Unveiling the mirror: Afro-Brazilian identity and the emergence of a community school movement

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 41-63+139

  De Almeida, Adjoa Florência Jones ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042854806     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/345836     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Abdias do Nascimento and Elin Larkin do Nascimento, Africans in Brazil (Lawrenceville, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1992).
2. Carl Degler, Neither Black nor White (New York: MacMillan, 1971).
3. Gilberto Freyre, New World in the Tropics: The Culture of Modern Brazil (New York: Knopf, 1959).
4. Anani Dzidzienyo, "Brazilian Race Relations: Old Problems, New Ideas," Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 19, no. 2 (1993): 109-29.
5. Anani Dzidzienyo, "Afro-Brasileiros no contexto national e international" (Afro-Brazilians in the national and international context), in Desigualdade racial no Brasil contemporaneo (Racial inequality in contemporary Brazil), ed. Peggy A. Lovell (Belo Horizonte: Cedeplar/ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1991), pp. 105-42, and "Africa-Brazil: Ex Africa semper aliquid novi?" in Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization, ed. Larry Crook and Randal Johnson (Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Latin American Center, 1999); Thomas E. Skidmore, "Bi-racial U.S.A. vs. Multiracial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid?" Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (1993): 373-86.
6. Anani Dzidzienyo, "Afro-Brasileiros no contexto national e international" (Afro-Brazilians in the national and international context), in Desigualdade racial no Brasil contemporaneo (Racial inequality in contemporary Brazil), ed. Peggy A. Lovell (Belo Horizonte: Cedeplar/ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1991), pp. 105-42, and "Africa-Brazil: Ex Africa semper aliquid novi?" in Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization, ed. Larry Crook and Randal Johnson (Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Latin American Center, 1999); Thomas E. Skidmore, "Bi-racial U.S.A. vs. Multiracial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid?" Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (1993): 373-86.
7. Anani Dzidzienyo, "Afro-Brasileiros no contexto national e international" (Afro-Brazilians in the national and international context), in Desigualdade racial no Brasil contemporaneo (Racial inequality in contemporary Brazil), ed. Peggy A. Lovell (Belo Horizonte: Cedeplar/ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1991), pp. 105-42, and "Africa-Brazil: Ex Africa semper aliquid novi?" in Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization, ed. Larry Crook and Randal Johnson (Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Latin American Center, 1999); Thomas E. Skidmore, "Bi-racial U.S.A. vs. Multiracial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid?" Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (1993): 373-86.
8. Slavoj Zizek, Tarrying with the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993).
9. Robert Lowe and Harvey Kantor, "Considerations on Writing the History of Educational Reform in the 1960s," Educational Theory 39, no. 1 (1989): 1-9.
10. David N. Plank, The Means of Our Salvation: Public Education in Brazil, 1930-1995 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1996); Carlos A. Hasenbalg, Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil (Racial discrimination and inequality in Brazil) (Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979), and "Desigualdades socials e oportunidade educational: A produção do fracasso" (Social inequality and educational opportunity: The production of failure), Cadernos de pesquisa (Special Issue: Raça negra a educação) 63 (November 1987): 24-26.
11. David N. Plank, The Means of Our Salvation: Public Education in Brazil, 1930-1995 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1996); Carlos A. Hasenbalg, Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil (Racial discrimination and inequality in Brazil) (Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979), and "Desigualdades socials e oportunidade educational: A produção do fracasso" (Social inequality and educational opportunity: The production of failure), Cadernos de pesquisa (Special Issue: Raça negra a educação) 63 (November 1987): 24-26.
12. David N. Plank, The Means of Our Salvation: Public Education in Brazil, 1930-1995 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1996); Carlos A. Hasenbalg, Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil (Racial discrimination and inequality in Brazil) (Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979), and "Desigualdades socials e oportunidade educational: A produção do fracasso" (Social inequality and educational opportunity: The production of failure), Cadernos de pesquisa (Special Issue: Raça negra a educação) 63 (November 1987): 24-26.
13. Nascimento and Nascimento; Ana Célia da Silva, A discriminação do negro no livra didático (Discrimination of Blacks in school textbooks) (Salvador, Bahia: Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais, 1995).
14. Luiz Felipe P. Serpa, "A história dos movimentos populares em Salvador" (History of popular movements in Salvador), in Movimentos populares: A escola comunitária e a cidadania (Popular movements: Community schools and citizenship), ed. Maria Solange S. Peixoto (Salvador, Bahia: Universidade Federal daBahia, 1990).
15. I b i d
16. Marilia Pontes Sposito and Vera Masagão Ribeiro, "Escolas comunitária: Contribuição para o debate de novas políticas educacionais" (Community schools: Contribution toward the debate of new educational policies), Centro Ecumênico de Documentação e Informação (CEDI), document no. 4 (CEDI, São Paulo, 1989).
17. I b i d
18. Ibid, pp. 10, 21; my translation.
19. Ibid, p. 19; my translation.
20. Centro de Educação e Cultura Popular (Center for Popular Education and Culture; CECUP), "Esta escola é nossa" (This school is ours), Caderno de educação popular, no. 15 (1990), pp. 22-24.
21. Interview with Katia Lucena, subsecretary of municipal education, Salvador, Bahia, August 29, 1996; my translation.
22. Regina Pahim Pinto, "Multiculturalidade e educação de negros" (Multiculturalism and education of Afro-Brazilians), Cadernos CEDES 32 (1993): 35-48.
23. Centro de Educação e Cultura Popular (Center for Popular Education and Culture; CECUP), "A escola comunitária e a raça negra" (The community school and the black race), Caderno de educação popular, no. 16 (1990), pp. 5-15.
24. Angela Figueredo, "Falar com os negros: Para a utilização das categorias êmicas na antropologia das relações raciais" (For the utilization of popular categories in the anthropology of race relations) (paper presented at the twentieth Brazilian Conference of Anthropology, Salvador, Bahia, April 14-18, 1996).
25. See Thomas E. Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
26. Nascimento and Nascimento (n. 1 above).
27. Ana Celia da Silva, workshop at Ilê-Ayê's, Escola Mãe Hilda, Salvador, April 17, 1996.
28. Tânia Fischer, Marcelo Duntas, Maria de Fatima, Litaiff e Silva, and Vera Lucia Peixoto Mendes, "Olodum: A arte e o négocie" (Olodum: The art and the business), Revista de administração de empresas 33, no. 2 (1993): 90-99, quote on 93.
29. Manoel de Almeida Cruz, Alternativas para combater o racismo (Alternatives for fighting racism) (Salvador, Bahia: Núcleo Cultural Afro Brasileiro, 1989).
30. Patricia Muniz Pinto, interview, Salvador, Bahia, September 27, 1996; my translation.
31. Angela Trinidade da Silva, interview, Salvador, Bahia, September 27, 1996; my translation.
32. Selma Lessa de Lima, interview, Salvador, Bahia, July 26, 1996; my translation.
33. Ana Rosa dos Santos, interview, Salvador, Bahia, August 26, 1996; my translation.
34. I b i d
35. I b i d.
36. I b i d.
37. I b i d.
38. I b i d.
39. Janet E. Helms, Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1990), p. 3.
40. Kenneth Clark, "Alternative Public School Systems," in Radical School Reform, ed. Ronald Gross and Beatrice Gross (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), pp. 116-25, quote on p. 118.
41. Ruben Donato, "Hispano Education and the Implications of Autonomy: Four School Systems in Southern Colorado, 1920-1963," Harvard Educational Review 69, no. 2 (1999): 117-49, quote on 144 (emphasis in the original).