메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 60, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 146-167

“camouflaged” propaganda: The truman and eisenhower administrations’ covert manipulation of news

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0030546660     PISSN: 10570314     EISSN: 17451027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10570319609374539     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (127)
  • 1
    • 0344495665 scopus 로고
    • A pool of atomic power, December)
    • A pool of atomic power. (1953, December). The New York Times, p. 10.
    • (1953) The New York Times , pp. 10
  • 2
    • 85024032349 scopus 로고
    • A report to the national security council, July).President's Secretary's File-NSC Series, Harry S. Truman Library
    • A report to the national security council. (1950, July). President's Secretary's File-NSC Series, Harry S. Truman Library, 1-51.
    • (1950) , pp. 1-51
  • 3
    • 84928834698 scopus 로고
    • American mass media and the myth of libertarianism: Toward an 'elite power group' theory
    • Akhavan-Majid, R., & Wolf, G. (1991). American mass media and the myth of libertarianism: Toward an 'elite power group' theory. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8, 139-151.
    • (1991) Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.8 , pp. 139-151
    • Akhavan-Majid, R.1    Wolf, G.2
  • 7
    • 85024081379 scopus 로고
    • Eisenhower: The president. New York: Simon and Schuster. America-As others see us. (January 6,13,1946)
    • Ambrose, S. E. (1984). Eisenhower: The president. New York: Simon and Schuster. America-As others see us. (January 6,13,1946). Department of State Bulletin, 14, 11-16.
    • (1984) Department of State Bulletin , vol.14 , pp. 11-16
    • Ambrose, S.E.1
  • 8
    • 0041844154 scopus 로고
    • New York: Monthly Review Press. (Original work published
    • Aronson, J. (1990). The press and the cold war. New York: Monthly Review Press. (Original work published 1970)
    • (1990) The Press and the Cold War , pp. 1970
    • Aronson, J.1
  • 10
    • 85024072997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atom for progress and peace: The president's United Nations address-Suggested domestic implementation actions. (1954, January). DDE White House Central Files-Confidential File, Box 13, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Tab B, 1-5
    • The atom for progress and peace: The president's United Nations address-Suggested domestic implementation actions. (1954, January). DDE White House Central Files-Confidential File, Box 13, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Tab B, 1-5.
  • 14
    • 4243153112 scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library
    • Benton, W. (1945, December). Letter to Dean Acheson. The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1945) Letter to Dean Acheson.
    • Benton, W.1
  • 15
    • 4243123208 scopus 로고
    • January)., The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library
    • Benton, W. (1946, January). Letter to Edward Barrett. The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1946) Letter to Edward Barrett.
    • Benton, W.1
  • 16
    • 4243111958 scopus 로고
    • Papers of Harry S. Truman Official File, #20E-Voice of America, The Harry S. Truman Library
    • Benton, W. (1947, May). Letter to President Truman. Papers of Harry S. Truman Official File, #20E-Voice of America, The Harry S. Truman Library.
    • (1947) Letter to President Truman.
    • Benton, W.1
  • 17
    • 4243187308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library
    • Benton, W. (n. d.). Letter to T. L. Barnard. The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library.
    • Letter to T. L. Barnard.
    • Benton, W.1
  • 18
    • 4243125980 scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library
    • Birnie, W. A. H. (1946, January). Letter to William Benton. The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1946) Letter to William Benton.
    • Birnie, W.A.H.1
  • 20
    • 4243125980 scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library
    • Bourne, W. C. (1946, June). Letter to William Benton. The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1946) Letter to William Benton.
    • Bourne, W.C.1
  • 21
    • 0003664243 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1931)
    • Burke, K. (1968). Counter-statement. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1931)
    • (1968) Counter-Statement
    • Burke, K.1
  • 22
    • 4243203335 scopus 로고
    • Ideology and propaganda: Toward an integrative approach
    • T. Smith, III, (Ed.), New York: Praeger
    • Burnett, N. F. S. (1989). Ideology and propaganda: Toward an integrative approach. In T. Smith, III, (Ed.), Propaganda: A pluralist perspective (pp. 127-137). New York: Praeger.
