The making of a neo-colony? Anglo-Kuwaiti relations in the era of decolonization

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 159-172

  Smith, Simon C ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0042871523     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/714004359     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Letter from J.C.B. Richmond to R.A. Beaumont, No. 1119/60, 24 May 1960, Public Record Office (PRO), FO 371/148997.
2. Malcolm Caldwell, 'From "Emergency" to "Independence", 1948-57', in Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell (eds.), Malaya: The Making of a Neo-colony (Nottingham, 1977), p.251.
3. Harry Magdoff, 'Imperialism without colonies', in Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe (eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London, 1972), p.167.
4. Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (London, 1965), p.31.
5. A.J. Stockwell, 'Malaysia: The Making of a Neo-Colony', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol.26, No.2 (1998), p.138.
6. William Roger Louis and Ronald Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol.22, No.3 (1994), p.485.
7. Ibid., p.487.
8. Tony Hopkins, 'Macmillan's Audit of Empire, 1957', in Peter Clarke and Clive Trebilcock (eds.), Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance (Cambridge, 1997), p.256.
9. The Shaikhdom of Kuwait assumed the appellation Amirate following the achievement of full independence in 1961. For reasons of consistency and simplicity, this article uses the term Shaikhdom throughout.
10. L.G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia, Vol.1, Part 1B (Farnhorough, 1970; first published Calcutta, 1915), pp.1048-9.
11. Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge, 1995), p.66.
12. Cited in Hassan A. al-Ebraheem, Kuwait: A Political Study (Kuwait, 1975), p.168.
13. Letter from Richmond to Lord Home, No. 2, 2 Jan. 1963, FO 371/168726.
14. Exchange of Notes regarding Relations between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the State of Kuwait, 19 June 1961, London: HMSO, Cmd. 1409.
15. Telegram from Kuwait to the Foreign Office, No.314, 30 June 1961, FO 371/156874. For recent examinations of British intervention in Kuwait, see: Miriam Joyce, 'Preserving the Sheikhdom: London, Washington, Iraq, and Kuwait, 1958-61', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.31, No.2 (1995), pp.281-92; Morice Snell-Mendoza, 'In Defence of Oil: Britain's Response to the Iraqi Threat towards Kuwait, 1961', Contemporary Record, Vol.10, No.3 (1996), pp.39-62; Nigel Ashton, 'Britain and the Kuwaiti Crisis, 1961', Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol.9, No.1 (1998), pp.163-81.
16. Telegram from Kuwait to the Foreign Office, No.314, 30 June 1961, FO 371/156874. For recent examinations of British intervention in Kuwait, see: Miriam Joyce, 'Preserving the Sheikhdom: London, Washington, Iraq, and Kuwait, 1958-61', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.31, No.2 (1995), pp.281-92; Morice Snell-Mendoza, 'In Defence of Oil: Britain's Response to the Iraqi Threat towards Kuwait, 1961', Contemporary Record, Vol.10, No.3 (1996), pp.39-62; Nigel Ashton, 'Britain and the Kuwaiti Crisis, 1961', Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol.9, No.1 (1998), pp.163-81.
17. Telegram from Kuwait to the Foreign Office, No.314, 30 June 1961, FO 371/156874. For recent examinations of British intervention in Kuwait, see: Miriam Joyce, 'Preserving the Sheikhdom: London, Washington, Iraq, and Kuwait, 1958-61', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.31, No.2 (1995), pp.281-92; Morice Snell-Mendoza, 'In Defence of Oil: Britain's Response to the Iraqi Threat towards Kuwait, 1961', Contemporary Record, Vol.10, No.3 (1996), pp.39-62; Nigel Ashton, 'Britain and the Kuwaiti Crisis, 1961', Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol.9, No.1 (1998), pp.163-81.
18. Richard Schofield, Kuwait and Iraq: Historical Claims and Territorial Disputes, second edition (London, 1993), p.108.
19. John Bulloch, The Gulf: A Portrait of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the UAE (London, 1984), p.63.
