Islamism in Algeria: A struggle between hope and agony

Middle East Policy

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 62-75

  Takeyh, Ray ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042831343     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-4967.00106     Document Type: Review

References (114)

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2. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Crises, Elites and Democratization in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993; Mohammad Harbi, Le FLN, Mirages et réalities (Paris: 1980), and L'Algérie et son Destin - Croyants et Citoyens (Paris: 1993); Abdelkader Yesfsah, Processus de Légitimation du Pouvoir Militaire et la Construction de l'Etat en Algérie (Paris: 1982); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria; The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992); Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: 1996); Roger Murray and Tom Weingraf, "The Algerian Revolution," New Left Review, December 1963.
3. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Crises, Elites and Democratization in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993; Mohammad Harbi, Le FLN, Mirages et réalities (Paris: 1980), and L'Algérie et son Destin - Croyants et Citoyens (Paris: 1993); Abdelkader Yesfsah, Processus de Légitimation du Pouvoir Militaire et la Construction de l'Etat en Algérie (Paris: 1982); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria; The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992); Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: 1996); Roger Murray and Tom Weingraf, "The Algerian Revolution," New Left Review, December 1963.
4. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Crises, Elites and Democratization in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993; Mohammad Harbi, Le FLN, Mirages et réalities (Paris: 1980), and L'Algérie et son Destin - Croyants et Citoyens (Paris: 1993); Abdelkader Yesfsah, Processus de Légitimation du Pouvoir Militaire et la Construction de l'Etat en Algérie (Paris: 1982); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria; The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992); Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: 1996); Roger Murray and Tom Weingraf, "The Algerian Revolution," New Left Review, December 1963.
5. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Crises, Elites and Democratization in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993; Mohammad Harbi, Le FLN, Mirages et réalities (Paris: 1980), and L'Algérie et son Destin - Croyants et Citoyens (Paris: 1993); Abdelkader Yesfsah, Processus de Légitimation du Pouvoir Militaire et la Construction de l'Etat en Algérie (Paris: 1982); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria; The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992); Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: 1996); Roger Murray and Tom Weingraf, "The Algerian Revolution," New Left Review, December 1963.
6. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Crises, Elites and Democratization in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993; Mohammad Harbi, Le FLN, Mirages et réalities (Paris: 1980), and L'Algérie et son Destin - Croyants et Citoyens (Paris: 1993); Abdelkader Yesfsah, Processus de Légitimation du Pouvoir Militaire et la Construction de l'Etat en Algérie (Paris: 1982); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria; The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992); Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: 1996); Roger Murray and Tom Weingraf, "The Algerian Revolution," New Left Review, December 1963.
7. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Crises, Elites and Democratization in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993; Mohammad Harbi, Le FLN, Mirages et réalities (Paris: 1980), and L'Algérie et son Destin - Croyants et Citoyens (Paris: 1993); Abdelkader Yesfsah, Processus de Légitimation du Pouvoir Militaire et la Construction de l'Etat en Algérie (Paris: 1982); John Ruedy, Modern Algeria; The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992); Robert Malley, The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: 1996); Roger Murray and Tom Weingraf, "The Algerian Revolution," New Left Review, December 1963.
8. Ernest Gellner, "The Unknown Apollo of Biskra: The Social Base of Algerian Puritanism," Government and Opposition, Summer 1974; Lahourai Addi, L'Algérie et la Démocratie: Pouvoir et Crise du Politique dans l'Algérie Contemporaine (Paris: 1995); Jean-Claude Vatin, "Religious Resistance and State Power in Algeria," Islam and Power, eds. Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali Hilal Dessouki (Baltimore, MD: 1981), pp. 119-157.
9. Ernest Gellner, "The Unknown Apollo of Biskra: The Social Base of Algerian Puritanism," Government and Opposition, Summer 1974; Lahourai Addi, L'Algérie et la Démocratie: Pouvoir et Crise du Politique dans l'Algérie Contemporaine (Paris: 1995); Jean-Claude Vatin, "Religious Resistance and State Power in Algeria," Islam and Power, eds. Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali Hilal Dessouki (Baltimore, MD: 1981), pp. 119-157.
