Playing the angles: Russian diplomacy before and during the war in Iraq

Middle East Policy

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 43-55

  Katz, Mark N ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141459237     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-4967.00116     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. On the Soviet-Iraqi relationship, see Oles M. and Bettie M. Smolansky, The USSR and Iraq (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991).
2. On Gorbachev's diplomacy during the 1990-91 Kuwait crisis, see Robert O. Freedman, "Moscow and the Gulf War," Problems of Communism, July-August 1991, pp. 1-17.
3. On Russian policy toward Iraq during the Yeltsin era, see Robert O. Freedman, "Russian Policy toward the Middle East: The Yeltsin Legacy and the Putin Challenge," Middle East Journal, Winter 2001, pp. 72-80.
4. See, for example, Con Coughlin, "Iraq Orders Russian Anti-Aircraft Missiles," Sunday Telegraph, July 16, 2000 (internet edition); and Jessica Berry, "Iraqis Step Up Secret Russian Weapons Trade," Sunday Telegraph, February 25, 2001 (internet edition).
5. See, for example, Con Coughlin, "Iraq Orders Russian Anti-Aircraft Missiles," Sunday Telegraph, July 16, 2000 (internet edition); and Jessica Berry, "Iraqis Step Up Secret Russian Weapons Trade," Sunday Telegraph, February 25, 2001 (internet edition).
6. Freedman, "Russian Policy toward the Middle East."
7. Igor S. Ivanov, The New Russian Diplomacy (Washington, DC: Nixon Center and Brookings Institution Press, 2002), ch. 2.
8. "Disarming," The Economist, November 9, 2002, p. 48; and "Tick, Tock," The Economist, November 16, 2002, pp. 21-2.
9. "Disarming," The Economist, November 9, 2002, p. 48; and "Tick, Tock," The Economist, November 16, 2002, pp. 21-2.
10. Arkady Dubnov and Pyotr Rozvarin, "Missionary of Multipolarity," Vremya novostei, February 13, 2003, p. 2 (translation in Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press - hereinafter referred to as CDPSP - March 12, 2003, pp. 1-3).
11. Arkady Dubnov and Pyotr Rozvarin, "Missionary of Multipolarity," Vremya novostei, February 13, 2003, p. 2 (translation in Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press - hereinafter referred to as CDPSP - March 12, 2003, pp. 1-3).
12. Sergei Karaganov (chairman of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy), "Russia, Europe and New Challenges," Trud, February 19, 2003, p. 4 ( CDPSP, March 19, 2003, p. 6).
13. Sergei Karaganov (chairman of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy), "Russia, Europe and New Challenges," Trud, February 19, 2003, p. 4 ( CDPSP, March 19, 2003, p. 6).
14. Elmar Guseinov, "Vladimir Putin and Jacques Chirac Find a Common Language on Almost All Issues," Izvestia, February 12, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, March 12, 2003, p. 1).
15. Elmar Guseinov, "Vladimir Putin and Jacques Chirac Find a Common Language on Almost All Issues," Izvestia, February 12, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, March 12, 2003, p. 1).
16. Jonathan Fowler, "EU Accuses Russia of Chechen Abuses," Moscow Times, April 9, 2003, p. 3.
17. In November 2002, Moscow yielded to EU demands that Kaliningraders obtain "facilitated transit documents" - visas in all but name - in order to travel to and from Russia. Peter Savodnik, "Kaliningrad," The Wilson Quarterly, Spring 2003, p. 18.
18. Mark N. Katz, "Don't Trade Georgia for Iraq," EurasiaNet, September 20, 2002; and Mark N. Katz, "Is Russia Demanding Too High a Price for Security Council Support on Iraq?" EurasiaNet, October 23, 2002.
19. Mark N. Katz, "Don't Trade Georgia for Iraq," EurasiaNet, September 20, 2002; and Mark N. Katz, "Is Russia Demanding Too High a Price for Security Council Support on Iraq?" EurasiaNet, October 23, 2002.
20. See, for example, "USA to Take Russia's Concerns into Account When Deciding on Iraq - U.S. Official," RIA News Agency, September 13, 2002 (BBC Worldwide Monitoring, September 13, 2002).
21. Valeria Korchagina, "America: No Secret Deals for Iraqi Oil," Moscow Times, March 13, 2003, p. 5.
22. Barry Schweid, "Technology Sales to Iran Could Roil Summit," Associated Press, May 14, 2003.
23. Ariadna Rokossovskaya, "There Won't Be Any Trading of Concessions with Russia," Rossiiskaya gazeta, September 14, 2002, p. 7 (CDPSP, October 9, 2002, pp. 7, 20).
