary revascularization with "aorta no-touch" technique using composite and sequential methods. Heart Surg Forum. 5:2002;114-118.
180. Kim K., Kang C.H., Chang W., Lim C., Kim J.H., Ham B.M., Kim Y.L. Off-pump coronary artery bypass with complete avoidance of aortic manipulation. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:2002;S1377-S1382.
181. Eckstein F.S., Bonilla L.F., Englberger L., Stauffer E., Berg T.A., Schmidli J., Carrel T.P. Minimizing aortic manipulation during OPCAB using the symmetry aortic connector system for proximal vein graft anastomoses. Ann Thorac Surg. 72:2001;S995-S998.
182. Shennib H., Korkola S.J., Bousette N., Giad A. An automated interrupted suturing device for coronary artery bypass grafting: automated coronary anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 70:2000;1046-1048.
183. Buijsrogge M.P., Scheltes J.S., Heikens M., Grundeman P.F., Pistecky P.V., Borst C. Sutureless coronary anastomosis with an anastomotic device and tissue adhesive in off-pump porcine coronary bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 123:2002;788-794.
184. Ono M., Wolf R.K., Angouras D., Schneeberger E.W. Early experience of coronary artery bypass grafting with a new self-closing clip device. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 123:2002;783-787.
185. Cooper W.A., Corvera J.S., Thourani V.H., Puskas J.D., Craver J.M., Lattouf O.M., Guyton R.A. Perfusion-assisted direct coronary artery bypass provides early reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, and facilitates complete revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;1132-1139.
186. Aybek T., Kessler P., Dogan S., Neidhart G., Khan F.M., Wimmer-Greinecker G., Moritz A. Awake coronary artery bypass grafting: utopia or reality? Ann Thorac Surg. 75:2003;1165-1170.
187. Ott R.A., Gutfinger D.E., Miller M.P., Selvan A., Codini M.A., Alimadadian H., Tanner T.M. Coronary artery bypass grafting "on pump" role of three-day discharge. Ann Thorac Surg. 64:1997;478-481.
188. Walji S., Peterson R.J., Neis P., DuBroff R., Gray W.A., Benge W. Ultra-fast track hospital discharge using conventional cardiac surgical techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 67:1999;363-369.