Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: Constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ 15N, δD, and δ 18O

Economic Geology

Volumn 98, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 109-123

  Jia, Yiefei ^a,b   Kerrich, Robert ^a   Goldfarb, Richard ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROTHERMAL MINERALS;

DEHYDRATION; GOLD DEPOSITS; RECRYSTALLIZATION (METALLURGY);

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CORDILLERA; GOLD; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LODE DEPOSIT; METAMORPHISM; ORE-FORMING FLUID; QUARTZ VEIN; STRUCTURAL CONTROL;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0141566329     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.109     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Ader, M., Boudou, J., Javoy, M., Goffe, B., and Daniels, E., 1998, Isotope study on organic nitrogen of Westphalian anthracites from the western Middle field of Pennsylvania (U.S.A) and from the Bramsche Massif (Germany): Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 315-323.
2. Anderson, P.G., and Hodgson, C.J., 1989, The structure and geological development of the Erickson gold mine, Cassiar district, British Columbia, with implications for the origin of Mother-Lode type gold deposits: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 2645-2660.
3. Ash, C.H., 2001, Ophiolite related gold quartz veins in the North American Cordillera: B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Energy and Minerals Division, Geological Survey Branch Bulletin 108, 139 p.
4. Ash, C.H., Reynolds, P.R., and Macdonald, R.W.J., 1996, Mesothermal gold-quartz vein deposits in British Columbia oceanic terranes. New mineral deposit models of the Cordillera: B.C. Geological Survey, 1996 Cordilleran Roundup Short Course, Unpublished, p. O1-O32.
5. Bebout, G.E., 1997, Nitrogen isotope tracers of high-temperature fluid-rock interactions: Case study of the Catalina Schist, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 151, p. 77-90.
6. Bebout, G.E., and Fogel, M.L., 1992, Nitrogen-isotope compositions of metasedimentary rocks in the Catalina Schist, California: Implications for metamorphic devolatilization history: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 2839-2849.
7. Bigeleisen, J., Pearlman, M.L., and Prosser, H.C., 1952, Conversion of hydrogenic materials to hydrogen for isotope analysis: Analytical Chemistry, v. 24, p. 1356-1357.
8. Böhlke, J.K., 1999, Mother Lode gold: Geological Society of America Special Paper 338, p. 55-67.
9. Böhlke, J.K., and Kistler, R.W., 1986, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and stable isotope evidence for the ages and sources of fluid components of gold-bearing quartz veins in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills metamorphic belt, California: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 296-322.
10. Bos, A., Duit, W., Eerden, M.J., and Jansen, J.B.H., 1988, Nitrogen storage in biotite: An experimental study of the ammonium and potassium partitioning between IM-phlogopite and vapor at 2 kb: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 1275-1283.
11. Bottrell, S.H., and Miller, M.F., 1990, The geochemical behaviour of nitrogen compounds during the formation of black shale hosted quartz-vein gold deposits, North Wales: Applied Geochemistry, v. 5, p. 289-296.
12. Bottrell, S.H., Carr, L.P., and Dubessy, J., 1988, A nitrogen-rich metamorphic fluid and coexisting minerals in slates from North Wales: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 52, p. 451-457.
13. 14N in octahedral growth from diamonds: Chemical Geology, v. 116, p. 43-59.
14. Boyd, S.R., Mattey, D.P., Pillinger, C.T., Milledge, H.J., Mendelssohn, M., and Seal, M., 1987, Multiple growth events during diamond genesis: An integrated study of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and nitrogen aggregation state in coated stone: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 86, p. 341-353.
15. 2O rich fluids in lithospheric mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 109, p. 633-644.
16. 15N in crustal rocks by static vacuum mass spectrometry: Application to the origin of the ammonium in the Cambrian batholith, southwest England: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 1339-1347.
17. 2 fluid enriched in Au, Mo, and W within an Archean sodic granodiorite stock, Mink Lake, northwestern Ontario: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1931-1957.
18. Burrows, D.R., Wood, P.C., and Spooner, E.T.C., 1986, Carbon isotope evidence for a magmatic origin for Archean gold-quartz vein ore deposits: Nature, v. 321, p. 851-854.