24. Ariadna Rokossovskaya, "There Won't Be Any Trading of Concessions with Russia," Rossiiskaya gazeta, September 14, 2002, p. 7 (CDPSP, October 9, 2002, pp. 7, 20).
25. Aleksandr Samokhotkin, "Hurry Up and Turn on the Light," Vremya novostei, January 29, 2003, p. 6 (CDPSP, February 26, 2003, pp. 1-3).
26. Aleksandr Samokhotkin, "Hurry Up and Turn on the Light," Vremya novostei, January 29, 2003, p. 6 (CDPSP, February 26, 2003, pp. 1-3).
27. Dubnov and Rozvarin, "Missionary of Multipolarity."
28. Aleksandr Ivanitsky, "Did Suasion Result in Persuasion?" Novtye Izvestia, February 5, 2003, p. 3 (CDPSP, March 5, 2003, p. 4).
29. Aleksandr Ivanitsky, "Did Suasion Result in Persuasion?" Novtye Izvestia, February 5, 2003, p. 3 (CDPSP, March 5, 2003, p. 4).
30. Catherine Belton, "Voloshin Trawls for Iraq Deals," Moscow Times, February 26, 2003.
31. "The Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin's Statement on the U.S. Attack against Iraq," Kommersant, March 21, 2003, p. 3 (RusData Dialine - Russian Press Digest, March 21, 2003).
32. Igor Ivanov, "A Russian Resolve for Peace and Partnership," The Washington Post, March 15, 2003, p. A23.
33. Ilya Bulavinov, "The U.N. Will Survive Everything," Kommersant, March 19, 2003, p. 10 (CDPSP, April 16, 2003, pp. 1-2).
34. Ilya Bulavinov, "The U.N. Will Survive Everything," Kommersant, March 19, 2003, p. 10 (CDPSP, April 16, 2003, pp. 1-2).
35. "Vliyaniye," NTV Mir, April 6, 2003 (BBC Worldwide Monitoring, April 7, 2003).
36. "President Meets with Regional Journalists," Izvestia, April 4, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 30, p. 8).
37. "President Meets with Regional Journalists," Izvestia, April 4, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 30, p. 8).
38. Sergei Zhadkayev, Anton Klyuyev and Dmitry Litovkin, "Dumb Bombs," Izvestia, March 25, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, pp. 5-6).
39. Sergei Zhadkayev, Anton Klyuyev and Dmitry Litovkin, "Dumb Bombs," Izvestia, March 25, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, pp. 5-6).
40. Vladimir Novikov and Afanasy Sborov, "Russia Detects U.S. Spy Plane," Kommersant, March 24, 2003, p. 11 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, p. 5).
41. Vladimir Novikov and Afanasy Sborov, "Russia Detects U.S. Spy Plane," Kommersant, March 24, 2003, p. 11 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, p. 5).
42. Afanasy Sborov, "Russian Diplomats Come under Fire," Kommersant, April 7, 2003, pp. 1, 9 (CDPSP, May 7, 2003, pp. 6-7). When Moscow finally decided to pull out its diplomats as Coalition forces closed in on Baghdad, there were reports that Moscow and Washington had agreed upon what route the convoy would take, but that it took a different one instead.
43. Afanasy Sborov, "Russian Diplomats Come under Fire," Kommersant, April 7, 2003, pp. 1, 9 (CDPSP, May 7, 2003, pp. 6-7). When Moscow finally decided to pull out its diplomats as Coalition forces closed in on Baghdad, there were reports that Moscow and Washington had agreed upon what route the convoy would take, but that it took a different one instead.
44. Viktor Matveyev and Arkady Dubnov, "Experiment with an Unknown Outcome," Vremya novostei, April 14, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, pp. 10-11); and Boris Volkhonsky, "Russia and U.S. Exchange Sanctions," Kommersant, April 18, 2003, p. 9 (CDPSP May 14, 2003, pp. 11-12).
45. Viktor Matveyev and Arkady Dubnov, "Experiment with an Unknown Outcome," Vremya novostei, April 14, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, pp. 10-11); and Boris Volkhonsky, "Russia and U.S. Exchange Sanctions," Kommersant, April 18, 2003, p. 9 (CDPSP May 14, 2003, pp. 11-12).
46. Viktor Matveyev and Arkady Dubnov, "Experiment with an Unknown Outcome," Vremya novostei, April 14, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, pp. 10-11); and Boris Volkhonsky, "Russia and U.S. Exchange Sanctions," Kommersant, April 18, 2003, p. 9 (CDPSP May 14, 2003, pp. 11-12).
47. Viktor Matveyev and Arkady Dubnov, "Experiment with an Unknown Outcome," Vremya novostei, April 14, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, pp. 10-11); and Boris Volkhonsky, "Russia and U.S. Exchange Sanctions," Kommersant, April 18, 2003, p. 9 (CDPSP May 14, 2003, pp. 11-12).
