메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 213, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 221-234

Climate forcing of the Pb isotope record of terrigenous input into the Equatorial Atlantic

Author keywords

Climate; Pb isotopes; Pleistocene; Sediments; Tropical Atlantic; Weathering

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE FORCING; CYCLICITY; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; LEAD ISOTOPE; PALEOCLIMATE; PLEISTOCENE; SEDIMENT CORE;

EID: 0042823614     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00304-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0025590478 scopus 로고
    • Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change: Chicken or egg?
    • Molnar P.England P.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change: Chicken or egg? Nature 346 1990 29-34
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 29-34
    • Molnar, P.1    England, P.2
  • 2
    • 0027063891 scopus 로고
    • Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate
    • Raymo M.E.Ruddiman W.F.Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate Nature 359 1992 117-122
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 117-122
    • Raymo, M.E.1    Ruddiman, W.F.2
  • 3
    • 84874992251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change, flooding in arid environments, and erosion rates
    • Molnar P.Climate change, flooding in arid environments, and erosion rates Geology 29 2001 1071-1074
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 1071-1074
    • Molnar, P.1
  • 5
    • 0032742496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pb and Nd isotopes in NE Atlantic Fe-Mn crusts: Proxies for paleosources and paleocean circulation
    • Abouchami W.Galer S.J.G.Koschinsky A.Pb and Nd isotopes in NE Atlantic Fe-Mn crusts: Proxies for paleosources and paleocean circulation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 1999 1489-1505
    • (1999) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.63 , pp. 1489-1505
    • Abouchami, W.1    Galer, S.J.G.2    Koschinsky, A.3
  • 6
    • 0030897344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Closure of the Central American Isthmus and its impact on North Atlantic Deep Water Circulation
    • Burton K.W.Ling H.F.O'Nions R.K.Closure of the Central American Isthmus and its impact on North Atlantic Deep Water Circulation Nature 386 1997 382-385
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 382-385
    • Burton, K.W.1    Ling, H.F.2    O'Nions, R.K.3
  • 7
    • 0034732034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacial-interglacial variations in the neodymium isotope composition of seawater in the Bay of Bengal recorded by planktonic foraminifera
    • Burton K.W.Vance D.Glacial-interglacial variations in the neodymium isotope composition of seawater in the Bay of Bengal recorded by planktonic foraminifera Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 176 2000 425-441
    • (2000) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.176 , pp. 425-441
    • Burton, K.W.1    Vance, D.2
  • 8
    • 0030843019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and ocean dynamics and the lead isotopic records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts
    • Christensen J.N.Halliday A.N.Godfrey L.V.Hein J.R.Rea D.K.Climate and ocean dynamics and the lead isotopic records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts Science 277 1997 913-918
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 913-918
    • Christensen, J.N.1    Halliday, A.N.2    Godfrey, L.V.3    Hein, J.R.4    Rea, D.K.5
  • 9
    • 0032580652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of Pb for Indian ocean ferromanganese crusts: A record of Himalayan erosion
    • Frank M.O'Nions R.K.Sources of Pb for Indian ocean ferromanganese crusts: A record of Himalayan erosion Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 158 1998 121-130
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.158 , pp. 121-130
    • Frank, M.1    O'Nions, R.K.2
  • 10
    • 0032580985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in the osmium isotope composition of sea water over the past 200000 years
    • Oxburgh R.Variations in the osmium isotope composition of sea water over the past 200000 years Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 159 1998 183-191
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.159 , pp. 183-191
    • Oxburgh, R.1
  • 12
    • 0033573370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nd- and Pb-isotope time series from Atlantic ferromanganese crusts: Implications for changes in provenance and paleocirculation over the last 8 Myr