20. Mustafa Alani, Operation Vantage: British Military Intervention in Kuwait 1961 (Surbiton, 1990), p.133.
21. Ibid., pp.108, 250.
22. Letter from Sir William Luce to Home, No. 98, 22 Nov. 1961, FO 371/156670.
23. David H. Finnie, Shifting Lines in the Sand: Kuwait's Elusive Frontier with Iraq (London, 1992), p.148.
24. Schofield, Kuwait and Iraq, p.107.
25. Macmillan Diaries, volume 5 second series, 18 July 1958. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MSS Macmillan dep.d. 32. See also Harold Macmillan. Riding the Storm, 1956-1959 (London, 1971), p.523.
26. The sterling area was an economic system which grew up after 1945 consisting mainly of members of the Empire/Commonwealth. It main purpose was to 'restrict convertibility of sterling into dollars in the context of the post-war dollar shortage and generally to conserve foreign exchange'. (Catherine R. Schenk, Britain and the Sterling Area: From Devaluation Convertibility to in the 1950's (London, 1994), p.8.)
27. Minute by R.S. Crawford, 6 March 1961, FO 371/156834.
28. Telegram from Sir Rupert Hay to the Foreign Office, No. 165. 3 March 1953, FO 371/104340.
29. Letter from the Foreign Office to Bernard Burrows, No. 125 (EA 1053/8), 24 July 1953, FO 371/104270, cited in Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf, p.67.
30. Telegram from the Foreign Office to the Political Agent, No. 40, 7 Feb. 1950, FO 1016/119.
31. Letter from H.G. Jakins to Shaikh Ahdullah, No. 42 (92/33/50). 21 Feb. 1950, FO 371/82029.
32. Telegram from J.A.F. Gethin to the Foreign Office, No. 210, 15 Oct. 1950, FO 371/82010
33. Letter from C.J. Pelly to Hay, No. 95/5/53, 31 March 1953, FO 371/114325.
34. Minute by W.N. Hillier-Fry, 30 Nov. 1960, FO 371/149093.
35. Fred Halliday, Arabia without Sultans (Harmondsworth, 1979), pp.432-3.
36. Telegram from the Foreign Office to Kuwait, No. 514, 14 July 1967, FCO 8/644.
37. Letter from G.G. Arthur to George Brown, 1 Feb. 1968, FCO 8/645.
38. 'Kuwait', Minute from D.J.D. Maitland to Sir Roger Jackling, 3 Jan. 1968, PRO FCO 8/625; 'Kuwait ambassador's call on the Secretary of State', Minute by A. Ibbott, 20 May 1968, FCO 8/626.
39. Letter from Arthur to T.W. Garvey, No. 11314G, 26 Nov. 1967; Letter from Arthur to M.S. Weir, 17 March 1968. FCO 8/645.
40. Letter from Arthur to Garvey, 20 Jan. 1968, FCO 8/645.
41. S.E. Stockwell, 'Political Strategies of British Business during Decolonization: The Case of the Gold Coast/Ghana, 1942-57', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol.23, No.2 (1995), p.292.
42. Robert L. Tignor, Capitalism and Nationalism at the End Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, 1945-1963 (Princeton, 1993), p.39.
43. Ibid., p.124.
44. Nicholas J. White, 'Government and Business Divided: Malaya, 1945-57', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol.22, No.2 (1994), pp.251-74.
45. Nicholas J. White, Business, Government, and the End of Empire Malaya, 1942-1957 (Kuala Lumpur, 1996), p.272.
46. Tignor, Capitalism and Nationalism, p.78.
47. Copy of a letter from C.E. Loombe to Pelly, 10 Feb. 1953, FO 371/104325.
48. Letter from Pelly to Hay, No. 95/5/53, 31 March 1953, FO 371/104325.
49. Letter from Pelly to Hay, No. 95/9/53, 8 April 1953, FO 371/104326.
50. Telegram from Pelly to Foreign Office, No. 85, 29 March 1953, FO 371/104272.
51. Telegram from Pelly to the Foreign Office, No. 8, 1 April 1953, FO 371/104325.
52. Minute by C.M. Rose, 8 April 1953, FO 371/104325.
53. Letter from Pelly to D.A. Logan, No. 37/15/53, 9 May 1953, FO 371/104327.
54. Minute by C.T.E. Ewart-Biggs, 30 Nov. 1953, FO 371/104341.
55. Telegram from Pelly to the Foreign Office, No. 58, 18 March 1954, FO 371/109863.
56. The following is based on 'Kuwait: Cable and Wireless Limited: Telephone and Undertakings'. Foreign Office minute (undated), FO 371/104383.