    • (1989) Propaganda: A Pluralist Perspective , pp. 127-137
    • Burnett, N.F.S.1
  • 23
    • 4243125482 scopus 로고
    • Western and totalitarian views of propaganda
    • T. Smith, III, (Ed.), New York: Praeger
    • Bytwerk, R. L. (1989). Western and totalitarian views of propaganda. In T. Smith, III, (Ed.), Propaganda: A pluralist perspective (pp. 37-48). New York: Praeger.
    • (1989) Propaganda: A Pluralist Perspective , pp. 37-48
    • Bytwerk, R.L.1
  • 24
    • 4243125904 scopus 로고
    • Images of the Soviet Union in American newspapers: A content analysis of three newspapers
    • E. E. Dennis, G. Gerbner, & Y.N. Zassovrsky, (Eds.),, Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • Chang, W. H. (1991). Images of the Soviet Union in American newspapers: A content analysis of three newspapers. In E. E. Dennis, G. Gerbner, & Y.N. Zassovrsky, (Eds.), Beyond the cold war: Soviet and American media images (pp. 65-83). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1991) Beyond the Cold War: Soviet and American Media Images , pp. 65-83
    • Chang, W.H.1
  • 25
    • 85024002542 scopus 로고
    • January)., File, Box 13, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Check list of suggested agency actions. (1954, January). White House Central File-Confidential File, Box 13, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1954) White House Central File-Confidential
  • 26
    • 85023982441 scopus 로고
    • Chronology-candor-wheaties, September). Jackson, C. D.: Papers, 1931-1967, Box 29, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Chronology-candor-wheaties. (1954, September). Jackson, C. D.: Papers, 1931-1967, Box 29, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, pp. 1-2.
    • (1954) , pp. 1-2
  • 28
    • 4243082321 scopus 로고
    • Social and cultural impact of mass media
    • E. Abel, (Ed.), San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Society
    • Comstock, G. (1981). Social and cultural impact of mass media. In E. Abel, (Ed.), What's news: The media in American society (pp. 233-253). San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Society.
    • (1981) What's News: The Media in American Society , pp. 233-253
    • Comstock, G.1
  • 30
    • 4243082320 scopus 로고
    • Sorting out the ethics of propaganda
    • Cunningham, S. B. (1992). Sorting out the ethics of propaganda. Communication Studies, 43, 233-245.
    • (1992) Communication Studies , vol.43 , pp. 233-245
    • Cunningham, S.B.1
  • 31
    • 85023990304 scopus 로고
    • Defense through the "Voice." (, January). The New York Times
    • Defense through the "Voice." (1950, January). The New York Times, p. 20.
    • (1950) , pp. 20
  • 33
    • 4243125578 scopus 로고
    • Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Eisenhower, D. D. (1957, June). Letter to C. D. Jackson. Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1957) Letter to C. D. Jackson.
    • Eisenhower, D.D.1
  • 36
    • 0011736076 scopus 로고
    • The selection of reality
    • E. Abel, (Ed.), San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Society
    • Epstein, E. J. (1981). The selection of reality. In E. Abel, (Ed.), What's news: The media in American society (pp. 119-132). San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Society.
    • (1981) What's News: The Media in American Society , pp. 119-132
    • Epstein, E.J.1
  • 37
    • 85050844046 scopus 로고
    • The limits of presidential leadership: Truman at war with Zionists, the press, public opinion and his own state department over Palestine
    • Evensen, B. J. (1993). The limits of presidential leadership: Truman at war with Zionists, the press, public opinion and his own state department over Palestine. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 23, 269-287.
