Evaluating Polysemy: An Analysis of The New York Times' Coverage of the End of the Cold War

Political Communication

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 287-308

  Carragee, Kevin M ^a  

^a SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cold War; Frames; News; Polysemy

Indexed keywords

EID: 0043263383     PISSN: 10584609     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10584600390218913     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Adorno, T., & Horkheimer, M. (1972). The dialectics of enlightenment. New York: Herder & Herder.
2. Anderson, R. (1988). Visions of instability. Media, Culture & Society, 10, 239-264.
3. Apple, R. W. (1989a, December 23). Wrath in East Europe. New York Times, pp. A1, A10.
4. Apple, R. W. (1989b, December 24). Shall we dance? New York Times, p. D1.
5. Apple, R. W. (1990, February 1). Bush calls on Soviets to join in deep troop cuts for Europe as Germans see path to unity. New York Times, p. A1.
6. Aronson, A. (1970). The press and the Cold War. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
7. Barnouw, E. (1975). Tube of plenty. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Benson, T. (1982). Implicit communication theory in campaign coverage. In W. Adams (Ed.), Television coverage of the 1980 presidential campaign (pp. 103-115). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
9. Bernhard, N. (1999). U.S. television news and Cold War propaganda, 1947-1960. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Brands, H. (1993). The devil we knew. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Carey, J. (1975). A cultural approach to communication. Communication, 2, 1-22.
12. Carey, J. (1986). The dark continent of American journalism. In R. Manoff & M. Schudson (Eds.), Reading the news (pp. 146-195). New York: Pantheon.
13. Carragee, K. M. (1990a). Interpretive media study and interpretive social science. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 81-96.
14. Carragee, K. M. (1990b). Defining Solidarity. Journalism Monographs, 119, 1-48.
15. Carragee, K. M. (1990c). Defining a foreign social movement. In S. Thomas & W. Evans (Eds.), Communication and culture (pp. 34-52). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
16. Carragee, K. M. (1991). News and ideology. Journalism Monographs, 128, 1-30.
17. Carragee, K. M. (1996). Critical ethnographies and the concept of resistance. In M. Morgan & S. Leggett (Eds.), Mainstream(s) and margins (pp. 126-142). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
18. Clines, F. (1989a, December 26). Enough for glasnost? New York Times, p. A19.
19. Clines, F. (1989b, August 20). On a bread line, Poles carry hope like an empty sack. New York Times, pp. A1, A13.
20. Condit, C. (1989). The rhetorical limits of polysemy. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 6, 103-122.
21. Corner, J. (1991). Meaning, genre and context: The problematics of "public knowledge" in the new audience studies. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 267-284). London: Edward Arnold.
22. Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Carragee, K. M. (1996). The political diversity of public television. Journalism and Mass Communication Monographs, 157, 1-55.
23. Dornfeld, B. (1998). Producing public television, producing public culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
24. Entman, R. (1989). Democracy without citizens. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Entman, R., & Paletz, D. (1982). The war in Southeast Asia. In W. Adams (Ed.), Television coverage of international affairs (pp. 181-201). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
26. Entman, R. (1993). Framing. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
27. Ettema, J. (1994). Discourse that is closer to silence than to talk. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 11, 1-21.
28. Fiske, J. (1987). Television culture. London: Methuen.
29. Friedman, T. (1989a, December 7). Visions of Europe. New York Times, pp. A1, A2.
30. Friedman, T. (1989b, October 20). U.S. officials look to policy on East Germany as next big challenge. New York Times, p. A14.
31. Friedman, T. (1989c, November 10). U.S. worry rises over Europe's stability. New York Times, p. A16.
32. Friedman, T. (1989d, December 14). Europeans praising Baker's blueprint. New York Times, p. A22.
33. Friedman, T. (1989e, September 16). U.S. voicing fears that Gorbachev will divide West. New York Times, pp. A1, A6.
34. Friedman, T. (1989f, September 19). Senate leader asserts U.S. fails to encourage change in East Bloc. New York Times, pp. A1, A14.
35. Friedman, T. (1989g, September 20). Baker, defending policy, details "creative" response to Gorbachev. New York Times, pp. A1, A8.
36. Friedman, T. (1989h, November 2). Handling Gorbachev. New York Times, p. A2.
37. Friedman, T. (1990, February 8). Baker cautions Soviets on bidding over troops. New York Times, p. A13.
38. Gamson, W. (1992). Talking politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Gamson, W., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 1-37.
40. Garton Ash, T. (1983). The Polish revolution. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
41. Garton Ash, T. (1990). The magic lantern. New York: Random House.
42. Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
43. Goodwyn, L. (1991). Breaking the barrier: The rise of Solidarity in Poland. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Gordon, M. (1990, February 1). Scowcroft asserts 195,000 is minimum for U.S. troops. New York Times, p. A20.
45. Greenhouse, S. (1989a, December 1). Czechs fault policies of hard-line Communists as cause for industrial lag. New York Times, p. A20.
46. Greenhouse, S. (1989b, November). Prague party leaders resign. New York Times, pp. A1, A6.
47. Hall, S. (1982). The rediscovery of ideology. In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J. Curran, & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Culture, society and media (pp. 56-90). London: Methuen.
48. Hallin, D. (1986a). The "uncensored war": The media and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Hallin, D. (1986b). Cartography, community, and the Cold War. In R. Manoff & M. Schudson (Eds.), Reading the news (pp. 109-146). New York: Pantheon.