19. Cartigny, P., Boyd, S.R., Harris, W.J., and Javoy, M., 1997, Nitrogen isotopes in peridotitic diamonds from Fuxian, China: The mantle signature: Terra Nova, v. 9, p. 175-179.
20. Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W., and Javoy, M., 1998, Eclogitic diamond formation at Jwaneng: No room for a recycled component: Science, v. 280, p. 1421-1424.
21. Casquet, C., 1986, C-O-H-N fluids in quartz segregation from a major ductile shear zone: The Berzosa fault, Spanish Central system: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 4, p. 117-130.
22. Church, B.N., 1997, Age of mineralization, City of Paris, Greenwood area (82E/2E): B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Geological Fieldwork 1996, Paper 1997-1, p. 211-213.
23. Clayton, R.N., 1981, Isotopic variations in primitive meteorites: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 303, p. 339-349.
24. Clayton, R.N., and Mayeda, T.K., 1963, The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 27, p. 43-52.
25. Colvine, A.C., Andrews, A.J., Cherry, M.E., Durocher, M.E., Fyon, A.J., Lavigne, M.J., Macdonald, A.J., Marmont, S., Poulsen, K.H., Springer, J.S., and Troop, D.G., 1984, An integrated model for the origin of Archean lode gold deposits: Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5524, 98 p.
26. Coney, J.P., 1989, Structural aspects of suspect terranes and accretionary tectonics in western North America: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 107-125.
27. Cowan, D.S., Brandon, M.T., and Garver, J.I., 1997, Geologic tests of hypotheses for large coastwise displacements-a critique illustrated by the Baja British Columbia controversy: American Journal of Science, v. 297, p. 117-178.
28. Crittenden, M.D., Jr., 1981, Environmental aspects of geothermal development, in Rybach, L., and Muffev, L.J.P., eds., Geothermal systems: Principles and case histories: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 199-217.
29. Curti, E., 1987, Lead and oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of the Monte Rosa gold lode deposits (Western Alps, Italy): A comparison with Archean lode deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 2115-2140.
30. Darimont, A., Burke, E., and Turet, J., 1988, Nitrogen-rich metamorphic fluids in Devonian metasediments from Bastogene: Belgium Bulletin of Mineralogy, v. 111, p. 321-330.
31. de Ronde, C.E.J., Spooner, E.T.C., de Wit, M.J., and Bray, C.J., 1992, Shear zone-related Au quartz vein deposits in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Field and petrographic characteristics, fluid properties, and light stable isotope geochemistry: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 366-402.
32. Driver, L.A., Creaser, R.A, Chacko, T., and Erdmer, P., 2000, Petrogenesis of the Cretaceous Cassiar batholith, Yukon-British Columbia, Canada: Implications for magmatism in the North American Cordilleran Interior: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1119-1133.
33. Elder, D., and Cashman, S.M., 1992, Tectonic control and fluid evolution in the Quartz Hill, California, lode gold deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1795-1812.
34. 2-degassing and lower crust granulitizaon [abs.]: Geological Association of Canada Program with Abstracts, v. 9, p. 65.
35. Goldfarb, R.J., Leach, D.L., Rose, S.C., and Landis, G.P., 1989, Fluid inclusion geochemistry of gold-bearing quartz veins of the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Implications for ore genesis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 6, p. 363-375.
36. Goldfarb, R.J., Snee, L.W., Miller, L.D., and Newberry, R.J., 1991a, Rapid dewatering of the crust deduced from ages of mesothermal gold deposits: Nature, v. 354, p. 296-298.
37. Goldfarb, R.J., Newberry, R.J., Pickthorn, W.J., and Gent, C.A., 1991b, Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope studies in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 86, p. 66-80.
38. Goldfarb, R.J., Snee, L.W., and Pickthorn, W.J., 1993, Orogenesis, high-T thermal events, and gold vein formation within metamorphic rocks of the Alaskan Cordillera: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 57, p. 375-394.
39. Goldfarb, R.J., Miller, L.D., Leach, D.L., and Snee, L.W., 1997, Gold deposits in metamorphic rocks of Alaska: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 9, p. 151-190.
40. Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., and Gardoll, S., 2001, Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 18, p. 1-75.
41. Golding, S.D., McNaughton, N.J., Barley, M.E., Groves, D.I., Ho, S.E., Rock, N.M.S., and Turner, J.V., 1989, Archean carbon and oxygen reservoirs: Their significance for fluid sources and circulation paths for Archean mesothermal gold deposits of the Norseman-Wiluna belt, Western Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 6, p. 376-388.
42. Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Grebre-Mariam, M., and Robert, F., 1998, Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 13, p. 7-27.
43. Guidotti, C.V., and Sassi, F.P., 1998, Petrogenetic significance of Na-K white mica mineralogy: Recent advances for metamorphic rocks: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 10, p. 815-854.
44. Haendel, D., Mühle, K., Nitzsche, H., Stiehl, G., and Wand, U., 1986, Isotopic variations of the fixed nitrogen in metamorphic rocks: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, p. 749-758.
45. Hall, A., 1999, Ammonium in granites and its petrogenetic significance: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 45, p. 145-165.
46. Hoering, T.C., 1955, Variations in nitrogen-15 in naturally occurring substances: Science, v. 122, p. 1233-1234.
47. 15N- NH in marine, estuarine, and fresh water: An adaptation of the ammonia diffusion methods for samples with low ammonium concentrations: Marine Chemistry, v. 60, p. 235-243.
48. Honma, H., and Itihara, Y., 1981, Distribution of ammonium in minerals of metamorphic and granite rocks: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 983-988.
49. Irving, E., Thorkelson, D.J., Wheadon, P.M., and Enkin, R.J., 1995, Paleomagnetism of the Spences Bridge Group and northward displacement of the Intermontane belt, British Columbia: A second look: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 6057-6071.
50. Irving, E., Wynne, P.J., Thorkelson, D.J., and Schiarizza, P., 1996, Large (1000 to 4000 km) northward movements of tectonic domains in the northern Cordillera, 83 to 45 Ma: Journal of Geophysical Research. v. 101, p. 17,901-17,916.
51. Javoy, M., 1997, The major volatile elements of the Earth: Their origin, behaviour, and fate: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, p. 177-180.
52. Javoy, M., and Pineau, F., 1991, The volatiles record of a "popping" rock from the Mid Atlantic Ridge at 14° N: Chemical and isotopic composition of gas trapped in the vesicles: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 107, p. 598-611.
53. Javoy, M., Pineau, F., and Demaiffe, D., 1984, Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition in the diamonds of Mbuji Mayi (Zaire): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 68, p. 399-412.
54. Jia, Y., 2002, Nitrogen isotope characteristics of orogenic lode gold deposits and terrestrial reservoirs: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, 225 p.
55. Jia, Y., and Kerrich, R., 1999, Nitrogen isotope systematics of mesothermal lode gold deposits: Metamorphic, granitic, meteoric water, or mantle origin?: Geology, v. 27, p. 1051-1054.
56. 13C studies: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 184, p. 211-114.
57. Jia, Y., Li, X., and Kerrich, R., 2000, A fluid inclusion study of Au-bearing quartz vein systems in the Central and North Deborah deposits of the Bendigo gold field, central Victoria, Australia: Constraints on the origin of ore-forming fluids: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 95, 467-496.
58. Jia, Y., Li, X., and Kerrich, R., 2001, Stable isotope (O, H, S, C, and N) systematics of quartz vein systems in the turbidite-hosted Central and North Deborah gold deposits of the Bendigo gold field, central Victoria, Australia: Constraints on the origin of ore-forming fluids; ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 705-721.
59. Kao, S.J., and Liu, K.K., 2000, Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope systematics in a human-disturbed watershed (Lanyang-His) in Taiwan and the estimation of biogenic particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 14, p. 189-198.
60. Kerrich, R., 1987, The stable isotope geochemistry of Au-Ag vein deposits in metamorphic rocks: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook, v. 13, p. 287-336.
61. Kerrich, R., 1989, Geodynamic setting and hydraulic regimes: Shear zone hosted mesothermal Au deposits: Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 6, p. 98-128.
