Arrivals and departures: The adoption of French terminology into middle English

English Studies

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 144-165

  Rothwell, W ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0042946764     PISSN: 0013838X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00138389808599121     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
2. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
3. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
4. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
5. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
6. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
7. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
8. The dictionaries referred to in this article are as follows: Middle English Dictionary, eds. H. Kurath etc., (Ann Arbor, 1956-); Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989; ed. J.A. Simpson; F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne Langue française (Paris, 1880-1902); Tobler-Lommatzsch, Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch (Berlin, 1925-); W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn, Leipzig, 1928-); Anglo-Norman Dictionary, eds. W. Rothwell, etc. (London, 1977-92); Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R.E. Latham etc. (London, 1975-); Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français, eds. K. Baldinger, F. Möhren, etc.
9. Modern Language Notes, 50, 90-3.
10. See W. Rothwell, 'Stratford atte Bowe and Paris', Modern Language Review, 80 (1985), 39-54, 'Chaucer and Stratford atte Bowe', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 74 (1992), 3-28 and 'The Trilingual England of Geoffrey Chaucer', Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 16 (1994), 45-67.
11. See W. Rothwell, 'Stratford atte Bowe and Paris', Modern Language Review, 80 (1985), 39- 54, 'Chaucer and Stratford atte Bowe', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 74 (1992), 3-28 and 'The Trilingual England of Geoffrey Chaucer', Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 16 (1994), 45-67.
12. See W. Rothwell, 'Stratford atte Bowe and Paris', Modern Language Review, 80 (1985), 39- 54, 'Chaucer and Stratford atte Bowe', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 74 (1992), 3-28 and 'The Trilingual England of Geoffrey Chaucer', Studies in the Age of Chaucer, 16 (1994), 45-67.
13. 'Sur un nient dedit ele serra receu, et sur un departure en despite de court et aprés emparlauns', Readings and Moots at the Inns of Court, ed. S.E. Thorne, Selden Society 71 (1952), p. 69; 'chose fait aprés lour departure del barre', Select Cases in the Exchequer Chamber, vol. II, ed. M. Hemmant, Selden Society 64 (1948), p. 184.
14. 'Sur un nient dedit ele serra receu, et sur un departure en despite de court et aprés emparlauns', Readings and Moots at the Inns of Court, ed. S.E. Thorne, Selden Society 71 (1952), p. 69; 'chose fait aprés lour departure del barre', Select Cases in the Exchequer Chamber, vol. II, ed. M. Hemmant, Selden Society 64 (1948), p. 184.
15. 'Si nul home franc eit part od home ke deyvet custumer, cil ke franc ne nest deit tut aquiter', Anglo-Norman Custumal, ed. J.W. Schopp (Oxford, 1925), p.29.
16. Both words are of Arabic origin. See T.E. Hope, Lexical Borrowing in the Romance Languages (Oxford, 1971), vol. I, p. 37, although the socio-economic importance of the term is not dealt with.
17. See Helmut A. Benning, Die Vorgeschichte von neuenglisch 'duty', Linguistica et Litteraria, Band 7, (Frankfurt am Main, 1971), especially pp.167 ff..
18. Anglo-French does, however, have the derivative form dreiture (usually in the plural) in the sense of 'dues'.
19. Langues en Contact - Pidgins - Créoles (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 75), ed. Jürgen M. Meisel (Tübingen, 1977), pp.21-53.
20. 'Langues française et anglaise, et multilinguisme à l'époque d'Henri Plantagenêt', Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 37 (1994), 68.
21. See B. Cerquiglini, Éloge de la variante. Histoire critique de la philologie (Paris, 1989) and La Naissance du français (Paris [deuxième édition], 1993).
22. See B. Cerquiglini, Éloge de la variante. Histoire critique de la philologie (Paris, 1989) and La Naissance du français (Paris [deuxième édition], 1993).
23. Ed. N. Blake (1992).
24. See W. Rothwell, 'Playing Follow-my-Leader in Anglo-Norman Studies', Journal of French Language Studies 6 (1996), 177-210.