    • (1993) Presidential Studies Quarterly , vol.23 , pp. 269-287
    • Evensen, B.J.1
  • 42
    • 85023967090 scopus 로고
    • 4th ed. Washington, DC.: Congressional Quarterly Press
    • Graber, D. A. (1993). Mass media and American politics, 4th ed. Washington, DC.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
    • (1993) Mass Media and American Politics
    • Graber, D.A.1
  • 45
    • 4243125980 scopus 로고
    • January)., The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library
    • Guinzburg, H. K. (1946, January). Letter to William Benton. The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1946) Letter to William Benton.
    • Guinzburg, H.K.1
  • 46
    • 0000882053 scopus 로고
    • Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies
    • Hackett, R. A. (1984). Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies. Critical Studies In Mass Communication, 1, 229-259.
    • (1984) Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.1 , pp. 229-259
    • Hackett, R.A.1
  • 47
    • 4243202973 scopus 로고
    • Papers of James Hagerty, Box 10, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Hagerty, J. (1955, March). Hagerty Diary. Papers of James Hagerty, Box 10, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1955) Hagerty Diary.
    • Hagerty, J.1
  • 48
    • 0001834748 scopus 로고
    • The rediscovery of 'ideology': Return of the repressed in media studies
    • M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J. Curran, & J. Woollacot, (Eds.), London: Methuen
    • Hall, S. (1982). The rediscovery of 'ideology': Return of the repressed in media studies. In M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett, J. Curran, & J. Woollacot, (Eds.), Culture, society, and the media (pp. 56-90). London: Methuen.
    • (1982) Culture, Society, and the Media , pp. 56-90
    • Hall, S.1
  • 49
    • 84929229892 scopus 로고
    • Newsmakers, technology, and journalism history
    • Hardt, H. (1990). Newsmakers, technology, and journalism history. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 346-365.
    • (1990) Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.7 , pp. 346-365
    • Hardt, H.1
  • 52
    • 4243164816 scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library
    • Horner, G. D. (1945, September). Letter to William Benton. The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1945) Letter to William Benton.
    • Horner, G.D.1
  • 54
    • 4243087245 scopus 로고
    • Eisenhower as cold warrior
    • M. J. Medhurst, (Ed.), East Lansing: Michigan State University Press
    • Ivie, R. L. (1994). Eisenhower as cold warrior. In M. J. Medhurst, (Ed.), Eisenhower's war of words: Rhetoric and leadership (pp. 7-25). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
    • (1994) Eisenhower's War of Words: Rhetoric and Leadership , pp. 7-25
    • Ivie, R.L.1
  • 55
    • 4243203453 scopus 로고
    • White House Central Files (Confidential File), Box 12, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Jackson, C. D. (1953, June). Letter to T. S. Repplier. White House Central Files (Confidential File), Box 12, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1953) Letter to T. S. Repplier.
    • Jackson, C.D.1
  • 56
    • 4243162320 scopus 로고
    • Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Jackson, C. D. (1954, March). Letter to President Eisenhower. Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1954) Letter to President Eisenhower.
    • Jackson, C.D.1
  • 58
    • 85033810408 scopus 로고
    • Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Jackson, C. D. (1955b, February). Operation Kremlin Kracks. Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1955) Operation Kremlin Kracks.
    • Jackson, C.D.1
  • 59
    • 4243162320 scopus 로고
    • Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Jackson, C. D. (1955c, July). Letter to President Eisenhower. Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1955) Letter to President Eisenhower.
    • Jackson, C.D.1
  • 60
    • 4243162320 scopus 로고
    • Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Jackson, C. D. (1956, October). Letter to President Eisenhower. Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1956) Letter to President Eisenhower.
    • Jackson, C.D.1
  • 61
    • 4243162320 scopus 로고
    • Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Jackson, C. D. (1960, September). Letter to President Eisenhower. Ann Whitman File, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1960) Letter to President Eisenhower.
    • Jackson, C.D.1
  • 62
    • 4243162389 scopus 로고
    • Better prospects now for "Voice of America
    • January)
    • James, E. L. (1948a, January). Better prospects now for "Voice of America." The New York Times, p. E3.