10. Ernest Gellner, "The Unknown Apollo of Biskra: The Social Base of Algerian Puritanism," Government and Opposition, Summer 1974; Lahourai Addi, L'Algérie et la Démocratie: Pouvoir et Crise du Politique dans l'Algérie Contemporaine (Paris: 1995); Jean-Claude Vatin, "Religious Resistance and State Power in Algeria," Islam and Power, eds. Alexander S. Cudsi and Ali Hilal Dessouki (Baltimore, MD: 1981), pp. 119-157.
11. Francois Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin, TX: 1993), pp. 25-63; John Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (Boulder, CO: 1986); Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: 1968); William Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington,DC: 1998), pp. 15-42; Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford: 2001).
12. Francois Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin, TX: 1993), pp. 25-63; John Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (Boulder, CO: 1986); Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: 1968); William Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington,DC: 1998), pp. 15-42; Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford: 2001).
13. Francois Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin, TX: 1993), pp. 25-63; John Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (Boulder, CO: 1986); Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: 1968); William Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington,DC: 1998), pp. 15-42; Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford: 2001).
14. Francois Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin, TX: 1993), pp. 25-63; John Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (Boulder, CO: 1986); Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: 1968); William Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington,DC: 1998), pp. 15-42; Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford: 2001).
15. Francois Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa (Austin, TX: 1993), pp. 25-63; John Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized (Boulder, CO: 1986); Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: 1968); William Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington,DC: 1998), pp. 15-42; Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford: 2001).
16. Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria: The Politics of Rent-Seeking and Failed Development (Boulder, CO: 2000); John Entelis, "Sonatrach: The Political Economy of an Algerian State Institution," Middle East Journal, Winter 1999; John Nellis, "Social Management in Algeria," Journal of Modern African Studies; Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution that Failed (New York: 1964), pp. 23-38; Mahfoud Bennoune, "The Industrialization of Algeria: An Overview," Contemporary North Africa, ed. Halim Barakat (London: 1985); Marina Lazerg, The Emergence of Class in Algeria (Boulder, CO: 1976).
17. Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria: The Politics of Rent-Seeking and Failed Development (Boulder, CO: 2000); John Entelis, "Sonatrach: The Political Economy of an Algerian State Institution," Middle East Journal, Winter 1999; John Nellis, "Social Management in Algeria," Journal of Modern African Studies; Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution that Failed (New York: 1964), pp. 23-38; Mahfoud Bennoune, "The Industrialization of Algeria: An Overview," Contemporary North Africa, ed. Halim Barakat (London: 1985); Marina Lazerg, The Emergence of Class in Algeria (Boulder, CO: 1976).
18. Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria: The Politics of Rent-Seeking and Failed Development (Boulder, CO: 2000); John Entelis, "Sonatrach: The Political Economy of an Algerian State Institution," Middle East Journal, Winter 1999; John Nellis, "Social Management in Algeria," Journal of Modern African Studies; Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution that Failed (New York: 1964), pp. 23-38; Mahfoud Bennoune, "The Industrialization of Algeria: An Overview," Contemporary North Africa, ed. Halim Barakat (London: 1985); Marina Lazerg, The Emergence of Class in Algeria (Boulder, CO: 1976).
19. Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria: The Politics of Rent-Seeking and Failed Development (Boulder, CO: 2000); John Entelis, "Sonatrach: The Political Economy of an Algerian State Institution," Middle East Journal, Winter 1999; John Nellis, "Social Management in Algeria," Journal of Modern African Studies; Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution that Failed (New York: 1964), pp. 23-38; Mahfoud Bennoune, "The Industrialization of Algeria: An Overview," Contemporary North Africa, ed. Halim Barakat (London: 1985); Marina Lazerg, The Emergence of Class in Algeria (Boulder, CO: 1976).
20. Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria: The Politics of Rent-Seeking and Failed Development (Boulder, CO: 2000); John Entelis, "Sonatrach: The Political Economy of an Algerian State Institution," Middle East Journal, Winter 1999; John Nellis, "Social Management in Algeria," Journal of Modern African Studies; Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution that Failed (New York: 1964), pp. 23-38; Mahfoud Bennoune, "The Industrialization of Algeria: An Overview," Contemporary North Africa, ed. Halim Barakat (London: 1985); Marina Lazerg, The Emergence of Class in Algeria (Boulder, CO: 1976).
21. Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria: The Politics of Rent-Seeking and Failed Development (Boulder, CO: 2000); John Entelis, "Sonatrach: The Political Economy of an Algerian State Institution," Middle East Journal, Winter 1999; John Nellis, "Social Management in Algeria," Journal of Modern African Studies; Arslan Humbaraci, Algeria: A Revolution that Failed (New York: 1964), pp. 23-38; Mahfoud Bennoune, "The Industrialization of Algeria: An Overview," Contemporary North Africa, ed. Halim Barakat (London: 1985); Marina Lazerg, The Emergence of Class in Algeria (Boulder, CO: 1976).
22. John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992), pp. 29-89; William Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria, 1954-1968 (Cambridge: 1969), pp. 24-65.
23. John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation (Indiana: 1992), pp. 29-89; William Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria, 1954-1968 (Cambridge: 1969), pp. 24-65.
24. Hugh Robers, "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism," Third World Quarterly, April 1988, "Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition, Fall 1992, and "From Radical Mission to Equivocal Ambition: The Expansion and Manipulation of Algerian Islamism, 1979-1992," Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, eds. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: 1994), pp. 420-447; Mahfound Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987; Colonial Upheaval and Post-Independence Development (New York: 1988); David and Marina Ottoway, Algeria: The Politics of Socialist Revolution (Berkeley, CA: 1970), pp. 120-153.
25. Hugh Robers, "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism," Third World Quarterly, April 1988, "Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition, Fall 1992, and "From Radical Mission to Equivocal Ambition: The Expansion and Manipulation of Algerian Islamism, 1979-1992," Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, eds. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: 1994), pp. 420-447; Mahfound Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987; Colonial Upheaval and Post-Independence Development (New York: 1988); David and Marina Ottoway, Algeria: The Politics of Socialist Revolution (Berkeley, CA: 1970), pp. 120-153.
26. Hugh Robers, "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism," Third World Quarterly, April 1988, "Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition, Fall 1992, and "From Radical Mission to Equivocal Ambition: The Expansion and Manipulation of Algerian Islamism, 1979-1992," Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, eds. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: 1994), pp. 420-447; Mahfound Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987; Colonial Upheaval and Post-Independence Development (New York: 1988); David and Marina Ottoway, Algeria: The Politics of Socialist Revolution (Berkeley, CA: 1970), pp. 120-153.
27. Hugh Robers, "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism," Third World Quarterly, April 1988, "Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition, Fall 1992, and "From Radical Mission to Equivocal Ambition: The Expansion and Manipulation of Algerian Islamism, 1979-1992," Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, eds. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: 1994), pp. 420-447; Mahfound Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987; Colonial Upheaval and Post-Independence Development (New York: 1988); David and Marina Ottoway, Algeria: The Politics of Socialist Revolution (Berkeley, CA: 1970), pp. 120-153.
28. Hugh Robers, "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism," Third World Quarterly, April 1988, "Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition, Fall 1992, and "From Radical Mission to Equivocal Ambition: The Expansion and Manipulation of Algerian Islamism, 1979-1992," Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, eds. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: 1994), pp. 420-447; Mahfound Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987; Colonial Upheaval and Post-Independence Development (New York: 1988); David and Marina Ottoway, Algeria: The Politics of Socialist Revolution (Berkeley, CA: 1970), pp. 120-153.
29. Hugh Robers, "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism," Third World Quarterly, April 1988, "Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy," Government and Opposition, Fall 1992, and "From Radical Mission to Equivocal Ambition: The Expansion and Manipulation of Algerian Islamism, 1979-1992," Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, eds. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: 1994), pp. 420-447; Mahfound Bennoune, The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987; Colonial Upheaval and Post-Independence Development (New York: 1988); David and Marina Ottoway, Algeria: The Politics of Socialist Revolution (Berkeley, CA: 1970), pp. 120-153.
30. John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1996), and "Political Islam in Algeria: The Nonviolent Dimension," Current History, January 1995; Michael Wills, "Algeria's Other Islamists: Abdallah Djaballah and the Ennahda Movement," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Robert Mortimer, "Islamist, Soldiers and Democrats: The Second Algerian War," Middle East Journal, Winter 1996; David Gordon, The Passing of French Algeria, (New York: 1987), pp. 65-93.
