Limitations and implications of stream classification

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 659-670

  Juracek, Kyle E ^a   Fitzpatrick, Faith A ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Channel form; Geomorphic processes; Rosgen; Stream classification; Stream rehabilitation; Stream restoration; Surface water hydrology; Water resources planning

Indexed keywords

GEOMORPHOLOGY; RISKS;

CHANNEL FORM;

WATER RESOURCES;

CHANNEL CHANGE; CLASSIFICATION; FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; STREAM CHANNEL;

EID: 0042861688     PISSN: 1093474X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03683.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Auble, G. T., M. L. Scott, J. M. Friedman, J. Back, and V. J. Lee, 1997. Constraints on Establishment of Plains Cottonwood in an Urban Riparian Preserve. Wetlands 17(1):138-148.
2. Baker, V. R., 1977. Stream-Channel Response to Floods, With Examples From Central Texas. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88:1057-1071.
3. Baker, V. R., 1988. Flood Erosion. In: Flood Geomorphology, V. R. Baker, R. C. Kochel, and P. C. Patton (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 81-95.
4. Baker, V. R. and J. E. Costa, 1987. Flood Power. In: Catastrophic Flooding, L. Mayer and E. Nash (Editors). Allen and Unwin, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 1-21.
5. Brussock, P. P., A. V. Brown, and J. C. Dixon, 1985. Channel Form and Stream Ecosystem Models. Water Resources Bulletin 21:859-866.
6. Burkham, D. E., 1972. Channel Changes of the Gila River in Safford Valley, Arizona, 1846-1970. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 655-G.
7. Clinton, D., G. Jennings, W. Harman, J. Patterson, L. O' Hara, and J. Williams, 1999. North Carolina Reference Stream Channel Morphology Relationships. In: Wildland Hydrology, Darren S Olsen and John P. Potyondy (Editors). American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia, pp. 393-400.
8. Costa, J. E., 1974. Response and Recovery of a Piedmont Watershed From Tropical Storm Agnes, June 1972. Water Resources Research 10:106-112.
9. Costa, J. E. and J. E. O'Connor, 1995. Geomorphically Effective Floods. Natural and Anthropogenic Influences in Fluvial Geomorphology. Geophysical Monograph 89:45-56.
10. Davis, W. M., 1890. The Rivers of Northern New Jersey, With Note on the Classification of Rivers in General. National Geographic Magazine 2:82-110.
11. Davis, W. M., 1899. The Geographical Cycle. Geographical Journal 14:481-504.
12. Downs, P. W., 1995. River Channel Classification for Channel Management Purposes. In: Changing River Channels, Angela Gurnell and Geoffrey Petts (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 347-365.
13. Doyle, M. W. and J. M. Harbor, 2000. Discussion. "Evaluation of Rosgen's Streambank Erosion Potential Assessment in Northeast Oklahoma," by R. D. Harmel, C. T. Haan, and R. C. Dutnell. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36(5):1191-1192.
14. Epstein, C. M., 2002. Application of Rosgen Analysis to the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(1):69-78.
15. FISRWG (Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group), 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. National Engineering Handbook, NEH 653.
16. Ferguson, Rob, 1987. Hydraulic and Sedimentary Controls of Channel Pattern. In: River Channels, Environment and Process, Keith Richards (Editor). Basil Blackwell, New York, New York, pp. 129-158.
17. Fitzpatrick, F. A. and J. C. Knox, 2000. Spatial and Temporal Sensitivity of Hydrogeomorphic Response and Recovery to Deforestation, Agriculture, and Floods. Physical Geography 21(2):89-108.
18. Fitzpatrick, F. A., J. C. Knox, and H. E. Whitman, 1999. Effects of Historical Land-Cover Changes on Flooding and Sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4083.
19. Fitzpatrick, F. A., I. R. Waite, P. J. D'Arconte, M. R. Meador, M. A. Maupin, and M. E. Gurtz, 1998. Revised Methods for Characterizing Stream Habitat in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4052.
20. Frissell, C. A., W. J. Liss, C. E. Warren, and M. D. Hurley, 1986. A Hierarchical Framework for Stream Habitat Classification: Viewing Streams in a Watershed Context. Environmental Management 10:199-214.
21. Germanoski, Dru and S. A. Schumm, 1993. Changes in Braided River Morphology Resulting From Aggradation and Degradation. Journal of Geology 101:451-466.
22. Gillilan, S., 1996. Use and Misuse of Channel Classification Schemes. Stream Notes, October 1996, Stream Systems Technology Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado. Available at http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/index.html. Accessed on August 24, 2001.
23. Goodwin, C. N., 1999. Fluvial Classification: Neanderthal Necessity or Needless Normalcy. In: Wildland Hydrology, Darren S Olsen and John P. Potyondy (Editors). American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia, pp. 229-236.
24. Gordon, N. D., T. A. McMahon, and B. L. Finlayson, 1992. Stream Hydrology - An Introduction for Ecologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.
25. Harrelson, C. C., C. L. Rawlins, and J. P. Potyondy, 1994. Stream Channel Reference Sites: An Illustrated Guide to Field Technique. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Forest Service General Technical Report RM-245.
26. Hawkes, H. A., 1975. River Zonation and Classification. In: River Ecology, B. A. Whitton (Editor). Blackwell, London, United Kingdom, pp. 312-374.
27. Johnson, P. A. and T. M. Heil, 1996. Uncertainty in Estimating Bankfull Conditions. Water Resources Bulletin 32:1283-1291.
28. Kellerhals, Rolf, Michael Church, and D. I. Bray, 1976. Classification and Analysis of River Processes. Journal of the Hydraulics Division 102:813-829.
29. Knighton, David, 1998. Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.
30. Kochel, R. C., 1988. Geomorphic Impacts of Large Floods: Review and New Perspectives on Magnitude and Frequency. In: Flood Geomorphology, V. R. Baker, R. C. Kochel, and P. C. Patton (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 169-187.
