Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Humans: Estimation of SAR Distribution in the Brain, Effects on Sleep and Heart Rate

Bioelectromagnetics

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 262-276

  Huber, Reto ^a   Schuderer, Jürgen ^b   Graf, Thomas ^a   Jütz, Kathrin ^a   Borbély, Alexander A ^a   Kuster, Niels ^c   Achermann, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN SOCIETY IT IS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Electroencephalogram; Global system for mobile communications (GSM); Heart rate variability; Mobile phones; NonREM sleep; Spectral analysis

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; CELLULAR TELEPHONES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; EYE MOVEMENTS; FREQUENCY ESTIMATION; GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS; SLEEP RESEARCH; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

CORTEXES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE; GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEART-RATE; NONREM SLEEP; RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; RATE DISTRIBUTIONS; SLEEP ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE;

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY;

ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSIMETRY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEMISPHERE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NIGHT SLEEP; NONREM SLEEP; NORMAL HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION ABSORPTION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOFREQUENCY; SLEEP PARAMETERS; SPECTROSCOPY; TELEPHONE; THALAMUS; WAKEFULNESS; ADULT; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BRAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEART RATE; METHODOLOGY; MICROWAVE RADIATION; RADIATION DOSE; RADIOMETRY; SLEEP; VALIDATION STUDY;

ADULT; BRAIN; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MALE; MICROWAVES; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIOMETRY; SLEEP;