    • (1948) The New York Times , pp. E3
    • James, E.L.1
  • 63
    • 4243164601 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Speeding up tempo in the "war of words
    • January)
    • James, E. L. (1948b, January). U.S. speeding up tempo in the "war of words." The New York Times, p. E3.
    • (1948) The New York Times , pp. E3
    • James, E.L.1
  • 67
    • 4243200649 scopus 로고
    • Exposing the "age of lies": The propaganda menace as portrayed in American magazines in the aftermath of World War I
    • King, E. G. (1989). Exposing the "age of lies": The propaganda menace as portrayed in American magazines in the aftermath of World War I. Journal of American Culture, 12, 35-40.
    • (1989) Journal of American Culture , vol.12 , pp. 35-40
    • King, E.G.1
  • 68
    • 84985161316 scopus 로고
    • Myth and the structure of news
    • Knight, G., & Dean, T. (1982). Myth and the structure of news. Journal of Communication, 32, 144-161.
    • (1982) Journal of Communication , vol.32 , pp. 144-161
    • Knight, G.1    Dean, T.2
  • 69
    • 4243087204 scopus 로고
    • The Voice of America: Banned in the land of the free
    • Knoll, S. (1988). The Voice of America: Banned in the land of the free. Washington Journalism Review, 10, 43-46.
    • (1988) Washington Journalism Review , vol.10 , pp. 43-46
    • Knoll, S.1
  • 70
    • 4243125841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anne O'Hare McCormick tells teachers that information for decisions is absent. (1947, March)
    • Lack of news held danger to Europe: Anne O'Hare McCormick tells teachers that information for decisions is absent. (1947, March). The New York Times, p. 6.
    • The New York Times , pp. 6
  • 71
    • 85024066087 scopus 로고
    • White House Central Files (Confidential File), Box 12, Dwight D
    • Lambie, James M., Jr. (1953, July). Memorandum for C. D. Jackson. White House Central Files (Confidential File), Box 12, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1953) Memorandum for C. D. Jackson.
    • Lambie, J.M.1
  • 72
    • 4243125533 scopus 로고
    • Religious freedom as a theme of the Voice of America
    • Larson, C. (1952). Religious freedom as a theme of the Voice of America. Journalism Quarterly, 29, 187-193.
    • (1952) Journalism Quarterly , vol.29 , pp. 187-193
    • Larson, C.1
  • 73
    • 85024018363 scopus 로고
    • Letter to William Benton, January). The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library
    • Letter to William Benton. (1946, January). The William Benton Papers, Box 376, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1946)
  • 75
    • 85024002169 scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library
    • MacKnight, J. (1947, December). Letter to Howland H. Sargeant. The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1947) Letter to Howland H. Sargeant.
    • Macknight, J.1
  • 76
    • 85024029377 scopus 로고
    • Memo to the Secretary of State. The William Benton Papers, Box 374
    • McDermott, M. J. (1945, September). Memo to the Secretary of State. The William Benton Papers, Box 374, The University of Chicago Library, pp. 1-12.
    • (1945) The University of Chicago Library , pp. 1-12
    • McDermott, M.J.1
  • 77
    • 85023996325 scopus 로고
    • Box 12, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Memorandum on a public information program in support of Operation Candor. (1953, July). White House Central Files (Confidential File), Box 12, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1-6.
    • (1953) White House Central Files (Confidential File) , pp. 1-6
  • 80
    • 85033824035 scopus 로고
    • Letter to William Benton. The William Benton Papers, Box 375
    • Miller, E., Jr. (1945, September). Letter to William Benton. The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library, pp. 1-5.
    • (1945) The University of Chicago Library , pp. 1-5
    • Miller, E.1
  • 81
    • 4243164811 scopus 로고
    • Propaganda as a form of communication
    • T. Smith, III, (Ed.), New York: Praeger
    • O'Donnell, V., & Jowett, G. S. (1989). Propaganda as a form of communication. In T. Smith, III, (Ed.), Propaganda: A pluralist perspective (pp. 49-63). New York: Praeger.