31. Kochel, R. C., D. F. Ritter, and Jerry Miller, 1987. Role of Tree Dams in the Construction of Pseudo-Terraces and Variable Geomorphic Response to Floods in Little River Valley, Virginia. Geology 15:718-721.
32. Kondolf, G. M., 1995. Geomorphological Stream Channel Classification in Aquatic Habitat Restoration: Uses and Limitations. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 5:127-141.
33. Leopold, L. B. and M. G. Wolman, 1957. River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering, and Straight. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282-B.
34. Leopold, L. B., M. G. Wolman, and J. P. Miller, 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. Dover Publications, New York, New York.
35. Macklin, M. G., and John Lewin, 1997. Channel, Floodplain and Drainage Basin Response to Environmental Change. In: Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management, C. R. Thorne, R. D. Hey, and M. D. Newson (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 15-46.
36. Miller, D. E. and P. B. Skidmore, 2001. Natural Channel Design: How Does Rosgen Classification-Based Design Compare With Other Methods? Proceedings of the ASCE Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference, Reno, Nevada. Ch. 2, Sec. 27.
37. Miller, J. R. and J. B. Ritter, 1996. An Examination of the Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena 27:295-299.
38. Montgomery, D. R. and J. M. Buffington, 1997. Channel-Reach Morphology in Mountain Drainage Basins. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 109:596-611.
39. Mosley, M. P., 1987. The Classification and Characterization of Rivers. In: River Channels, Environment and Process, Keith Richards (Editor). Basil Blackwell, New York, New York, pp. 295-320.
40. Myers, T. J. and Sherman Swanson, 1992. Variation of Stream Stability With Stream Type and Livestock Bank Damage in Northern Nevada. Water Resources Bulletin 28:743-754.
41. Naiman, R. J., D. G. Lonzarich, T. J. Beechie, and S. C. Ralph, 1992. General Principles of Classification and the Assessment of Conservation Potential in Rivers. In: River Conservation and Management, P. J. Boon, P. Calow, and G. E. Petts (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 93-123.
42. Osterkamp, W. R. and J. E. Costa, 1987. Changes Accompanying an Extraordinary flood on a Sand-Bed Stream. In: Catastrophic Flooding, L. Mayer and D. Nash (Editors). Allen and Unwin, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 201-223.
43. Pennak, R. W., 1978. The Dilemma of Stream Classification. In: Classification, Inventory and Analysis of Fish and Wildlife Habitat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., Biological Services Program FWS/OBS-78/76, pp. 59-66.
44. Playfair, John, 1802. Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth. William Creech, Edinburgh, Scotland.
45. Powell, J. W., 1875. Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Tributaries. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
46. Richards, K. S. and S. N. Lane, 1997. Prediction of Morphological Changes in Unstable Channels. In: Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management, C. R. Thorne, R. D. Hey, and M. D. Newson (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 269-292.
47. Rosgen, D. L., 1985. A Stream Classification System. In: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management. Proceedings of the First North American Riparian Conference, April 16-18, Tucson, Arizona. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report No. RM120, pp. 91-95.
48. Rosgen, D. L., 1994. A Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena 22:169-99.
49. Rosgen, D. L, 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, Colorado.
50. Rosgen, D. L., 1998. The Reference Reach: A Blueprint for Natural Channel Design. Proceedings of the ASCE Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference, Denver, Colorado, ASCE, Reston, Virginia.
51. Savery, T. S., G. H. Belt, and D. A. Higgins, 2001. Evaluation of the Rosgen Stream Classification System in Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Wisconsin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(3):641-654.
52. Schumm, S. A., 1977. The Fluvial System. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.
53. Schumm, S. A., 1991. To Interpret the Earth, Ten Ways to be Wrong. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.
54. Schumm, S. A. and R. W. Lichty, 1963. Channel Widening and Flood-Plain Construction along Cimarron River in Southwestern Kansas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 352-D.
55. Sear, D. A., M. D. Newson, and A. Brookes, 1995. Sediment-Related River Maintenance: The Role of Fluvial Geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20:629-647.
56. Shields, F. D., Andrew Brookes, and Jeffrey Haltiner, 1999. Geomorphological Approaches to Incised Stream Channel Restoration in the United States and Europe. In: Incised River Channels, S. E. Darby and Andrew Simon (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 371-394.
57. Thorne, C. R., 1997. Channel Types and Morphological Classification. In: Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management, C. R. Thorne, R. D. Hey, and M. D. Newson (Editors). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 175-222.
58. Thorne, C. R., 1998. Stream Reconnaissance Handbook. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
59. Thwaites, R. G., 1895, The Stow of Chequamegon Bay. Democrat Printing Co., Madison, Wisconsin, Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 8:397-440.
60. Warren, C. E., 1979. Toward Classification and Rationale for Watershed Management and Stream Protection. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, Report No. EPA-600/3-79-059.
61. Whiting, P. J. and J. B. Bradley, 1993. A Process-Based Classification System for Headwater Streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18:603-612.
62. Wolman, M. G. and Ran Gerson, 1978. Relative Scales of Time and Effectiveness of Climate in Watershed Geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes 3:189-203.
63. Wolman, M. G. and J. P. Miller, 1960. Magnitude and Frequency of Forces in Geomorphic Processes. Journal of Geology 68:54-74.