Malaysia: The making of a neo-colony?

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 138-156

  Stockwell, A J ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032337117     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539808583029     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. D.K. Fieldhouse, Colonialism 1870-1945: An Introduction (London, 1981), 8, see also 1, 2, 4, 9-10, 53.
2. D.K. Fieldhouse, Black Africa, 1945-60: Economic Decolonization and Arrested Development (London, 1986), 6. See also Nicholas J. White, Business, Government, and the End of Empire: Malaya, 1942-1957 (Kuala Lumpur, 1997), 271.
3. D.K. Fieldhouse, Black Africa, 1945-60: Economic Decolonization and Arrested Development (London, 1986), 6. See also Nicholas J. White, Business, Government, and the End of Empire: Malaya, 1942-1957 (Kuala Lumpur, 1997), 271.
4. Wm. Roger Louis and Ronald Robinson, The Imperialism of Decolonization', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 22, 3 (1994), 462-511.
5. Malcolm Caldwell, 'The British "Forward Movement", 1874-1914', in Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell (eds.), Malaya: The Making of a Neo-Colony (Nottingham, 1977), 34.
6. Ibid., 29.
7. Caldwell, 'From "Emergency" to "Independence", 1948-57', in Mohamed Amin and Caldwell, 251.
8. Brian Lapping, End of Empire (London, 1985), 187.
9. The Tunku gave his own account of the occasion in a newspaper article, reprinted in Looking Back (Kuala Lumpur, 1977), 77-89. Though he claimed to have electrified his audience, British officials had advance information about the speech, see British high commission to Commonwealth Relations Office, telegram, 26 May 1961, Public Record Office [PRO]: PREM 11/3418. Almost a year earlier the Tunku had suggested a 'Greater Malaysia' scheme to Lord Perth (minister of state for colonial affairs, 1957-62), though Macmillan had had expressed reservations: 'All this seems to me rather doubtful but I suppose it is worth considering.' Macmillan to N. Brook, 19 June 1960, ibid.
10. MacDonald, a former Cabinet minister, reported to the secretaries of state for foreign and colonial Affairs. Scott, a civil servant who later served as permanent secretary at the Ministry of Defence (1961-63), and Selkirk, who had been first lord of the Admiralty (1957-59) before his posting to Singapore, reported directly to the prime minister.
11. See Graham Saunders, A History of Brunei (Kuala Lumpur, 1994) and Vernon L. Porritt, British colonial rule in Sarawak 1946-1963 (Kuala Lumpur, 1997).
12. See Graham Saunders, A History of Brunei (Kuala Lumpur, 1994) and Vernon L. Porritt, British colonial rule in Sarawak 1946-1963 (Kuala Lumpur, 1997).
13. See PRO: CAB 128/35, CC63(61)6, 16 Nov. 1961, and CC65(61)4, 23 Nov. 1961; CAB 129/107, C(61)190, 2 Nov. 1961; PREM 11/3420.
14. Lord Cobbold, a former governor of the Bank of England, was not the first choice for this job. The names of Malcolm MacDonald (then co-chairman of the international conference on Laos 1961-63), Lord Boyd (formerly Alan Lennox-Boyd and secretary of state for colonial affairs 1954-59), and Lord Ogmore (formerly David Rees-Williams, under-secretary of state for colonial affairs 1947-50, and friend of Tunku Abdul Rahman) had all been mentioned, see PREM 11/3420 and 3866. The British nominated two commissioners: Sir Anthony Abell (governor of Sarawak 1950-59 and high commissioner for Brunei 1950-58) and Sir David Watherston (chief secretary of Malaya 1952-57). The nominees of the Federation of Malaya were Dato Wong Pow Nee and Mohamad Ghazali Shafie (permanent secretary of the Ministry of External Affairs 1958-70 and minister in the Malaysian federal government 1970-84).
15. Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962, Cmnd. 1794.
16. PREM 11/4346 and 4347.
17. See J.A.C Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963-1966 (Kuala Lumpur, 1974).
18. The British ambassador, Andrew Gilchrist, in a telegram giving a blow-by-blow account of the riots, reported: 'A further demonstration is now on its way. The charred corpse of my poor old Princess is causing an elegant traffic jam.' The prime minister noted in the margin: 'I hope the historian will not misunderstand this paragraph.' The reference was, of course, to the ambassadorial car. Gilchrist to Foreign Office, 4.39 am, 17 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4310.
19. Gordon P. Means, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation (Singapore, 1991), 91-2.
20. The Observer (London), 27 Feb. 1994, 22, c.8.
21. The author is currently engaged in selecting documents for a volume on the formation of Malaysia for the series, British Documents on the End of Empire.