25. There is as yet no convincing refutation of Gertrud Wacker's contention that the dialectal boundaries in northern France in the medieval period were by no means rigid: see Dialekt und Schriftsprache im altfranzösischen (Halle, 1916).
26. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 112 (1996), 149. 'It must be remembered that almost every Anglo-Norman word is also a Continental French word. The AND attests in this way many a word that, on account of incomplete transmission or faulty lexicography only surfaces again as a modern dialect word, and it provides numerous meanings that up to now have not been picked up, although they exist'.
27. See Note 11.
28. It may suffice to mention only the latest example of this. In the abstract to his paper Emigrant Languages and Acculturation read to the Odense Conference in late 1994 Douglas A. Kibbee refers to the changes brought about by the immigrations as follows: 'A new continental model, from a different region, brought scorn to the older version. The arrival of a new wave of emigrants, in the first half of the thirteenth century, following the marriage of Henry III with Eleanor of Provence in 1238 (sic), created new rifts, both linguistic and political'. The paper has since been published as 'Emigrant Languages and Acculturation: The Case of Anglo-French', The Origins and Development of Emigrant Languages, Rask Supplement vol. 6, eds Hans F. Nielsen & Lene Schøsler (Odense, 1996), 1-20.
29. See D.R. Howlett, The English Origins of Old French Literature (Dublin, 1996).
30. See W. Rothwell, 'Language and Government in Medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93 (1983), 258-70 and 'The Problem of Law French', French Studies, 46 (1992), 257-71.
31. See W. Rothwell, 'Language and Government in Medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93 (1983), 258-70 and 'The Problem of Law French', French Studies, 46 (1992), 257-71.
32. Y. Otaka, 'Sur la Langue des Leis Willelme', Anglo-Norman Anniversary Essays, ed. I. Short, (ANTS 1993), pp.293-308.
33. Ed. M. Bateson, Selden Society, 2 vols. 18 & 21 (1904 & 1906).
34. Ed. A. Bell, ANTS 14-16 (London, 1960).
35. Ed. E.R. Curtius (Dresden, 1911).
36. Ed. B. Foster, ANTS 29-31 (London, 1973).
37. Tony Hunt, Teaching and Learning Latin in Thirteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1991), 3 vols.
38. See W. Rothwell, 'From Latin to Anglo-French and Middle English: the Role of the Multilingual Gloss', Modern Language Review, 88 (1993), 581-99, especially 584-5.
39. Godefroy's sole example of maison foraine 'latrine', 'privy' (4.62c) is, in fact, taken from the Insular Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (ed. Kathryn Young Wallace, ANTS 41 [1983], v. 367), written about 1240, although this is not made clear. Tobler-Lommatzsch simply reproduce this quotation and have no further evidence to add to it. In an Anglo-French indenture of 1410 forein has become a noun in its own right, as happened to 'privy' - 'les ditz John et John ferrount ... une principal chaumbre, une drawyng chaumbre et une forein', L.F. Salzman, Building in England down to 1540 (Oxford, 1952), p. 484.
40. Professor Trotter informs me that the noun 'foreigner' is still used in the Cumbrian dialect in the sense of a 'moonlighting' workman.
41. le tresorde puis qe est fait desouz terre pur receivoir toute l'ordure de l'ostiel par les gouters qe viegnent ... dé chambres coies ... Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines, p. 226.
42. A similar and equally sterile exercise in this same area was carried out on Chaucer's vocabulary half a century ago by J. Mersand, Chaucer's Romance Vocabulary (New York, 1939 [reissued 1968]).
43. See note 15.
44. 'Disparage' is yet another of these originally French terms that owes its current meaning to Anglo-French. By the beginning of the thirteenth century it had added to the Continental sense of 'to marry someone of an inferior status' the modern English meaning of 'to degrade, humiliate, despise' as in the following quotations: 'Ke jo fusse de ceuls vengié Ki les miens ont deparagé' Le Roman de Waldef, ed. A.J. Holden (Geneva, 1984), vv. 4709-10 (early 13c.); 'mult serroit un si tresfynement bon boire ... desparagez en moy vilement', Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines, ed. A.J. Arnould (ANTS, 1940), p.132 (1354).