50. Hallin, D. (1987). Hegemony: The news media from Vietnam to El Salvador. A study of ideological change and its limits. In D. Paletz (Ed.), Political communication research (pp. 3-25). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
51. Herman, E. (1985). Diversity of news. Journal of Communication, 35, 135-146.
52. Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent. New York: Pantheon.
53. Hoijer, B. (1992). Socio-cognitive structures and television reception. Media, Culture & Society, 14, 583-603.
54. Jenson, K. B. (1990). The politics of polysemy. Media, Culture & Society, 12, 55-77.
55. Ivie, R. (1984). Speaking "common sense" about the Soviet threat. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 84, 39-50.
56. Kaldor, M. (1990, March/April). After the Cold War. New Left Review, pp. 25-40.
57. Keller, B. (1989a, November 30). Visions of Europe. New York Times, pp. A1, A20.
58. Keller, B. (1989b, October 15). Gorbachev doesn't care to strike back. New York Times, pp. E1, E2.
59. Keller, B. (1990, March 12). For Gorbachev, an uncertain anniversary. New York Times, pp. A1, A11.
60. Kellner, D. (1990). Television and the crisis of democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
61. Kolko, J., & Kolko, G. (1972). The limits of power: The world and United States foreign policy, 1945-54. New York: Harper & Row.
62. Larson, J., McAnany, E., & Storey, J. (1986). News of Latin America on network television, 1972-1981. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 3, 169-183.
63. Liebes, T. (1997). Reporting the Arab-Israeli conflict. London: Routledge.
64. Lindlof, T. (1988). Media audiences as interpretive communities. In J. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 2, pp. 81-107). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65. Lipski, J. (1990, Summer). Poland. Dissent, pp. 338-339.
66. MacDonald, J. (1985). Television and the Red Menace. New York: Praeger.
67. Marcuse, P. (1990, July/August). Letter from the German Democratic Republic. Monthly Review, pp. 30-62.
68. Mason, D. (1984). Solidarity and socialism. In J. Bielasiak & M. Simon (Eds.), Polish politics (pp. 118-137). New York: Praeger.
69. Mason, D. (1989). Solidarity as a new social movement. Political Science Quarterly, 104, 41-58.
70. Morley, D. (1981). The "nationwide" audience: A critical postscript. Screen Education, 39, 3-14.
71. Morley, D. (1992). Television, audiences and cultural studies. New York: Routledge.
72. Newcomb, H. (1984). On the dialogic aspects of mass communication. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1, 34-50.
73. Olmsted, K. (1993). An American conspiracy. Journalism History, 19, 51-59.
74. Oreskes, M. (1989, December 3), Politics without a Red Menace. New York Times, pp. D1, D4.
75. Ost, D. (1990). Solidarity and the politics of anti-politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
76. Pace, E. (1989, November 14). Cold War sealed Germany's division. New York Times, p. A20.
77. Parenti, M. (1986). Inventing reality: The politics of the mass media. New York: St. Martin's Press.
78. Parry-Giles, S. (1996). Camouflaged propaganda. Western Journal of Communication, 60, 146-168.
79. Passell, P. (1989, December 17). Where Communist economies fell short. New York Times, p. 3D.
80. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.
81. Riding, A. (1989, November 9). What are Europeans supposed to do next, and who will get to decide. New York Times, p. D1.
82. Riding, A. (1990, February 25). Western Europe is edgy over the U.S. and much else. New York Times, pp. D1, D3.
83. Rosenthal, A. (1990, February 8). Striking a defensive tone, Bush sees virtue in caution. New York Times, p. A12.
84. Rushing, J. (1986). Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" address: Mythic containment of technical reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72, 415-433.
85. Schmemann, S. (1989a, December 10). In East Europe, reform isn't good enough New York Times, p. D1.
86. Schmemann, S. (1989b, October 8). A sympathy card on East Germany's birthday. New York Times, p. D1.
87. Schmemann, S. (1989c, November 12). Beyond the wall. New York Times, p. D1.
88. Schmemann, S. (1989d, October 9). Security forces storm protestors in East Germany. New York Times, pp. A1, A6.
89. Schmemann, S. (1989e, October 22). Krenz gives Bonn reason to wait for reunification. New York Times, p. D2.
90. Schmemann, S. (1989f, October 8). Police and protesters clash amid East German festivity. New York Times, p. D2.
91. Schmemann, S. (1989g, October 16). East German movement overtaken by followers. New York Times, p. A6.
92. Schmemann, S. (1989h, November 29). Czechoslovakia's moment in time. New York Times, pp. A1, A14.
93. Schmemann, S. (1990, January 21). East Europe's next test. New York Times, p. D1.
94. Schulman, M. (1966). Beyond the Cold War. New York: Yale University Press.
95. Seabury, P. (1976). The rise and decline of the Cold War. New York: Basic Books.
96. Sigal, L. (1973). Reporters and officials: The organization and politics of newsmaking. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
97. Streeter, T. (1989). Polysemy, plurality, and media studies. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 13, 88-104.
98. Tismaneanu, V. (1989). Nascent civil society in the German Democratic Republic. Problems of Communism, 38, 90-111.
99. Toner, R. (1989, September 21). Senate panel votes more East bloc aid. New York Times, p. A3.
100. Touraine, A., Dubet, F., Wieviorka, M., & Strzelecki, J. (1983). Solidarity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
101. Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news. New York: Free Press.
102. Uhl, P. (1990, March/April). The fight for a socialist democracy in Czechoslovakia. New Left Review, pp. 111-119.
103. Weiss, C. (1974). What America's leaders read. Public Opinion Quarterly, 38, 1-22.
104. Whitney, C. (1989). Visions of Europe. New York Times, pp. A1, A22.
105. Williams, R. (1977). Marxism and literature. New York: Oxford University Press.
106. Williams, W. (1972). The tragedy of American diplomacy. New York: Dell.
107. Woollacott, J. (1982). Messages and meanings. In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J. Curran & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Culture, society and the media (pp. 91-111). London: Methuen.
108. Yergin, D. (1977). The shattered peace. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.