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For example, a 3-path-bit Toffoli gate can be constructed by crossing the 111 and 110 paths and then relabeling the paths. A 3-path-bit Fredkin gate can be constructed by crossing the 110 and 101 paths and relabeling the paths. Any phase gate can be realized by placing phase shifters in the appropriate paths. In a 2-path and 1-polarization bit scheme, a Deutsch gate can be realized by placing a polarization rotator in the 11 path. Other combinations of the Toffoli and Fredkin gates exist and all of them only require a single unitary operation.
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note
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A possible conclusion is that these ideas could be used to factor large numbers. However, in order to factor a number approximately 60 digits in length would require two dimensions of the known universe to be filled with single-mode fibers.
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Large area avalanche photodiodes are up to 90% efficient in detecting single photons in the visible and near IR.
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