31. John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1996), and "Political Islam in Algeria: The Nonviolent Dimension," Current History, January 1995; Michael Wills, "Algeria's Other Islamists: Abdallah Djaballah and the Ennahda Movement," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Robert Mortimer, "Islamist, Soldiers and Democrats: The Second Algerian War," Middle East Journal, Winter 1996; David Gordon, The Passing of French Algeria, (New York: 1987), pp. 65-93.
32. John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1996), and "Political Islam in Algeria: The Nonviolent Dimension," Current History, January 1995; Michael Wills, "Algeria's Other Islamists: Abdallah Djaballah and the Ennahda Movement," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Robert Mortimer, "Islamist, Soldiers and Democrats: The Second Algerian War," Middle East Journal, Winter 1996; David Gordon, The Passing of French Algeria, (New York: 1987), pp. 65-93.
33. John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1996), and "Political Islam in Algeria: The Nonviolent Dimension," Current History, January 1995; Michael Wills, "Algeria's Other Islamists: Abdallah Djaballah and the Ennahda Movement," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Robert Mortimer, "Islamist, Soldiers and Democrats: The Second Algerian War," Middle East Journal, Winter 1996; David Gordon, The Passing of French Algeria, (New York: 1987), pp. 65-93.
34. John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1996), and "Political Islam in Algeria: The Nonviolent Dimension," Current History, January 1995; Michael Wills, "Algeria's Other Islamists: Abdallah Djaballah and the Ennahda Movement," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Robert Mortimer, "Islamist, Soldiers and Democrats: The Second Algerian War," Middle East Journal, Winter 1996; David Gordon, The Passing of French Algeria, (New York: 1987), pp. 65-93.
35. Ricardo Rene Laremont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, 1782-1992 (Trenton, NJ: 2000), pp. 10-103; Michael Willis, The Islamists Challenge in Algeria: A Political History (New York: 1996), pp. 1-69; Martin Stone, The Agony of Algeria (New York: 1997), pp. 25-37.
36. Ricardo Rene Laremont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, 1782-1992 (Trenton, NJ: 2000), pp. 10-103; Michael Willis, The Islamists Challenge in Algeria: A Political History (New York: 1996), pp. 1-69; Martin Stone, The Agony of Algeria (New York: 1997), pp. 25-37.
37. Ricardo Rene Laremont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, 1782-1992 (Trenton, NJ: 2000), pp. 10-103; Michael Willis, The Islamists Challenge in Algeria: A Political History (New York: 1996), pp. 1-69; Martin Stone, The Agony of Algeria (New York: 1997), pp. 25-37.
38. John Entelis, ed., Islam, Democracy and the State in North Africa (Indiana: 1997), p. 63.
39. Jeune Afrique, March 16, 1993; Jeune Afrique, November 6, 1985; Jeune Afrique, December 11, 1985; Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 71-88.
40. Jeune Afrique, March 16, 1993; Jeune Afrique, November 6, 1985; Jeune Afrique, December 11, 1985; Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 71-88.
41. Jeune Afrique, March 16, 1993; Jeune Afrique, November 6, 1985; Jeune Afrique, December 11, 1985; Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 71-88.
42. Jeune Afrique, March 16, 1993; Jeune Afrique, November 6, 1985; Jeune Afrique, December 11, 1985; Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 71-88.
43. Slimane Zeghidour, "Entretien avec Abbasi Madani," Politique Etrangère, No. 49, 1990, p. 180.
44. Lynette Rummel, "Privatization and Democratization in Algeria, " State and Society in Algeria, John Entelis and Philip Naylor (Boulder, CO: 1995) pp. 50-63; George Joffe, "Algeria: The Failure of Dialogue, " Middle East and North Africa (London: 1995), pp. 3-10; Abed Charif, Octobre (Algiers: 1990); Le Monde, October 8, 1988, October 13, 1988, October 15, 1988, and October 24, 1988; Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1988.
45. Lynette Rummel, "Privatization and Democratization in Algeria, " State and Society in Algeria, John Entelis and Philip Naylor (Boulder, CO: 1995) pp. 50-63; George Joffe, "Algeria: The Failure of Dialogue, " Middle East and North Africa (London: 1995), pp. 3-10; Abed Charif, Octobre (Algiers: 1990); Le Monde, October 8, 1988, October 13, 1988, October 15, 1988, and October 24, 1988; Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1988.