57. Letter from the Secretary of State to Hay, No. EA 1431/7, 21 March 1953: Minute by D.A. Greenhill, 28 April 1953, FO 371/104383.
58. Minute by A.R. Sinclair, 1 May 1953, FO 371/104383.
59. Minute by P.M. Maxey, 9 Dec. 1953, FO 371/104383.
60. Telegram from Pelly to the Foreign Office, No. 389, 8 Dec. 1953, FO 371/104383.
61. Letter from Richmond to Home, No. 4E (112107/61), 7 Jan. 1961, FO 371/156869.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Letter from Arthur to Brown, 1 Feb. 1968, FCO 8/645.
65. Nicholas J. White. Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945 (London, 1999), p.42.
66. Letter from Hay to Ernest Bevin, No. 122, 23 July 1948, Public Record Office, POWE 33/1957.
67. Letter from A.S. Halford to D.M.H. Riches, No. 10814/58, 13 May 1958, PRO T 236/5201.
68. Minute by P.H. Gore-Booth, 12 May 1958, T 236/5201.
69. Minute by R.F.G. Sarell, 25 Sept. 1951, FO 371/91283.
70. Minute by D.R. Serpell, 3 March 1952, T 236/42872E
71. Ibid.
72. Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf, p.69.
73. Telegram from Pelly to the Foreign Office, No. 85, 29 March 1953, FO 371/104272.
74. Letter from Jakins to Hay, 28 Nov. 1950. FO 371/82010.
75. Letter from Pelly to Hay, No. 95/9/53, 8 April 1954, FO 371/104326.
76. Ibid.
77. Copy of a note by Loombe given to Pelly, 10 Feb. 1953, FO 371/104325.
78. Minute by Richmond, 10 June 1953. FO 371/104272.
79. 'Kuwait', Minute by L.A.C. Fry, 26 Oct. 1954, FO 371/109822.
80. 'Persian Gulf', Note by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 14 May 1956, CP (56) 122, PRO CAB 129/81.
81. Letter from Halford to Selwyn Lloyd, No. 42 (10112/59), 13 Aug. 1959, FO 371/140084.
82. 'Kuwait: International Relations', Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 3 Nov. 1958, Annex A: Substantive letter of assurance to the Ruler of Kuwait, 23 Oct. 1958, C. (58) 228, CAB 129/95.
83. Telegram from Richmond to the Foreign Office, No. 436, 10 July 1961, FO 371/156850.
84. Letter from Luce to Stevens, No. 1035/61, 16 July 1961, FO 371/156885.
85. Telegram from Sir Humphrey Trevelyan to the Foreign Office, No. 976, 24 July 1961, FO 371/156896.
86. Minute by Walmsley, 13 Feb. 1962, FO 371/162906.
87. Letter from Richmond to Home, No.2, 2 Jan. 1963, FO 371/168726.
88. 'Anglo-Kuwaiti relations', Minute by T.F. Brenchley, 26 March 1965, FO 371/179839.
89. Letter from D.M. Day to R.M. Hastie-Smith, 14 Aug. 1967, PRO DEFE 11/548.
90. Letter from Arthur to Garvey, No. 11314G. 26 Nov. 1967; Letter from Arthur to Brown, 1 Feb. 1968, FCO 8/645.
91. Letter from J.A.N. Graham to D.H.T. Hildyard, No. 11314G, 1 Dec. 1967, FCO 8/645.
92. 'Kuwait Sterling', Minute by Brenchley, 21 Dec. 1967, FCO 8/645.
93. Minute by Walmsley, 2 Feb. 1961, FO 371/156672.