    • Reynolds B.C.Frank M.O'Nions R.K.Nd- and Pb-isotope time series from Atlantic ferromanganese crusts: Implications for changes in provenance and paleocirculation over the last 8 Myr Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173 1999 381-396
    • (1999) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.173 , pp. 381-396
    • Reynolds, B.C.1    Frank, M.2    O'Nions, R.K.3
  • 13
    • 0034702183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced North Atlantic Deep Water flux to the glacial Southern Ocean inferred from neodymium isotope ratios
    • Rutberg R.L.Hemming S.R.Goldstein S.L.Reduced North Atlantic Deep Water flux to the glacial Southern Ocean inferred from neodymium isotope ratios Nature 405 2000 935-938
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 935-938
    • Rutberg, R.L.1    Hemming, S.R.2    Goldstein, S.L.3
  • 14
    • 0033573523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neodymium isotopes in planktonic formaninifera: A record of the response of continental weathering and ocean circulation rates to climate change
    • Vance D.Burton K.Neodymium isotopes in planktonic formaninifera: A record of the response of continental weathering and ocean circulation rates to climate change Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173 1999 365-379
    • (1999) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.173 , pp. 365-379
    • Vance, D.1    Burton, K.2
  • 15
    • 0031408326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strontium, nedodymium, and lead isotope variations of authigenic and silicate sediments from the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: Implications for sediment provenance and the source of trace metals in seawater
    • Winter B.L.Johnson C.L.Clark D.L.Strontium, nedodymium, and lead isotope variations of authigenic and silicate sediments from the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: Implications for sediment provenance and the source of trace metals in seawater Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 1997 4181-4200
    • (1997) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.61 , pp. 4181-4200
    • Winter, B.L.1    Johnson, C.L.2    Clark, D.L.3
  • 16
    • 0034994204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recording changes in ENADW composition over the last 340 ka using high-precision lead isotopes in a Fe-Mn crust
    • Claude-Ivanaj C.Hofmann A.W.Vlastélic I.Koschinsky A.Recording changes in ENADW composition over the last 340 ka using high-precision lead isotopes in a Fe-Mn crust Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 188 2001 73-89
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.188 , pp. 73-89
    • Claude-Ivanaj, C.1    Hofmann, A.W.2    Vlastélic, I.3    Koschinsky, A.4
  • 18
    • 0031847053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saharan wind regimes traced by the Sr-Nd isotopic composition of the subtropical Atlantic sediments: Last glacial maximum vs. today
    • Grousset F.E.Parra M.Bory A.Marinez P.Bertrand P.Shimmield G.Ellam R.M.Saharan wind regimes traced by the Sr-Nd isotopic composition of the subtropical Atlantic sediments: Last glacial maximum vs. today Quat. Sci. Rev. 17 1998 395-409
    • (1998) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.17 , pp. 395-409
    • Grousset, F.E.1    Parra, M.2    Bory, A.3    Marinez, P.4    Bertrand, P.5    Shimmield, G.6    Ellam, R.M.7
  • 19
    • 84879881745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Were the North Atlantic Heinrich events triggered by the behavior of the European ice sheets?
    • Grousset F.E.Pujol C.Labeyrie L.Auffret G.Boelaert A.Were the North Atlantic Heinrich events triggered by the behavior of the European ice sheets? Geology 28 2000 123-126
    • (2000) Geology , vol.28 , pp. 123-126
    • Grousset, F.E.1    Pujol, C.2    Labeyrie, L.3    Auffret, G.4    Boelaert, A.5
  • 20
    • 0029752266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracking the sources of icebergs with lead isotopes: The provenance of ice-rafted debris in Heinrich layer 2
    • Gwiazda R.H.Hemming S.R.Broecker W.S.Tracking the sources of icebergs with lead isotopes: The provenance of ice-rafted debris in Heinrich layer 2 Paleoceanography 11 1996 77-93
    • (1996) Paleoceanography , vol.11 , pp. 77-93
    • Gwiazda, R.H.1    Hemming, S.R.2    Broecker, W.S.3
  • 23
    • 0034663711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sm-Nd isotope systematics in deep-sea sediments: Clay-size versus coarser fractions