46. Lynette Rummel, "Privatization and Democratization in Algeria, " State and Society in Algeria, John Entelis and Philip Naylor (Boulder, CO: 1995) pp. 50-63; George Joffe, "Algeria: The Failure of Dialogue, " Middle East and North Africa (London: 1995), pp. 3-10; Abed Charif, Octobre (Algiers: 1990); Le Monde, October 8, 1988, October 13, 1988, October 15, 1988, and October 24, 1988; Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1988.
47. Lynette Rummel, "Privatization and Democratization in Algeria, " State and Society in Algeria, John Entelis and Philip Naylor (Boulder, CO: 1995) pp. 50-63; George Joffe, "Algeria: The Failure of Dialogue, " Middle East and North Africa (London: 1995), pp. 3-10; Abed Charif, Octobre (Algiers: 1990); Le Monde, October 8, 1988, October 13, 1988, October 15, 1988, and October 24, 1988; Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1988.
48. Lynette Rummel, "Privatization and Democratization in Algeria, " State and Society in Algeria, John Entelis and Philip Naylor (Boulder, CO: 1995) pp. 50-63; George Joffe, "Algeria: The Failure of Dialogue, " Middle East and North Africa (London: 1995), pp. 3-10; Abed Charif, Octobre (Algiers: 1990); Le Monde, October 8, 1988, October 13, 1988, October 15, 1988, and October 24, 1988; Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1988.
49. Lahoari Addi, L'Algérie et la démocratie: Pouvoir et crise politique dans l'Algérie contemporaine (Paris: 1994); and "Algeria's Army, Algeria's Agony," Foreign Affairs, July/August 1998.
50. Lahoari Addi, L'Algérie et la démocratie: Pouvoir et crise politique dans l'Algérie contemporaine (Paris: 1994); and "Algeria's Army, Algeria's Agony," Foreign Affairs, July/August 1998.
51. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
52. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
53. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
54. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
55. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
56. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
57. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
58. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
59. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
60. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
61. El Watan, June 20, 1991; Le Monde, March 28, 1991; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 42-62; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 64-81; Robert Mortimer, "Algeria: The Dialectic of Elections and Violence," Current History, May 1997; Anthony Pazzanita, "From Boumedienne to Benjedid: The Algerian Regime in Transition," Journal of South Asia and Middle Eastern Studies, Summer 1992; John Entelis, "Islam, Democracy and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian Politics in Algeria," Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, ed. John Ruedy (New York: 1994), pp. 219-251; Robert Mortimer, "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 574-593; For general discussion of democratic transitions, see Juan Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: 1999); Gullermo O'Donnell and Phillipe Schmiter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: 1986); Adam Pezeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: 1991).
62. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
63. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
64. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
65. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
66. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
67. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
68. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
69. Abassi Madani, Azmat al-fiar al-hadith wa mubarryrat al-hal al-islami (Algiers: 1989); Interview with Abbas Madani, Horizons, January 14, 1990; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Doctrine et discours du Cheikh Abassi," Peuples Méditerranéens (pp. 52-3); Algérie: Vers l'Etat Islamique, July-September 1990; Interview with Ali Belhaj, Horizons, January 23, 1989; Ahmed Rouadjia, "Discourse and Strategy of the Algerian Islamist Movement," Islamist Dilemma: The Political Role of Islamist Movements in Contemporary Arab World, ed. Laura Guzaaone (Reading, PA: 1995), pp. 69-103; Yahia Zoubir, "The Painful Transition from Authoritarianism in Algeria," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1993, pp. 88-97; Anwar Haddam, "The Political Experiment of the Algerian Islamic Movement," Power-Sharing Islam?, Azzam Tamimi (London, 1993), pp. 122-137.
70. Hugh Roberts, "Doctrinaire Economic and Political Opportunism in the Strategy of Algerian Islamism," Islamism and Secularism, Ruedy, pp. 123-147; Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria; Projet de la Front Islamique du Saluté, March 7, 1989.
