Missing boundaries of comparison: The political community

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 114, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 435-453

  Juviler, Peter ^a   Stroschein, Sherrill ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0042597338     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2658205     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Robert N. Bellah, et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life, 2d ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), xlii, 36-41, 147-8.
2. Kevin Merida and Barbara Vobejda, "In Search of a Civil Society: A Diverse Group of Crusaders Looks for Solutions To Myriad Social Problems," Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 29 December 1996-5 January 1997, 6; Michael J. Sandel, "Making Nice Is Not the Same as Doing Good," New York Times, 29 December 1996.
3. Kevin Merida and Barbara Vobejda, "In Search of a Civil Society: A Diverse Group of Crusaders Looks for Solutions To Myriad Social Problems," Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 29 December 1996-5 January 1997, 6; Michael J. Sandel, "Making Nice Is Not the Same as Doing Good," New York Times, 29 December 1996.
4. C. F. Delaney, ed., The Liberal-Communitarian Debate: Liberty and Community Values (Boston: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), quote from viii. See also Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996); Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, eds., Communitarianism and Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
5. C. F. Delaney, ed., The Liberal-Communitarian Debate: Liberty and Community Values (Boston: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), quote from viii. See also Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996); Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, eds., Communitarianism and Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
6. C. F. Delaney, ed., The Liberal-Communitarian Debate: Liberty and Community Values (Boston: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), quote from viii. See also Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996); Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, eds., Communitarianism and Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
7. C. F. Delaney, ed., The Liberal-Communitarian Debate: Liberty and Community Values (Boston: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), quote from viii. See also Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996); Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996); Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, eds., Communitarianism and Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
8. Peter Juviler, Freedom's Ordeal: The Struggle for Human Rights and Democracy in Post-Soviet States (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), on community at 1, 2-7, 81, 105, 113, 118, 122, 161, 181.
9. Howell S. Baum, The Organization of Hope: Communities Planning Themselves (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997). Members of the strongest active communities share sentiments of "mutual sympathy and loyalties; of 'we-feeling,' trust, and consideration. . . ." Karl W. Deutsch and S. A. Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 129.
10. Howell S. Baum, The Organization of Hope: Communities Planning Themselves (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997). Members of the strongest active communities share sentiments of "mutual sympathy and loyalties; of 'we-feeling,' trust, and consideration. . . ." Karl W. Deutsch and S. A. Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 129.
11. Aristotle saw the Athenian polis, the city state, as a community of equals embracing all the other communities and aiming at the highest good. Richard McKeon, The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York: Random House, 1941), 1127. The equals actually formed a minority of fewer than 5000 male citizens. Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community at the International Level (New York: Doubleday, 1954, reprinted by Archon Books, 1970), 3-9.
12. Aristotle saw the Athenian polis, the city state, as a community of equals embracing all the other communities and aiming at the highest good. Richard McKeon, The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York: Random House, 1941), 1127. The equals actually formed a minority of fewer than 5000 male citizens. Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community at the International Level (New York: Doubleday, 1954, reprinted by Archon Books, 1970), 3-9.
13. George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, 4th ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers Holt, 1973); Irene Bloom, J. Paul Martin, and Wayne L. Proudfoot, eds., Religious Diversity and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
14. George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, 4th ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers Holt, 1973); Irene Bloom, J. Paul Martin, and Wayne L. Proudfoot, eds., Religious Diversity and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
15. Plato, "Crito" in The Trial and Death of Socrates, trans. by G. M. A. Grube (Indianapolis: Hackett Publ. Co., 1975), 43-58.
16. Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, The Human Rights Reader, rev. ed., (New York: Meridian Books, 1990); on Althusias, see Sabine, A History of Political Theory, 387-90.
17. Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, The Human Rights Reader, rev. ed., (New York: Meridian Books, 1990); on Althusias, see Sabine, A History of Political Theory, 387-90.