    • (1989) Propaganda: A Pluralist Perspective , pp. 49-63
    • O'donnell, V.1    Jowett, G.S.2
  • 82
    • 0004148524 scopus 로고
    • Only the Soviets say 'no.', December)
    • Only the Soviets say 'no.' (1953, December). The New York Times, p. 30.
    • (1953) The New York Times , pp. 30
  • 85
    • 4243164813 scopus 로고
    • Rhetorical experimentation and the cold war, 1947-1953: The development of an internationalist approach to propaganda
    • Parry-Giles, S. J. (1994). Rhetorical experimentation and the cold war, 1947-1953: The development of an internationalist approach to propaganda. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 80, 448-467.
    • (1994) Quarterly Journal of Speech , vol.80 , pp. 448-467
    • Parry-Giles, S.J.1
  • 88
    • 85024073553 scopus 로고
    • JuneU. S. President's Committee on International Information Activities: the Jackson Committee, Box 14, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1-125
    • The President's committee on international information activities: Report to the president. (1953, June). U. S. President's Committee on International Information Activities: the Jackson Committee, Box 14, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1-125.
    • (1953)
  • 90
    • 85023972653 scopus 로고
    • September)., Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Annex A
    • Progress report to the national security council on implementation of the recommendations of the Jackson committee report by the Operations Coordinating Board. (1953, September). Psychological Strategy Board-Central Files Series, Box 22, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Annex A, 1-10.
    • (1953) Psychological Strategy Board-Central Files Series , pp. 1-10
  • 91
    • 85023965497 scopus 로고
    • The proposal in detail, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library
    • The proposal in detail. (1947, December). The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1947) The William Benton Papers
  • 92
    • 84936013048 scopus 로고
    • The news paradigm and the ideology of objectivity: A socialist at The Wall Street
    • Reese, S. D. (1990). The news paradigm and the ideology of objectivity: A socialist at The Wall Street Journal. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 390-409.
    • (1990) Journal. Critical Studies in Mass Communication , vol.7 , pp. 390-409
    • Reese, S.D.1
  • 94
    • 0003854134 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
    • Roshco, B. (1975). Newsmaking. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    • (1975) Newsmaking
    • Roshco, B.1
  • 95
    • 4243087123 scopus 로고
    • Irony, argument, and reportage in television documentary: See It Now versus Senator McCarthy
    • Rosteck, T. (1989). Irony, argument, and reportage in television documentary: See It Now versus Senator McCarthy. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 75, 277-298.
    • (1989) Quarterly Journal of Speech , vol.75 , pp. 277-298
    • Rosteck, T.1
  • 97
    • 4243073184 scopus 로고
    • The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library
    • Sargeant, H. (1947, December). Letter to staff. The William Benton Papers, Box 375, The University of Chicago Library.
    • (1947) Letter to Staff.
    • Sargeant, H.1
  • 98
    • 85024039127 scopus 로고
    • Program for a political offensive against world communism. Name Series, Box 4, Dwight D
    • Samoff, D. (1955, April). Program for a political offensive against world communism. Name Series, Box 4, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1-42.
    • (1955) Eisenhower Library , pp. 1-42
    • Samoff, D.1
  • 100
    • 0004047067 scopus 로고
    • April)
    • Seminar speakers deplore slash in Voice of America. (1947, April). The New York Times, p. 4.
    • (1947) The New York Times , pp. 4
  • 103
    • 4243157695 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Defense University Press
    • Smith, Jr., P. A. (1989). On political warfare. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.
    • (1989) On Political Warfare
    • Smith, P.A.1
  • 106
    • 84936044058 scopus 로고
    • Propaganda studies in American social science: The rise and fall of the critical paradigm
    • Sproule, J. M. (1987). Propaganda studies in American social science: The rise and fall of the critical paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 73, 60-78.