45. 'Disparage' is yet another of these originally French terms that owes its current meaning to Anglo-French. By the beginning of the thirteenth century it had added to the Continental sense of 'to marry someone of an inferior status' the modern English meaning of 'to degrade, humiliate, despise' as in the following quotations: 'Ke jo fusse de ceuls vengié Ki les miens ont deparagé' Le Roman de Waldef, ed. A.J. Holden (Geneva, 1984), vv. 4709-10 (early 13c.); 'mult serroit un si tresfynement bon boire ... desparagez en moy vilement', Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines, ed. A.J. Arnould (ANTS, 1940), p.132 (1354).
46. Ed. A. Bell (ANTS, 1960).
47. pp.ix-xv in the Bell edition.
48. 'When the Normans took over the land the great histories/stories that had been written by/ about the English, that had been taken from some of the histories, came to a stop on account of the change in people and languages'. The characters in italics indicate emendations introduced by the editor.
49. Ian Short, 'Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-century England', Anglo-Norman Studies XIV; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1991 (Woodbridge), 229-49, p.246.
50. Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries, eds. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek (Amsterdam, 1986).
51. The DMLBS and AND need to be scoured from beginning to end, along with the MED before conclusions of this kind are drawn.
52. See W. Rothwell, 'Language and Government in Medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93 (1983), 258-270, 'From Latin to Modern French: Fifty Years On', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 68 (1985), 179-209, 'The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60 (1991), 173-96, 'The legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109 (1993), 16-46.
53. See W. Rothwell, 'Language and Government in Medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93 (1983), 258-270, 'From Latin to Modern French: Fifty Years On', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 68 (1985), 179-209, 'The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60 (1991), 173-96, 'The legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109 (1993), 16-46.
54. See W. Rothwell, 'Language and Government in Medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93 (1983), 258-270, 'From Latin to Modern French: Fifty Years On', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 68 (1985), 179-209, 'The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60 (1991), 173-96, 'The legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109 (1993), 16-46.
55. See W. Rothwell, 'Language and Government in Medieval England', Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 93 (1983), 258-270, 'From Latin to Modern French: Fifty Years On', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 68 (1985), 179-209, 'The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60 (1991), 173-96, 'The legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109 (1993), 16-46.
56. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
57. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
58. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
59. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
60. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
61. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
62. 'People and Languages in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), 15-21; 'Thoughts on the French Connections of Middle English Nicknames', Nomina, 2 (1978), 38-44; 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), pp.223-51; 'Battle c. 1100: an anthropononymist looks at an Anglo-Norman new town', Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge, 1980, 21- 41); 'The Early Personal Names of King's Lynn', Nomina, 7 (1983), 7; 'Willelmus Rex? vel alius Willelmus?', Nomina, 11 (1987), 7-33; 'Towards a Reassessment of "Anglo-Norman" Influence on English Place-Names', Language Contact in the British Isles, eds. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick (Tübingen, 1991), 275-293.
63. 'Noms de personnes en langue française dans l'Angleterre du Moyen Age', Le Moyen-Age, 101 (1995), 7-21.
64. The material is taken from P.R. Coss, The Early Records of Medieval Coventry (Oxford, 1986).
65. Ed. M. Bateson (Cambridge), 2 vols. 1899-1901, vol. 1., pp.14-15.
66. M. Richter, Sprache und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1979), p.216.
67. The History of the King's Works, eds. H.M. Colvin, etc., (HMSO, 1963), I, 303. The editors translate: '... through its foundation having been placed too near to the castle ditch, where it was shaken day in and day out by the great crash of the waves'. More precisely, perhaps, '... where it is cracking more by the day on account of the great weight of the sea' (carck looks very like an Anglo-French form of charge 'load', etc.).
68. e.g. in 1349 seven pence is paid 'pour ij weigges de feer' and twelve pence for 'stakes de aune' in the Exe Bridge Wardens Accounts (transcribed by D.A. Trotter); a later reference to Chaucer names him as: 'Geffrey Chaucer cont[r]erollour de le wolkeye (i.e. "wool quay") en le port de Loundris', Chaucer Life-Records, eds. M.M. Crow & C.C. Olson (Oxford, 1966) p. 164; 'les ditz masouns ount empris de faire ... un wharf... tanqe al turret del watergate' ... ibid. p. 470.