71. Hugh Roberts, "Doctrinaire Economic and Political Opportunism in the Strategy of Algerian Islamism," Islamism and Secularism, Ruedy, pp. 123-147; Bradford Dillman, State and Private Sector in Algeria; Projet de la Front Islamique du Saluté, March 7, 1989.
72. Ray Takeyh, "The Lineaments of Islamic Democracy," World Policy Journal, Winter 2001/2002.
73. Yahia Zoubir, "Algerian Islamists' Conception of Democracy," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996; Kate Zebiri, "Islamic Revival in Algeria: An Overview," The Muslim World, October 1993; Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, pp. 247-306; Henri Sanson, Laicité islamique en Algérie (Paris: 1983), pp. 34-76; Mustapha A-Ahnaf, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris: 1991); Augustus Richard Norton, "The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993.
74. Yahia Zoubir, "Algerian Islamists' Conception of Democracy," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996; Kate Zebiri, "Islamic Revival in Algeria: An Overview," The Muslim World, October 1993; Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, pp. 247-306; Henri Sanson, Laicité islamique en Algérie (Paris: 1983), pp. 34-76; Mustapha A-Ahnaf, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris: 1991); Augustus Richard Norton, "The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993.
75. Yahia Zoubir, "Algerian Islamists' Conception of Democracy," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996; Kate Zebiri, "Islamic Revival in Algeria: An Overview," The Muslim World, October 1993; Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, pp. 247-306; Henri Sanson, Laicité islamique en Algérie (Paris: 1983), pp. 34-76; Mustapha A-Ahnaf, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris: 1991); Augustus Richard Norton, "The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993.
76. Yahia Zoubir, "Algerian Islamists' Conception of Democracy," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996; Kate Zebiri, "Islamic Revival in Algeria: An Overview," The Muslim World, October 1993; Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, pp. 247-306; Henri Sanson, Laicité islamique en Algérie (Paris: 1983), pp. 34-76; Mustapha A-Ahnaf, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris: 1991); Augustus Richard Norton, "The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993.
77. Yahia Zoubir, "Algerian Islamists' Conception of Democracy," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996; Kate Zebiri, "Islamic Revival in Algeria: An Overview," The Muslim World, October 1993; Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, pp. 247-306; Henri Sanson, Laicité islamique en Algérie (Paris: 1983), pp. 34-76; Mustapha A-Ahnaf, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris: 1991); Augustus Richard Norton, "The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993.
78. Yahia Zoubir, "Algerian Islamists' Conception of Democracy," Arab Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996; Kate Zebiri, "Islamic Revival in Algeria: An Overview," The Muslim World, October 1993; Burgat, The Islamic Movement in North Africa, pp. 247-306; Henri Sanson, Laicité islamique en Algérie (Paris: 1983), pp. 34-76; Mustapha A-Ahnaf, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris: 1991); Augustus Richard Norton, "The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East," Middle East Journal, Spring 1993.
79. Ray Takeyh, "Islamism RIP," The National Interest, p. 30.
80. Ali Belhaj, Fasl al-kalam fi muwajhat al-hukkam (Algiers: 1989), and "Qui est responsable de la violence?" El-Mousqid, November 1990; Algérie Actualité, April 26, 1990.
81. Ali Belhaj, Fasl al-kalam fi muwajhat al-hukkam (Algiers: 1989), and "Qui est responsable de la violence?" El-Mousqid, November 1990; Algérie Actualité, April 26, 1990.
82. Ali Belhaj, Fasl al-kalam fi muwajhat al-hukkam (Algiers: 1989), and "Qui est responsable de la violence?" El-Mousqid, November 1990; Algérie Actualité, April 26, 1990.
83. Dirk Vandewalle, "Islam in Algeria: Religion, Culture and Opposition in a Rentier State," Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform, John Esposito (Boulder, CO: 1997), pp. 20-35; Andrew Pierre and William Quandt, "Algeria's War on itself," Foreign Policy, Fall 1995; Lahouari Addi, "Algeria's Tragic Contradictions," Journal of Democracy, Spring 1996.
84. Dirk Vandewalle, "Islam in Algeria: Religion, Culture and Opposition in a Rentier State," Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform, John Esposito (Boulder, CO: 1997), pp. 20-35; Andrew Pierre and William Quandt, "Algeria's War on itself," Foreign Policy, Fall 1995; Lahouari Addi, "Algeria's Tragic Contradictions," Journal of Democracy, Spring 1996.