48. Colum Lynch, "France, Russia Back Lifting Of Iraq Sanctions," The Washington Post, May 22, 2003, p. Al; and U.S. Department of State, "Fact Sheet: U.N. Security Council Resolution 1483 Lifts Sanctions on Iraq," May 22, 2003.
49. Colum Lynch, "France, Russia Back Lifting Of Iraq Sanctions," The Washington Post, May 22, 2003, p. Al; and U.S. Department of State, "Fact Sheet: U.N. Security Council Resolution 1483 Lifts Sanctions on Iraq," May 22, 2003.
50. Aleksandr Shumilin, "Saddam Practices Oil Blackmail," Izvestia, March 7, 2001, p. 7 (CDPSP, April 4, 2001. pp. 17-18); and Peter Baker, "Russian-Iraqi Oil Ties Worry U.S.," The Washington Post, September 1, 2002, pp. A16, A23.
51. Aleksandr Shumilin, "Saddam Practices Oil Blackmail," Izvestia, March 7, 2001, p. 7 (CDPSP, April 4, 2001. pp. 17-18); and Peter Baker, "Russian-Iraqi Oil Ties Worry U.S.," The Washington Post, September 1, 2002, pp. A16, A23.
52. Aleksandr Shumilin, "Saddam Practices Oil Blackmail," Izvestia, March 7, 2001, p. 7 (CDPSP, April 4, 2001. pp. 17-18); and Peter Baker, "Russian-Iraqi Oil Ties Worry U.S.," The Washington Post, September 1, 2002, pp. A16, A23.
53. Jeanne Whalen, "Russia Tries to Salvage Iraqi Oil Pacts," Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2002, p. A10.
54. Whalen, "Russia Tries to Salvage Iraqi Oil Pacts."
55. Pyotr Sapozhnikov, "Third Iraqi Warning," Kommersant, December 16, 2002, pp. 13-14 (CDPSP, January 8, 2003, pp. 15-16).
56. Pyotr Sapozhnikov, "Third Iraqi Warning," Kommersant, December 16, 2002, pp. 13-14 (CDPSP, January 8, 2003, pp. 15-16).
57. Valentina Kulyabina, "Secret of Baghdad's Grievance against LUKoil Is Revealed," Vremya novostei, December 19, 2002, p. 3 (CDPSP, January 15, 2003, pp. 18-19).
58. Valentina Kulyabina, "Secret of Baghdad's Grievance against LUKoil Is Revealed," Vremya novostei, December 19, 2002, p. 3 (CDPSP, January 15, 2003, pp. 18-19).
59. Nikolai Gorelov, "Iraq Whistles," Vremya novostei, December 24, 2002, p. 1 (CDPSP, January 22, 2003, p. 19).
60. Nikolai Gorelov, "Iraq Whistles," Vremya novostei, December 24, 2002, p. 1 (CDPSP, January 22, 2003, p. 19).
61. Maria Ignatova, "Oil Bouquet from Baghdad," Izvestia, January 18, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, February 19, 2003, pp. 20-1).
62. Maria Ignatova, "Oil Bouquet from Baghdad," Izvestia, January 18, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, February 19, 2003, pp. 20-1).
63. Samokhotkin, "Hurry Up and Turn on the Light."
64. Nikolai Gorelov, "War Is War," Vremya novostei, February 11, 2003, pp. 1, 8 (CDPSP, March 12, p. 4).
65. Nikolai Gorelov, "War Is War," Vremya novostei, February 11, 2003, pp. 1, 8 (CDPSP, March 12, p. 4).
66. "West Qurna Still No-Go for LUKoil," Moscow Times, May 28, 2003. See also Charles Clover and Arkady Ostrovsky, "Economic Reform Plan Will Push Iraq towards Sell-offs," Financial Times, May 27, 2003, p. 8.
67. "West Qurna Still No-Go for LUKoil," Moscow Times, May 28, 2003. See also Charles Clover and Arkady Ostrovsky, "Economic Reform Plan Will Push Iraq towards Sell-offs," Financial Times, May 27, 2003, p. 8.
68. "G-8 Agrees to Wait on Iraqi Debt," Moscow Times, May 19, 2003.
69. Andrew Jack and Paivi Munter, "Washington Aims for Big Baghdad Debt Write-off," Financial Times, April 12, 2003, p. 6.
70. Powell was quoted as saying, "I've no doubts the new government will completely take into consideration its obligations towards Russia." Nick Paton Walsh, "Powell Strikes Deal with Russia on Debt," The Guardian, May 16, 2003, p. 17.