62. Kerrich, R., and Allison, I., 1978, Flow mechanism in rocks: Microscopic and mesocopic structures, and their relation to physical conditions of deformation in the crust: Geoscience Canada, v. 5, p. 110-118.
63. Kerrich, R., and Fryer, B.J., 1979, Archean precious-metal hydrothermal systems, Dome mine, Abitibi greenstone belt. II. REE and oxygen isotope relations: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 16, p. 440-458.
64. Kerrich, R., and Wyman, D., 1990, Geodynamic setting of mesothermal gold deposits: An association with accretionary tectonic regimes: Geology, v. 18, p. 882-885.
65. Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R. J., Groves, D. I. Garwin, S., and Jia, Y., 2000, The characteristics, origins, and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces: Science in China, v. 43, p. 1-68.
66. Kistler, R.W., and Silberman, M.L., 1983, Isotopic studies of mariposite-bearing rocks from the south-central Mother Lode, California: California Geology, September 1983, p. 201-203.
67. Landefeld, L.A., 1988, The geology of the Mother Lode gold belt, Sierra Nevada Foothills metamorphic belt, California [ext. abs.]: Bicentennial Gold 88, Geological Society of Australia, Oral Programme, Extended Abstracts, p. 167-172.
68. Leitch, C.H.B., Dawson, K.M., and Godwin, C.I., 1989, Early Late Cretaceous, early Tertiary gold mineralization: A galena lead isotope study of the Bridge River mining camp, southwestern British Columbia, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 2226-2236.
69. Leitch, C.H.B., Godwin, C.I., Brown, T.H., and Taylor, B.E., 1991, Geochemistry of mineralizing fluids in the Bralorne-Pioneer mesothermal gold vein deposits, British Columbia, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 86, p. 318-353.
70. 39Ar dating and O-and H-isotopes: Lithos, v. 38, p. 147-165.
71. Madu, B.E., Nesbitt, B.E., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1990, A mesothermal gold-stibnite-quartz vein occurrence in the Canadian Cordillera: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 1260-1268.
72. Maheux, P.J., 1989, A fluid inclusion and light stable isotope study of antimony-associated gold mineralization in the Bridge River district, British Columbia, Canada: Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Edmonton, University of Alberta, 160 p.
73. 2-Ar correlation in oceanic basalts: Nature, v. 377, p. 326-329.
74. Marty, B., and Humbert, F., 1997, Nitrogen and argon isotopes in oceanic basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 152, p. 101-112.
75. Matsuhisa, Y., Goldsmith, J.R., and Clayton, R.N., 1979, Oxygen isotope fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, p. 1131-1140.
76. McCuaig T.C., and Kerrich, R., 1998, P-T-t-deformation-fluid characteristics of lode gold deposits: Evidence from alteration systematics: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 12, p. 381-453.
77. Monger, J.W.H., 1993, Canadian Cordillera tectonics: From geosynclines to crustal collage: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 209-231.
78. 13C abundances in forest soil organic matter: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 52, p. 1633-1640.
79. Nesbitt, B.E., Murowchick, J.B., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1986, Dual origin of lode gold deposits in the Canadian Cordillera: Geology, v. 14, p. 506-509.
80. Nesbitt, B.E., Muehlenbachs, K., and Murowchick, J.B., 1989, Genetic implications of stable isotope characteristics of mesothermal Au deposits and related Sb and Hg deposits in the Canadian Cordillera: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 1489-1506.
81. Oberthür, T.U., Mumm, A.S., Vetter, U., Simon, K., and Amanor, J.A., 1996, Gold mineralization in the Ashanti belt of Ghana: Genetic constraints of the stable isotope geochemistry: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 289-301.
82. Ortega, L., Vindel, E., and Beny, C., 1991, C-O-H-N fluid inclusions associated with gold-stibnite mineralization in low-grade metamorphic rocks, Mari Rosa mine, Cacers, Spain: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 55, p. 235-247.
83. 15N in the marine environment: Advances in Marine Biology, v. 24, p. 389-451.