85. Dirk Vandewalle, "Islam in Algeria: Religion, Culture and Opposition in a Rentier State," Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform, John Esposito (Boulder, CO: 1997), pp. 20-35; Andrew Pierre and William Quandt, "Algeria's War on itself," Foreign Policy, Fall 1995; Lahouari Addi, "Algeria's Tragic Contradictions," Journal of Democracy, Spring 1996.
86. Jacques Fontaine, "Les élections locales Algérinnes du 12 juin 1990," Maghreb-Machrek, July/September 1990; Keith Sutton, Ahmed Aghrout and Salah Zamiche, "Political changes in Algeria: An Emerging electoral geography," Maghreb Review, 1992.
87. Jacques Fontaine, "Les élections locales Algérinnes du 12 juin 1990," Maghreb-Machrek, July/September 1990; Keith Sutton, Ahmed Aghrout and Salah Zamiche, "Political changes in Algeria: An Emerging electoral geography," Maghreb Review, 1992.
88. Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 107-259; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 124-165; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 1145-174.
89. Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 107-259; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 124-165; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 1145-174.
90. Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria, pp. 107-259; Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets, pp. 124-165; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 1145-174.
91. Hugh Roberts, "The Struggle for Constitutional Rule In Algeria," The Journal of Algerian Studies, 1998, and "Algeria's Ruinous Impasse: An Honorable Way Out," International Affairs, Summer 1995; Yahia Zoubir, "Stalled Democratization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Algeria," Democratization, Summer 1995; Constance Stadler, "Democratization Reconsidered: The Transformation of Political Culture in Algeria," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Dirk Vandewalle, "At the Brink," World Policy Journal, Fall 1992.
92. Hugh Roberts, "The Struggle for Constitutional Rule In Algeria," The Journal of Algerian Studies, 1998, and "Algeria's Ruinous Impasse: An Honorable Way Out," International Affairs, Summer 1995; Yahia Zoubir, "Stalled Democratization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Algeria," Democratization, Summer 1995; Constance Stadler, "Democratization Reconsidered: The Transformation of Political Culture in Algeria," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Dirk Vandewalle, "At the Brink," World Policy Journal, Fall 1992.
93. Hugh Roberts, "The Struggle for Constitutional Rule In Algeria," The Journal of Algerian Studies, 1998, and "Algeria's Ruinous Impasse: An Honorable Way Out," International Affairs, Summer 1995; Yahia Zoubir, "Stalled Democratization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Algeria," Democratization, Summer 1995; Constance Stadler, "Democratization Reconsidered: The Transformation of Political Culture in Algeria," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Dirk Vandewalle, "At the Brink," World Policy Journal, Fall 1992.
94. Hugh Roberts, "The Struggle for Constitutional Rule In Algeria," The Journal of Algerian Studies, 1998, and "Algeria's Ruinous Impasse: An Honorable Way Out," International Affairs, Summer 1995; Yahia Zoubir, "Stalled Democratization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Algeria," Democratization, Summer 1995; Constance Stadler, "Democratization Reconsidered: The Transformation of Political Culture in Algeria," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Dirk Vandewalle, "At the Brink," World Policy Journal, Fall 1992.
95. Hugh Roberts, "The Struggle for Constitutional Rule In Algeria," The Journal of Algerian Studies, 1998, and "Algeria's Ruinous Impasse: An Honorable Way Out," International Affairs, Summer 1995; Yahia Zoubir, "Stalled Democratization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Algeria," Democratization, Summer 1995; Constance Stadler, "Democratization Reconsidered: The Transformation of Political Culture in Algeria," Journal of North African Studies, Fall 1998; Dirk Vandewalle, "At the Brink," World Policy Journal, Fall 1992.
96. Takeyh, Islamism RIP, p. 130.
97. Luis Martinez, La Guerre civile en Algérie (Paris: 1998); Severine Labat, Les Islamistes Algériens entre les urnes et le maquis (Paris: 1995); Willis, The Islamist Challenge, pp. 307-385; Mohammad Hafez, "Armed Islamist Movements and Political Violence in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 2000.