71. Artur Blinov, "We Won't Give Up Debts," Vremya MN, April 15, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, p. 10); and Mikhail Vorobyov, "Iraq Must Acknowledge Its Debts," Vremya novostei, May 19, 2003, p. 4 (RusData Dialine - Russian Press Digest, May 19, 2003).
72. Artur Blinov, "We Won't Give Up Debts," Vremya MN, April 15, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, p. 10); and Mikhail Vorobyov, "Iraq Must Acknowledge Its Debts," Vremya novostei, May 19, 2003, p. 4 (RusData Dialine - Russian Press Digest, May 19, 2003).
73. Artur Blinov, "We Won't Give Up Debts," Vremya MN, April 15, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, May 14, 2003, p. 10); and Mikhail Vorobyov, "Iraq Must Acknowledge Its Debts," Vremya novostei, May 19, 2003, p. 4 (RusData Dialine - Russian Press Digest, May 19, 2003).
74. "G-8 Agrees to Wait on Iraqi Debt."
75. Vorobyov, "Iraq Must Acknowledge Its Debts."
76. I b i d.
77. Catherine Belton, "Russia, U.S. Inch Closer on Iraq," Moscow Times, May 16, 2003.
78. See, for example, Celeste A. Wallander, "Prepared Testimony," House Committee on International Relations, February 26, 2003 (Federal News Service, February 26, 2003).
79. Grigory Ilyichov, "Russian Citizens Are Choosing between Hussein and Bush," Izvestia, February 7, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, March 5, 2003, pp. 4, 7).
80. Grigory Ilyichov, "Russian Citizens Are Choosing between Hussein and Bush," Izvestia, February 7, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, March 5, 2003, pp. 4, 7).
81. Georgy Ilyichov, "Partners with Disparate Affections," Izvestia, March 15, 2003, p. 3 (CDPSP, April 16, 2003, p. 6).
82. Georgy Ilyichov, "Partners with Disparate Affections," Izvestia, March 15, 2003, p. 3 (CDPSP, April 16, 2003, p. 6).
83. Syuzanna Farizova, "State Duma Sees Aggression," Kommersant, March 22, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, pp. 1-3.
84. Syuzanna Farizova, "State Duma Sees Aggression," Kommersant, March 22, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, pp. 1-3.
85. Yulia Petrovskaya, "Ivanov Stops Being Agreeable," Nezavisimaya gazeta, March 27, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003), pp. 8-9.
86. Yulia Petrovskaya, "Ivanov Stops Being Agreeable," Nezavisimaya gazeta, March 27, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003), pp. 8-9.
87. Maksim Yusin, "Peace Ends," Izvestia, March 18, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 16, 2003, p. 1).
88. Maksim Yusin, "Peace Ends," Izvestia, March 18, 2003, pp. 1-2 (CDPSP, April 16, 2003, p. 1).
89. Ksenia Veretennikova, "How Russian Deputies Tried to Revive a Corpse," Vremya novostei, March 21, 2003, p. 3 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, p. 1).
90. Ksenia Veretennikova, "How Russian Deputies Tried to Revive a Corpse," Vremya novostei, March 21, 2003, p. 3 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, p. 1).
91. Gulchachak Khannanova, "Prosecutor General's Office Puts Time Limit on Jihad against U.S.," Kommersant, April 5, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, May 7, 2003, pp. 5-6).
92. Gulchachak Khannanova, "Prosecutor General's Office Puts Time Limit on Jihad against U.S.," Kommersant, April 5, 2003, p. 5 (CDPSP, May 7, 2003, pp. 5-6).
93. Sharon LaFraniere, "Putin Upbeat about Relations with U.S.," Washington Post, May 15, 2003, p. A17.
94. Mara D. Bellaby, "Russia's Upper House of Parliament Approves U.S.-Russia Treaty to Slash Nuclear Arsenals," Associated Press, May 28, 2003.
95. Kevin O'Flynn, "Russians Are Opposed but Few Protest," Moscow Times, March 21, 2003, p. 1.
96. Yelena Starovoitova, "Against War, for a Day Off!" Vremya MN, April 10, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, May 7, 2003, p. 8).
97. Yelena Starovoitova, "Against War, for a Day Off!" Vremya MN, April 10, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, May 7, 2003, p. 8).
98. Natalya Yashina and Maksim Glikin, '"Allies' and 'Invaders,'" Nezavisimaya gazeta, March 25, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, p. 9).
99. Natalya Yashina and Maksim Glikin, '"Allies' and 'Invaders,'" Nezavisimaya gazeta, March 25, 2003, p. 2 (CDPSP, April 23, 2003, p. 9).
100. Ilyichov, "Russian Citizens Are Choosing between Hussein and Bush."