    • Innocent C.Fagel N.Hillaire-Marcel C.Sm-Nd isotope systematics in deep-sea sediments: Clay-size versus coarser fractions Mar. Geol. 168 2000 79-87
    • (2000) Mar. Geol. , vol.168 , pp. 79-87
    • Innocent, C.1    Fagel, N.2    Hillaire-Marcel, C.3
  • 24
    • 0022439378 scopus 로고
    • Late quaternary carbonate sedimentation at the Sierra Leone Rise (Eastern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean)
    • Curry W.B.Lohmann G.P.Late quaternary carbonate sedimentation at the Sierra Leone Rise (Eastern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean) Mar. Geol. 70 1986 223-250
    • (1986) Mar. Geol. , vol.70 , pp. 223-250
    • Curry, W.B.1    Lohmann, G.P.2
  • 25
    • 0025952466 scopus 로고
    • Variations in terrigenous input into the deep Equatorial Atlantic during the past 24,000 years
    • Francois R.Bacon M.P.Variations in terrigenous input into the deep Equatorial Atlantic during the past 24,000 years Science 251 1991 1473-1476
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 1473-1476
    • Francois, R.1    Bacon, M.P.2
  • 26
    • 0028571030 scopus 로고
    • The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: The geologic history of wind
    • Rea D.K.The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: The geologic history of wind Rev. Geophys. 32 1994 159-195
    • (1994) Rev. Geophys. , vol.32 , pp. 159-195
    • Rea, D.K.1
  • 27
    • 0030621325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic terrigenous fluxes since 25,000 yrs B.P
    • Ruddiman W.F.Tropical Atlantic terrigenous fluxes since 25,000 yrs B.P Mar. Geol. 136 1997 189-207
    • (1997) Mar. Geol. , vol.136 , pp. 189-207
    • Ruddiman, W.F.1
  • 28
    • 17444400596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrigenous signals in sediments of the low latitude Atlantic-implications to environmental variations during the late Quaternary: Part II: The lithogenic matter
    • S.M. G.Wefer, V. Ratmeyer (Eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, in press
    • M. Zabel, T. Wagner, P. DeMenocal, Terrigenous signals in sediments of the low latitude Atlantic-implications to environmental variations during the late Quaternary: Part II: The lithogenic matter, In: S.M. G.Wefer, V. Ratmeyer (Eds.), The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Mass Budget and Current Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2003, in press.
    • (2003) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Mass Budget and Current Systems
    • Zabel, M.1    Wagner, T.2    DeMenocal, P.3
  • 29
    • 0033497665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of sedimentary Al: Ti ratio as an indicator for variations in the circulation patterns of the Equatorial North Atlantic
    • Zabel M.Bickert T.Dittert L.Haese R.R.Significance of sedimentary Al:Ti ratio as an indicator for variations in the circulation patterns of the Equatorial North Atlantic Paleoceanography 14 1999 789-799
    • (1999) Paleoceanography , vol.14 , pp. 789-799
    • Zabel, M.1    Bickert, T.2    Dittert, L.3    Haese, R.R.4
  • 30
    • 0034983330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary changes of western Equatorial Atlantic surface circulation and Amazon lowland climate recorded in Ceará Rise deep-sea sediments
    • Rühlemann C.Diekmann B.Mulitza S.Frank M.Late Quaternary changes of western Equatorial Atlantic surface circulation and Amazon lowland climate recorded in Ceará Rise deep-sea sediments Paleoceanography 16 2001 293-305
    • (2001) Paleoceanography , vol.16 , pp. 293-305
    • Rühlemann, C.1    Diekmann, B.2    Mulitza, S.3    Frank, M.4
  • 33
    • 0033599948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal double and triple spiking for high precision lead isotopic measurement
    • Galer S.J.G.Optimal double and triple spiking for high precision lead isotopic measurement Chem. Geol. 157 1999 255-274
    • (1999) Chem. Geol. , vol.157 , pp. 255-274
    • Galer, S.J.G.1
  • 34
    • 0001469966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical application of lead triple spiking for correction of instrumental mass discrimination
    • Galer S.J.G.Abouchami W.Practical application of lead triple spiking for correction of instrumental mass discrimination Mineral. Mag. 62A 1998 491-492
    • (1998) Mineral. Mag. , vol.62 A , pp. 491-492
    • Galer, S.J.G.1    Abouchami, W.2
  • 35
    • 25944467932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Pb isotope record of terrigenous input into the Tropical Atlantic
    • W. Abouchami, M. Zabel, The Pb isotope record of terrigenous input into the Tropical Atlantic. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002) A6.