84. Peters, K.E., Sweeney, R.E., and Kaplan, I.R., 1978, Correlation of carbon and nitrogen stable ratios in sedimentary organic matter: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 23, p. 598-604.
85. Pettke, T., and Diamond, L.W., 1997, Oligocene gold quartz veins at Brusson, NW Alps: Sr isotopes trace the source of ore-bearing fluid to over a 10-km depth: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 389-406.
86. Pickthorn, J., Goldfarb, R.J., and Leach, D.L., 1987, Dual origins of lode gold deposits in the Canadian Cordillera: Comment: Geology, v. 15, p. 471-472.
87. Powell, R., Will, T.M., and Phillips, G.N., 1991, Metamorphism in Archean greenstone belts: Calculated fluid compositions and implications for gold mineralization: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 9, p. 141-150.
88. Ridley, J.R., and Diamond, L.W., 2000, Fluid chemistry of orogenic lode gold deposits and implications for genetic models: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 141-220.
89. Rushton, R.W., Nesbitt, B.E., Muehlenbachs, K., and Muehlenbachs, J.K., 1993, A fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of Au quartz veins in the Klondike district, Yukon Territory, Canada: A section through a mesothermal vein system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 647-678.
90. Sachs, J.P., and Repeta, D.J., 1999, Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during eastern Mediterranean sapropel event: Science, v. 286, p. 2485-2488.
91. Sibson, R.H., Robert, F., and Poulsen, H., 1988, High angle faults, fluid pressure cycling and mesothermal gold-quartz deposits: Geology, v. 16, p. 551-555.
92. Sketchley, D.A., Sinclair, A.J., and Godwin, C.I., 1986, Early Cretaceous gold-silver mineralization in the Sylvester allochthon, near Cassiar, north central British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 23, p. 1455-1458.
93. Suzuoki, T., and Eostein, S., 1976, Hydrogen isotope fractionation between OH-bearing minerals and water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, p. 1229-1240.
94. Taylor, B.E., 1986, Origins and isotopic characteristics of Mother Lode hydrothermal fluids and gold deposits with comparison to Archean analogues, in Chapter, A.M., ed., Gold '86 Poster Volume: Geological Association Canada, p. 148-150.
95. Taylor, B.E., 1987, Stable isotope geochemistry of ore-forming fluid: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course, v. 13, p. 337-445.
96. Taylor, B.E., Robert, F., Ball, M., and Leitch, C.H.B., 1991, Mesozoic, "Mother Lode type" gold deposits in North America-primary vs. secondary (meteoric) fluids [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 23, p. A174.
97. Taylor, H.P., 1997, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits, in, Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits: New York, John Wiley, p. 229-288.
98. Ward, P.D., Hurtado, J.M., Kirschvink, J.L., and Verosub, K.L., 1997, Measurements of the Cretaceous paleolatitude of Vancouver Island: Consistent with the Baja-British Columbia hypothesis: Science, v. 277, p. 1642-1645.
99. Weir, R.H., Jr., and Kerrick, D.M., 1987, Mineralogic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of several gold mines in the Mother Lode, Tuolumne and Mariposa counties, California: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 82, p. 328-344.
100. Wheeler, J.O., and McFeely, P., 1991, Tectonic assemblage map of the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent parts of the United States of America: Geological Survey of Canada Map 1712A, scale 1:2,000,000.
101. Williams, L.B., Ferrel, R.E., Hutcheon, I., Bakel, A.J., Walsh, M.M., and Krouse, H.R., 1995, Nitrogen isotope geochemistry of organic matter and minerals during diagenesis and hydrocarbon migration: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 765-799.
102. Wlotzka, F., 1972, Nitrogen, in Wedepohl, K.H., ed., Handbook of geochemistry II: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 7B-1-7O-3.
103. Wynne, P.J., Irving, E., Maxson, J.A., and Kleinspehn, 1995, Paleomagnetism of the Upper Cretaceous strata of Mount Tatlow: Evidence for 3000 km of displacement ofthe eastern Coast Belt, British Columbia: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 6073-6091.
104. Zhang, X., Nesbitt, B.E., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1989, Gold mineralization in the Okanagan Valley, southern British Columbia: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 410-424.