98. Luis Martinez, La Guerre civile en Algérie (Paris: 1998); Severine Labat, Les Islamistes Algériens entre les urnes et le maquis (Paris: 1995); Willis, The Islamist Challenge, pp. 307-385; Mohammad Hafez, "Armed Islamist Movements and Political Violence in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 2000.
99. Luis Martinez, La Guerre civile en Algérie (Paris: 1998); Severine Labat, Les Islamistes Algériens entre les urnes et le maquis (Paris: 1995); Willis, The Islamist Challenge, pp. 307-385; Mohammad Hafez, "Armed Islamist Movements and Political Violence in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 2000.
100. Luis Martinez, La Guerre civile en Algérie (Paris: 1998); Severine Labat, Les Islamistes Algériens entre les urnes et le maquis (Paris: 1995); Willis, The Islamist Challenge, pp. 307-385; Mohammad Hafez, "Armed Islamist Movements and Political Violence in Algeria," Middle East Journal, Fall 2000.
101. Larmont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, pp. 197-230; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 180-196; Hamou Amirouche, "Algeria's Islamist Revolution: The People Versus Democracy?" Middle East Policy, January 1998; Marc Yared, "Qui Derrière le GIA?," Jeune Afrique, January/February 1994.
102. Larmont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, pp. 197-230; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 180-196; Hamou Amirouche, "Algeria's Islamist Revolution: The People Versus Democracy?" Middle East Policy, January 1998; Marc Yared, "Qui Derrière le GIA?," Jeune Afrique, January/February 1994.
103. Larmont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, pp. 197-230; Stone, The Agony of Algeria, pp. 180-196; Hamou Amirouche, "Algeria's Islamist Revolution: The People Versus Democracy?" Middle East Policy, January 1998; Marc Yared, "Qui Derrière le GIA?," Jeune Afrique, January/February 1994.
104. Larmont, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, pp. 197-230;
105. An English text of the accords is available at http://www.ub.es/solidaritat/observatori/english/algeria/documents/plataform. htm.
106. Le Monde Diplomatique, March 1995, p. 7.
107. See "Diminishing Returns: Algeria's 2002 Legislative Elections," Middle East Briefing (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2002), esp. pp. 2-3.
108. Mortimer, "Islamists, Soldiers, and Democrats: The Second Algerian War;" Omar Bellhouchet, "Pourquoi Alger voit rouge," Le Nouvel Observateur, February 9-15, 1995; Matthew Connelly, "Déjà vu All Over Again: Algeria, France and the U.S.," The National Interest, Singer 1995; Benjamin Stora, La gangrène et Poubli: La mémoire de la guerre d'Algérie (Paris: 1992).
109. Mortimer, "Islamists, Soldiers, and Democrats: The Second Algerian War;" Omar Bellhouchet, "Pourquoi Alger voit rouge," Le Nouvel Observateur, February 9-15, 1995; Matthew Connelly, "Déjà vu All Over Again: Algeria, France and the U.S.," The National Interest, Singer 1995; Benjamin Stora, La gangrène et Poubli: La mémoire de la guerre d'Algérie (Paris: 1992).
110. Mortimer, "Islamists, Soldiers, and Democrats: The Second Algerian War;" Omar Bellhouchet, "Pourquoi Alger voit rouge," Le Nouvel Observateur, February 9-15, 1995; Matthew Connelly, "Déjà vu All Over Again: Algeria, France and the U.S.," The National Interest, Singer 1995; Benjamin Stora, La gangrène et Poubli: La mémoire de la guerre d'Algérie (Paris: 1992).
111. Mortimer, "Islamists, Soldiers, and Democrats: The Second Algerian War;" Omar Bellhouchet, "Pourquoi Alger voit rouge," Le Nouvel Observateur, February 9-15, 1995; Matthew Connelly, "Déjà vu All Over Again: Algeria, France and the U.S.," The National Interest, Singer 1995; Benjamin Stora, La gangrène et Poubli: La mémoire de la guerre d'Algérie (Paris: 1992).
112. Boubker Belkadi, "Reconciliaton threatened by FIS leader murder," AFP, November 23, 1999.
113. "Algerian PM's Party Scores Convincing Win in Local Vote," AFP, October 11, 2002.
114. "Diminishing Returns," p. 10.