Kinematics of hovering hummingbird flight along simulated and natural elevational gradients

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 206, Issue 18, 2003, Pages 3139-3147

  Altshuler, Douglas L ^a,c   Dudley, Robert ^a,b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Panama)

^c California Institute of Technology   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Air density; Elevation; Flight; Hummingbird; Hyperoxia; Hypoxia; Kinematics; Load lifting; Oxygen concentration; Stroke amplitude; Wingbeat frequency

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

AIR; ALTITUDE; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BIRD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FLYING; PERU; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESSURE;

AIR; ALTITUDE; ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BIRDS; FLIGHT, ANIMAL; OXYGEN; PARTIAL PRESSURE; PERU;

ANIMALIA; AVES; TROCHILIDAE;

EID: 0141566357     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00540     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Altshuler, D. L., Chai, P. and Chen, J. S. P. (2001). Hovering performance of hummingbirds in hyperoxic gas mixtures. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2021-2027.
2. Altshuler, D. L. and Dudley, R. (2002). The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2325-2336.
3. Bishop, C. M. (1999). The maximum oxygen consumption and aerobic scope of birds and mammals: getting to the heart of the matter. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 2275-2281.
4. Butler, P. J. and Stephenson, R. (1988). Chemoreceptor control of heart rate and behaviour during diving in the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula). J. Physiol. 397, 63-80.
5. Carpenter, F. L. (1976). Ecology and evolution of an Andean hummingbird (Oreotrochilus estella). Univ. Calif. Publ Zool. 106, 1-74.
6. Chai, P., Chen, J. S. C. and Dudley, R. (1997). Transient hovering performance of hummingbirds under conditions of maximal loading. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 921-929.
7. Chai, P. and Dudley, R. (1995). Limits to vertebrate locomoter energetics suggested by hummingbirds hovering in heliox. Nature 377, 722-725.
8. Chai, P. and Dudley, R. (1996). Limits to flight energetics of hummingbirds hovering in hypodense and hypoxic gas mixtures. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 2285-2295.
9. Chai, P., Harrykissoon, R. and Dudley, R. (1996). Hummingbird hovering performance in hyperoxic heliox: effects of body mass and sex. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 2745-2755.
10. Chai, P. and Millard, D. (1997). Flight and size constraints: hovering performance of large hummingbirds under maximal loading. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2757-2763.
11. Dubach, M. (1981). Quantitative analysis of the respiratory system of the house sparrow, budgerigar and violet-eared hummingbird. Respir. Physiol. 46, 43-60.
12. 2). J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1065-1070.
13. Dudley, R. (2000). The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
14. Ellington, C. P. (1984). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. VI. Lift and power requirements. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 145-181.
15. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1-15.
16. Garland, T., Harvey, P. H. and Ives, A. R. (1992). Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41, 18-32.
17. Greenewalt, C. H. (1962). Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smiths. Misc. Coll. 144, 1-46.
18. Greenewalt, C. H. (1975). The flight of birds. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 65, 1-67.
19. Huelsenbeck, J. P. and Ronquist, F. (2001). MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17, 754-755.
20. Purvis, A. and Rambaut, A. (1995). Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11, 247-251.
21. Schuchmann, K. L. (1999). Family Trochilidae (Hummingbirds). In Handbook to the Birds of the World, vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds (ed. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal), pp. 468-680. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
22. Stolpe, V. M. and Zimmer, K. (1939). Der Schwirrflug des Kolibri im Zeitlupenfilm. J. Orn. 87, 136-155.