EID: 0043142771     PISSN: 01978462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bem.10103     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Achermann P, Borbély AA. 1997. Low-frequency (< 1 Hz) oscillations in the human sleep EEG. Neuroscience 81:213-222.
2. Aeschbach D, Borbély AA. 1993. All-night dynamics of the human sleep EEG. J Sleep Res 2:70-81.
3. Anonymous. 1996. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 17:354-381.
4. Bonmassar G, Angelone L, Segonne F, Purdon P, Potthast A, Fischl B. 2002. Human Brain Mapping Conference. Sendai, Japan, 2002.
5. Borbély AA, Loepfe M, Mattmann P, Tobler I. 1983. Midazolam and triazolam: Hypnotic action and residual effects after a single bedtime dose. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 33:1500-1502.
6. Borbély AA, Balderer G, Trachsel L, Tobler I. 1985. Effect of midazolam and sleep deprivation on day-time sleep propensity. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 35:1696-1699.
7. Borbély AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, Gallmann E, Achermann P. 1999. Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram. Neurosci Lett 275:207-210.
8. Braune S, Wrocklage C, Raczek J, Gailus T, Lucking CH. 1998. Resting blood pressure increase during exposure to a radio-frequency electromagnetic field. Lancet 351:1857-1858.
9. Braune S, Riedel A, Schulte-Monting J, Raczek J. 2002. Influence of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field on cardiovascular and hormonal parameters of the autonomic nervous system in healthy individuals. Radiat Res 158:352-356.
10. Brunner DP, Münch M, Biedermann K, Huch R, Huch A, Borbély AA. 1994. Changes in sleep and sleep electroencephalogram during pregnancy. Sleep 17:576-582.
11. Burkhardt M, Kuster N. 2000. Appropriate modeling of the ear for compliance testing of handheld MTE with SAR safety limits at 900/1800 MHz. IEEE Trans on Microw Theory and Tech 48:1921-1934.
12. CENELEC. 2001. CENELEC, EN 50361, basic standard for the measurement of specific absorption rate related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields from mobile phones, Brussels, July 2001.
13. Chavannes NP. 2002. Local mesh refinement algorithms for enhanced modeling capabilities in the FDTD method. Zurich: ETH thesis No. 14577, 2002. p 173.
14. Chou C-K, Mc Dougall J-A, Chan K-W. 1997. RF heating of implanted spinal fusion stimulator during magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Trans BME 44:367-373.
15. Christ A, Pokovic K, Burckhardt M, Kuster N. 1998. Sensitivity analysis of a planar antenna with respect to FDTD modelling. Atlanta, Georgia: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. 274.
16. Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M. 1996. Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science 274:771-774.
17. Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M. 1997. Spatiotemporal patterns of spindle oscillations in cortex and thalamus. J Neurosci 17:1179-1196.
18. Driver HS, Dijk DJ, Werth E, Biedermann K, Borbély AA. 1996. Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:728-735.
19. Ehrhart J, Toussaint M, Simon C, Gronfier C, Luthringer R, Brandenberger G. 2000. Alpha activity and cardiac correlates: Three types of relationships during nocturnal sleep. Clin Neurophysiol 111:940-946.
20. Gabriel C. 1996. Compilation of the dielectric properties of body tissues at RF and microwave frequencies. Brooks Air Force Technical Report AL/OETR-1996-0037.
21. Huber R, Graf T, Cote KA, Wittmann L, Gallmann E, Matter D, et al. 2000. Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG. NeuroReport 11:3321-3325.
22. Jech R, Sonka K, Ruzicka E, Nebuzelsky A, Bohm J, Juklickova M, et al. 2001. Electromagnetic field of mobile phones affects visual event related potential in patients with narcolepsy. Bioelectromagnetics 22:519-528.
23. Kattler H, Dijk DJ, Borbély AA. 1994. Effect of unilateral somatosensory stimulation prior to sleep on the sleep EEG in humans. J Sleep Res 3:159-164.
24. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hämäläinen H. 2000a. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. NeuroReport 11:1641-1643.
25. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause CM, Haarala C, Laine M, Hämäläinen H. 2000b. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. NeuroReport 11:413-415.
26. Koivisto M, Haarala C, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hamalainen H. 2001. GSM phone signal does not produce subjective symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics 22:212-215.
27. Krause CM, Sillanmaki L, Koivisto M, Haggqvist A, Saarela C, Revonsuo A, et al. 2000a. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the electroencephalogram during a visual working memory task. Int J Radiat Biol 76:1659-1667.
28. Krause CM, Sillanmäki L, Koivisto M, Häggqvist A, Saarela C, Revonsuo A, et al. 2000b. Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the EEG during a memory task. NeuroReport 11:761-764.
29. Krause CM, Sillanmaki L, Koivisto M, Saarela C, Haggqvist A, Laine M, et al. 2000c. The effects of memory load on event-related EEG desynchronization and synchronization. Clin Neurophysiol 111:2071-2078.
30. Kuster N. 1997. Mobile communications safety. London: Chapman & Hall.
31. Kuster N. 2001. Latest progress in experimental dosimetry for human exposure evaluations and for characterization hand optimization of exposure setups used in biological experiments. Paris: CADAS, Academie des Sciences.
32. Kuster N, Kästle R, Schmid T. 1997. Dosimetric evaluation of handheld mobile communications equipment with known precision. IEICE Trans Commun E80-B:645-651.
33. Landolt HP, Dijk DJ, Gaus SE, Borbély AA. 1995a. Caffeine reduces low frequency delta activity in the human sleep EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology 12:229-238.
34. Landolt HP, Werth E, Borbély AA, Dijk DJ. 1995b. Caffeine intake (200 mg) in the morning affects human sleep and EEG power spectra at night. Brain Res 675:67-74.
35. Mann K, Röschke J. 1996. Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep. Neuropsychobiology 33:41-47.
36. Mann K, Röschke J, Connemann B, Beta H. 1998. No effects of pulsed high frequency electromagnetic fields on heart rate variability during human sleep. Neuropsychobiology 38:251-256.
37. McCormick DA, Bal T. 1997. Sleep and arousal: Thalamocortical mechanisms. Ann Rev Neurosci 20:185-215.
38. Montano N, Cogliati C, Dias da Silva VJ, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Malliani A. 2001. Sympathetic rhythms and cardiovascular oscillations. Auton Neurosci 90:29-34.
39. NIST TN1297. 1994. Guidelines for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of NIST measurement results. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
40. Pakhomov AG, Dubovick BV, Degtyariov IG, Pronkevich AN. 1995. Microwave influence on the isolated heart function: I. Effect of modulation. Bioelectromagnetics 16:241-249.
41. Preece AW, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. 1999. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Int J Radiat Biol 75:447-456.
42. Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. 1968. A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health.
43. Roth C, Landolt HP, Achermann P, Teuscher A, Borbély AA. 1998. Human versus porcine insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Differences in sleep and the sleep EEG during nearnormoglycemia. Sleep 21:92-100.
44. Röschke J, Mann K. 1997. No short-term effects of digital mobile radio telephone on the awake human electroencephalogram. Bioelectromagnetics 18:172-176.
45. Sastre A, Cook MR, Graham C. 1998. Nocturnal exposure to intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields alters human cardiac rhythm. Bioelectromagnetics 19:98-106.
46. Sastre A, Graham C, Cook MR. 2000. Brain frequency magnetic fields alter cardiac autonomic control mechanisms. Clin Neurophysiol 111:1942-1948.
47. Schmid T, Egger O, Kuster N. 1996. Automated E-field scanning system for dosimetric assessments. IEEE Trans on Microw Theory and Tech 44:105-113.
48. Schüller M, Streckert J, Bitz A, Menzel K, Eicher B. 2000. Proposal for generic GSM test signal. Proc 22nd BEMS Annual Meeting, pp 122-123.
49. Steriade M, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ. 1993. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262:679-685.
50. Steriade M, Contreras D, Amzica F. 1994. Synchronized sleep oscillations and their paroxysmal developments. Trends Neurosci 17:199-208.
51. Tisserand DJ, Bosma H, Van Boxtel MP, Jolles J. 2001. Head size and cognitive ability in nondemented older adults are related. Neurology 56:969-971.
52. Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Hiller W, Frank C. 1998. Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-A polysomnographic study using standardized conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 19:199-202.
53. Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Fell J, Hiller W, Frank C, et al. 2000. Human sleep EEG under the influence of pulsed frequency electromagnetic fields. Neuropsychobiology 42:207-212.
54. Yee KC, Chou CK, Guy AW. 1988. Influence of microwaves on the beating rate of isolated rat hearts. Bioelectromagnetics 9:175-181.