22. H of C Debs, 463, c.2815, 13 April 1949.
23. A.J. Stockwell (ed.), British Documents on the End of Empire: Malaya (London, 1995) I, lxxvi, III, documents 378-81.
24. 'The outlook in Malaya up to 1960', note by the commissioner-general's office, [May 1957], PRO: FO 371/129342, no. 8, printed in Stockwell, (ed.), BDEE, Malaya, III, document 454. See also 'Future of the Alliance Government', March 1957, PRO: CO 1030/440, no. 1.
25. 'The outlook in Malaya up to 1960', note by the commissioner-general's office, [May 1957], PRO: FO 371/129342, no. 8, printed in Stockwell, (ed.), BDEE, Malaya, III, document 454. See also 'Future of the Alliance Government', March 1957, PRO: CO 1030/440, no. 1.
26. 'The outlook in Malaya up to 1960' [May 1957].
27. White, Business, Government, and the End of Empire, 272-79.
28. Selkirk to Macmillan, 3 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4146.
29. PREM 11/3421.
30. 'The outlook in Malaya up to 1960' [May 1957].
31. Scott to Eden, 15 April 1956, PREM 11/2661.
32. Ibid., Scott to Eden, 1 June 1956.
33. Ibid., Scott to Eden, 18 Dec. 1956.
34. Selkirk to Macmillan, 17 Feb. 1960, PREM 11/3276.
35. Phillip Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez 1947-1968 (London, 1973), 214-43 ('Role defined 1962-1964').
36. Macmillan to Selkirk, 12 March 1963, PREM 11/4188.
37. Selkirk to Macmillan, 30 Nov. 1962, PREM 11/3869.
38. De Zulueta to Macmillan, 15 Dec. 1961, PREM 11/4189.
39. Though it is now accepted that the Brunei rising was easily suppressed, it is a mark of British lack of confidence in their power at the time that Selkirk could report to the prime minister on 20 Dec. 1962 that it 'came within an inch of being completely successful', PREM 11/4146.
40. Alistair Horne, Macmillan, II, 1957-1986 (London, 1989), 193.
41. Selkirk to Macmillan, 3 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4146.
42. Horne, Macmillan 1957-1986, 395.
43. De Zulueta to Macmillan, 25 Feb. 1963 and 8 May 1963, PREM 11/4347.
44. Scott to Eden, 18 Dec. 1956, PREM 11/2661.
45. PREM 11/3422 and 3868.
46. PREM 11/4346, 4347, 4348, 4349, 4350.
47. Memorandum from Abell and Watherston to Cobbold, 21 June 1962, PREM 11/3867.
48. Rajah Charles Vyner Brooke to the prime minister, 16 July 1962, and Bertram Brooke to the prime minister, 20 Aug. and 13 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4345.
49. H.P. Hall (commissioner-general's office) to W.I.J. Wallace (Colonial Office), 19 June 1962, PREM 11/3867.
50. De Zulueta to Macmillan, 19 March 1962, PREM 11/3866.
51. Macmillan to Brook, 21 June 1962, PREM 11/3867.
52. Ibid., telegrams between British high commission, Kuala Lumpur, and Macmillan, 4 July 1962. See also CAB 128/36, CC44(62)7, 5 July 1962, and CC53(62)2, 3 Aug. 1962: CAB 129/110, C(62)106, 4 July 1962.
53. Papers on these talks in May 19963 are at PREM 11/4347, 4348 and 4349. See also CAB 128/37, CC34(63)8, 23 May 1963. For the financial settlement in 1957 see Stockwell (ed.), BDEE: Malaya, III, document 441.
54. Sandys to Macmillan, 11 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4350. Macmillan replied on 12 Sept. The three telegrams referred to at CAB 129/114, C(63)149 but retained under section 3(4) (viz LONSOS 171, SOSLON 109, OCULAR 651) are at PREM 11/4350. See also CAB 128/37 52(63)1, 12 Sept. 1963.
55. Darby, British Defence Policy, 281-2.
56. Selkirk to Macmillan, 17 Jan. 1963, PREM 11/4346.
57. Macmillan to Horne, 3 April 1963, PREM 11/4347.
58. Ibid., Sir Burke Trend (secretary to Cabinet) to Macmillan, 29 Mar. 1963.
59. Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London, ed. 1990), 289-90.
60. De Zulueta to Macmillan, 20 Feb. 1963, PREM 11/4347.
61. Horne, Macmillan 1957-86, 415.
62. C.M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore 1819-1975 (Singapore, ed. 1985), 286-93. See Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation (Kuala Lumpur, 1974).
63. C.M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore 1819-1975 (Singapore, ed. 1985), 286-93. See Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation (Kuala Lumpur, 1974).