    • (2002) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.66
    • Abouchami, W.1    Zabel, M.2
  • 36
    • 0002199986 scopus 로고
    • Stable isotope stratigraphy for the last 750000 years: 'Meteor' core 13519 from the eastern Equatorial Atlantic
    • Sarnthein M.Erlenkeuser H.von Grafenstein R.Schröder C.Stable isotope stratigraphy for the last 750000 years: 'Meteor' core 13519 from the eastern Equatorial Atlantic Meteor Forschungs-Ergeb. 38 1984 9-24
    • (1984) Meteor Forschungs-Ergeb. , vol.38 , pp. 9-24
    • Sarnthein, M.1    Erlenkeuser, H.2    von Grafenstein, R.3    Schröder, C.4
  • 38
    • 0032890727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pleistocene precipitation balance in the Amazon basin recorded in deep sea sediments
    • Harris S.E.Mix A.C.Pleistocene precipitation balance in the Amazon basin recorded in deep sea sediments Quat. Res. 51 1999 14-26
    • (1999) Quat. Res. , vol.51 , pp. 14-26
    • Harris, S.E.1    Mix, A.C.2
  • 39
    • 84879889253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and tectonic influences on continental erosion of tropical South America, 0-13 Ma
    • Harris S.E.Mix A.C.Climate and tectonic influences on continental erosion of tropical South America, 0-13 Ma Geology 30 2002 447-450
    • (2002) Geology , vol.30 , pp. 447-450
    • Harris, S.E.1    Mix, A.C.2
  • 40
    • 0030437435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics in Amazon and Congo River systems: Constraints about erosion processes
    • Allègre C.J.Duprè B.Nègrel P.Gaillardet J.Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics in Amazon and Congo River systems: Constraints about erosion processes Chem. Geol. 131 1996 93-112
    • (1996) Chem. Geol. , vol.131 , pp. 93-112
    • Allègre, C.J.1    Duprè, B.2    Nègrel, P.3    Gaillardet, J.4
  • 41
    • 0002678747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Provenance of Amazon fan muds: Constraints from Nd and Pb isotopes
    • McDaniel D.K.McLennan S.M.Hanson G.N.Provenance of Amazon fan muds: Constraints from Nd and Pb isotopes Proc. ODP Init. Rep. 155 1997 169-176
    • (1997) Proc. ODP Init. Rep. , vol.155 , pp. 169-176
    • McDaniel, D.K.1    McLennan, S.M.2    Hanson, G.N.3
  • 42
    • 0020969647 scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of the Amazon 2: The influence of the geology and weathering environments on the dissolved load
    • Stallard R.F.Edmond J.E.Geochemistry of the Amazon 2: The influence of the geology and weathering environments on the dissolved load J. Geophys. Res. 88 1983 9671-9688
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88 , pp. 9671-9688
    • Stallard, R.F.1    Edmond, J.E.2
  • 44
    • 0031716629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic changes in lead isotopic composition with soil age in glacial granitic terrains
    • Harlavan Y.Erel Y.Blum J.D.Systematic changes in lead isotopic composition with soil age in glacial granitic terrains Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 1998 33-46
    • (1998) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.62 , pp. 33-46
    • Harlavan, Y.1    Erel, Y.2    Blum, J.D.3
  • 45
    • 0034871974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weathering versus circulation-controlled changes in radiogenic isotope tracer composition of the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic Deep Water
    • von Blanckenburg F.Nägler T.F.Weathering versus circulation-controlled changes in radiogenic isotope tracer composition of the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic Deep Water Paleoceanography 16 2001 424-434
    • (2001) Paleoceanography , vol.16 , pp. 424-434
    • von Blanckenburg, F.1    Nägler, T.F.2
  • 46
    • 0019392132 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric transport of soil dust from Africa to South America
    • Prospero J.M.Glaccum R.A.Nees R.T.Atmospheric transport of soil dust from Africa to South America Nature 289 1981 570-572
    • (1981) Nature , vol.289 , pp. 570-572
    • Prospero, J.M.1    Glaccum, R.A.2    Nees, R.T.3
  • 47
    • 0024876244 scopus 로고
    • Lead isotopes in Trade Wind aerosols at Barbados: The influence of european emissions over the North Atlantic