    • (1987) Quarterly Journal of Speech , vol.73 , pp. 60-78
    • Sproule, J.M.1
  • 107
    • 0346395434 scopus 로고
    • Propaganda: The ideological rhetoric
    • C. W. Kneupper, Arlington, TX: Rhetoric Society of America
    • Sproule, J. M. (1989a). Propaganda: The ideological rhetoric. In C. W. Kneupper, Rhetoric and ideology: Compositions and criticisms of power (pp. 90-97). Arlington, TX: Rhetoric Society of America.
    • (1989) Rhetoric and Ideology: Compositions and Criticisms of Power , pp. 90-97
    • Sproule, J.M.1
  • 108
    • 0039029520 scopus 로고
    • Social responses to twentieth century propaganda
    • T. Smith, III, (Ed.), New York: Praeger
    • Sproule, J. M. (1989b). Social responses to twentieth century propaganda. In T. Smith, III, (Ed.), Propaganda: A pluralist perspective (pp. 5-22). New York: Praeger.
    • (1989) Propaganda: A Pluralist Perspective , pp. 5-22
    • Sproule, J.M.1
  • 111
    • 85024001340 scopus 로고
    • Box 30, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Suggested check list for presidential speech implementation. (1953, November). Jackson, C. D.: Papers, 1931-1967, Box 30, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1-4.
    • (1953) Jackson, C. D.: Papers, 1931-1967 , pp. 1-4
  • 112
    • 85024026774 scopus 로고
    • DDE White House Central File-Confidential Files, Box 13, Dwight D
    • Summary of events planned for exploitation of President Eisenhower's speech before the UN-December 8, 1953, February
    • Summary of events planned for exploitation of President Eisenhower's speech before the UN-December 8, 1953. (1954, February). DDE White House Central File-Confidential Files, Box 13, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 1-3.
    • (1954) Eisenhower Library , pp. 1-3
  • 114
    • 0039735238 scopus 로고
    • public diplomacy overseas. New York: St. Martin's Press
    • Tuch, H. N. (1990). Communication with the world: U. S. public diplomacy overseas. New York: St. Martin's Press.
    • (1990) Communication with the World: U. S.
    • Tuch, H.N.1
  • 117
    • 85024001668 scopus 로고
    • The United States Information Service in Europe, 80th Cong., 2d sess
    • U. S. Congress. Senate. (1948). Committee on foreign relations. The United States Information Service in Europe, 80th Cong., 2d sess.
    • (1948) Committee on Foreign Relations.
  • 118
    • 85024028289 scopus 로고
    • 83 Cong., 1st sess. Hearings before the permanent subcommittee on investigations of the committee on government operations. (16 February-1 April)
    • U. S. Congress. Senate. (1953). State Department information program-Voice of America. 83 Cong., 1st sess. Hearings before the permanent subcommittee on investigations of the committee on government operations. (16 February-1 April), 1-788.
    • (1953) State Department Information Program-Voice of America. , pp. 1-788
  • 120
    • 33745497769 scopus 로고
    • July)
    • Voice to the world. (1950, July). The New York Times, p. 12.
    • (1950) The New York Times , pp. 12
  • 123
    • 4243162242 scopus 로고
    • Central Files: Official File, Box 524, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
    • Washburn, Abbott. (1953, June). Letter to C. D. Jackson. Central Files: Official File, Box 524, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
    • (1953) Letter to C. D. Jackson.
    • Washburn, A.1
  • 124
    • 0344495665 scopus 로고
    • December)
    • The western initiative. (1953, December). The New York Times, p. 46.
    • (1953) The New York Times , pp. 46
  • 125
    • 4243203197 scopus 로고
    • Sulzberger urges responsible press
    • Wood, L. (1947, April). Sulzberger urges responsible press. The New York Times, p. 19.
    • (1947) The New York Times , pp. 19
    • Wood, L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.