69. e.g. in 1349 seven pence is paid 'pour ij weigges de feer' and twelve pence for 'stakes de aune' in the Exe Bridge Wardens Accounts (transcribed by D.A. Trotter); a later reference to Chaucer names him as: 'Geffrey Chaucer cont[r]erollour de le wolkeye (i.e. "wool quay") en le port de Loundris', Chaucer Life-Records, eds. M.M. Crow & C.C. Olson (Oxford, 1966) p. 164; 'les ditz masouns ount empris de faire ... un wharf... tanqe al turret del watergate' ... ibid. p. 470.
70. See 'The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60 (1991), 173-96, 'The legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109 (1993), 16-46.
71. See 'The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French', Medium Aevum, 60 (1991), 173- 96, 'The legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English', Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 109 (1993), 16-46.
72. 'the queen ... thereupon comes down from the keep'. The Life of Saint Catherine, ed. W. Macbain (ANTS 18, 1964), v. 2124.
73. 'The three baileys (= defensive walls) of the castle Which ... protect the keep' Le Chasteau d'Amour, ed. J. Murray (Paris, 1918), v. 711.
74. 'the inner tower, which is the middle of the castle, called "dungeon"', Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines, ed. E. J. Arnould (ANTS 2, 1940), p. 81.23.
75. 'he is a fool; he ought to be in a cloister or a "dungeon", Le Manuel des Pechez, ed. F.J. Furnivall, Early English Text Society 119, 123 (1901-03), v. 6696. Dungun here, like clostre, is a secure place in which to house the mentally unstable, with no connotation of height.
76. 'the king went down into a deep dungeon', Chronicle of Peter of Langtoft, ed. T. Wright, (Rolls Series, 1866), vol. II v. 434.
77. Other examples of the word are found in 1388 and 1392 in the same records. L.C. Wright, Sources of London English (Oxford, 1996), p. 162. Godefroy's first attestation of the verb calfater (8. Comp. 412b) is no earlier than 1459, although the noun calfat (ibid.) is found in 1371, so the 'word family' was probably in existence well before 1459. In fact, the MED quotes 'calfating' in a Latin text of 1353, with 'calfat-nail' being attested as early as 1336.
78. Ultimately from Arabic, another reminder, like douane, of the Mediterranean orientation of a great deal of maritime commerce in the medieval period.
79. 'on the occasion of the launching of the barge on the Thames' ibid. p. 173. (Another example of the word in a similar context is found in 1461 on the same page).
80. Godefroy's first attestation of aisselier (1. 200b) is as late as 1469, but the word is found in Anglo-French in the twelfth-century Quatre Livre des Reis ed. E.R. Curtius (Dresden, 1911), p. 125 and is in Middle English by 1339-40 (MED).
81. 'for the painting of the new torches and the sprucing up and refurbishment of the old torches' (f.18v). I am much indebted to Dr. Lisa Jefferson, MHRA Research Assistant, for her kind permission to quote from her transcriptions of these unpublished documents. The results of her researches in this general field of hitherto unpublished documentary material make an important contribution to the forthcoming new edition of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary.
82. 'copying of the charter' (f.28r). Doubler is well attested in Anglo-French for 'to copy'.
83. See W. Rothwell, 'The French Vocabulary in the Archive of the London Grocers' Company', Zeilschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 102 (1992), 23-41, especially p.29.
84. 'to dig out or strengthen with piles', Chaucer Life-Records, eds. M.M. Crow & C.C. Olson (Oxford, 1966), p. 470. Piler here has nothing to do with the French piler 'to crush', but is made from the English 'pile' with the French infinitive ending -er.
85. The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson, 3rd. ed. (Oxford, 1987), The Knight's Tale, p. 37 vv. 886-7.
86. 'They worked and ploughed the fields And cultivated them splendidly': La Vie Seint Edmund le Rei, ed. H. Kjellman (Göteborg, 1935), vv. 239-40.