    • Hamelin B.Grousset F.Biscaye P.E.Zindler A.Lead isotopes in Trade Wind aerosols at Barbados: The influence of european emissions over the North Atlantic J. Geophys. Res. 94 1989 16243-16250
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 16243-16250
    • Hamelin, B.1    Grousset, F.2    Biscaye, P.E.3    Zindler, A.4
  • 48
    • 0000996894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead transport from North America to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre
    • Hamelin B.Ferrand J.L.Alleman L.Nicolas E.Veron A.Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead transport from North America to the subtropical North Atlantic gyre Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 1997 4423-4428
    • (1997) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.61 , pp. 4423-4428
    • Hamelin, B.1    Ferrand, J.L.2    Alleman, L.3    Nicolas, E.4    Veron, A.5
  • 49
    • 0022439619 scopus 로고
    • The Pb-Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of some recent circum-Mediterranean granites
    • Juteau M.Michard A.Albarede F.The Pb-Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of some recent circum-Mediterranean granites Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 92 1986 331-340
    • (1986) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. , vol.92 , pp. 331-340
    • Juteau, M.1    Michard, A.2    Albarede, F.3
  • 50
    • 0028880131 scopus 로고
    • A lead isotopic study of Circum-Antarctic Mn nodules
    • Abouchami W.Goldstein S.L.A lead isotopic study of Circum-Antarctic Mn nodules Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 1995 1809-1820
    • (1995) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.59 , pp. 1809-1820
    • Abouchami, W.1    Goldstein, S.L.2
  • 51
    • 0030405425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and sources of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes in deep ocean water from Fe-Mn crusts
    • Von Blankenburg F.O'Nions R.K.Hein J.R.Distribution and sources of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes in deep ocean water from Fe-Mn crusts Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1996 4957-4963
    • (1996) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.60 , pp. 4957-4963
    • Von Blankenburg, F.1    O'Nions, R.K.2    Hein, J.R.3
  • 52
    • 0035667954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic control on Pb isotope distribution and sources in Indian Ocean Fe-Mn deposits
    • Vlastélic I.Abouchami W.Galer S.J.G.Hofmann A.W.Geographic control on Pb isotope distribution and sources in Indian Ocean Fe-Mn deposits Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 4303-4319
    • (2001) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.65 , pp. 4303-4319
    • Vlastélic, I.1    Abouchami, W.2    Galer, S.J.G.3    Hofmann, A.W.4
  • 54
    • 0034704243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Millenial-scale dynamics of Southern Amazonian rain forests
    • Mayle F.E.Burbridge R.Killeen T.J.Millenial-scale dynamics of Southern Amazonian rain forests Science 290 2000 2291-2294
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 2291-2294
    • Mayle, F.E.1    Burbridge, R.2    Killeen, T.J.3
  • 55
    • 0030424765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific
    • Maslin M.A.Haug G.H.Sarnthein M.Tiedemann R.The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific Geol. Rundsch. 85 1996 452-466
    • (1996) Geol. Rundsch. , vol.85 , pp. 452-466
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Haug, G.H.2    Sarnthein, M.3    Tiedemann, R.4
  • 56
    • 0035902933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene
    • Haug G.H.Hughen K.A.Sigman D.M.Peterson L.C.Röhl U.Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene Science 293 2001 1304-1308
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 1304-1308
    • Haug, G.H.1    Hughen, K.A.2    Sigman, D.M.3    Peterson, L.C.4    Röhl, U.5
  • 57
    • 0034704242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years
    • Maslin M.A.Burns S.J.Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years Science 290 2000 2285-2287
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 2285-2287
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Burns, S.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.