18. A. S. P. Woodhouse, ed., Puritanism and Liberty: Being the Army Debates (1647-49), 3rd ed. (London and Melbourne: Dent Everyman's Library, 1986); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1640) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); John Locke, Second Treatise on Government (1690) (Indianapolis: Hackett Publ. Co., 1980).
19. A. S. P. Woodhouse, ed., Puritanism and Liberty: Being the Army Debates (1647-49), 3rd ed. (London and Melbourne: Dent Everyman's Library, 1986); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1640) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); John Locke, Second Treatise on Government (1690) (Indianapolis: Hackett Publ. Co., 1980).
20. A. S. P. Woodhouse, ed., Puritanism and Liberty: Being the Army Debates (1647-49), 3rd ed. (London and Melbourne: Dent Everyman's Library, 1986); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1640) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); John Locke, Second Treatise on Government (1690) (Indianapolis: Hackett Publ. Co., 1980).
21. Robert M. MacIver, "The Primacy of Community," reprinted from Community: A Sociological Study, 3rd ed. (London: Macmillan & Co., 1936), 22-36, in Leon Bramson, ed., Robert M. MacIver on Community, Society and Power: Selected Writing (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970), 30-31. MacIver's community excluded government, included only civil society to which the state is accountable, 39.
22. Robert M. MacIver, "The Primacy of Community," reprinted from Community: A Sociological Study, 3rd ed. (London: Macmillan & Co., 1936), 22-36, in Leon Bramson, ed., Robert M. MacIver on Community, Society and Power: Selected Writing (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970), 30-31. MacIver's community excluded government, included only civil society to which the state is accountable, 39.
23. Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community at the International Level: Problems of Definition and Measurement (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954, reprinted 1970 by Archon Books), 33. Political communities were conceived by Deutsch and Burrell as "social groups with a process of political communication, some machinery for enforcement, and some popular habits of compliance." Deutsch and Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 5-8, quote on 5.
24. Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community at the International Level: Problems of Definition and Measurement (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954, reprinted 1970 by Archon Books), 33. Political communities were conceived by Deutsch and Burrell as "social groups with a process of political communication, some machinery for enforcement, and some popular habits of compliance." Deutsch and Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 5-8, quote on 5.
25. "The boundary of the political system," wrote David Easton, "is defined by all those actions more or less directly related to the making of binding decision for a society. . . ." The "units of a political system" are "political actions as they structure themselves in political roles and political groups," according to "at least some minimal division of labor." David Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems," World Politics 9 (April 1957): 386. See also David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965; reissued in 2nd ed. with new preface, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 177, 184-5.
26. "The boundary of the political system," wrote David Easton, "is defined by all those actions more or less directly related to the making of binding decision for a society. . . ." The "units of a political system" are "political actions as they structure themselves in political roles and political groups," according to "at least some minimal division of labor." David Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems," World Politics 9 (April 1957): 386. See also David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965; reissued in 2nd ed. with new preface, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 177, 184-5.
27. Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems," 391.
28. On conflict resolution and identity, see, Deutsch and Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 6, 35; on identity, see also Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950-1957 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958), 6; on rights-protection, see Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 153-59.
29. On conflict resolution and identity, see, Deutsch and Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 6, 35; on identity, see also Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950-1957 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958), 6; on rights-protection, see Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 153-59.
30. On conflict resolution and identity, see, Deutsch and Burrell, The Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 6, 35; on identity, see also Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950-1957 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958), 6; on rights-protection, see Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 153-59.
31. Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems," 391; Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, 172-3.
32. Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems," 391; Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, 172-3.
33. David Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 and reprint with new preface, 1979); passing mention of political community on 85, 116-17; no mention in David Easton, The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979); David Easton, John G. Gunnell, and Luigi Graziano, eds., The Development of Political Science (New York: Routledge, 1991).
34. David Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 and reprint with new preface, 1979); passing mention of political community on 85, 116-17; no mention in David Easton, The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979); David Easton, John G. Gunnell, and Luigi Graziano, eds., The Development of Political Science (New York: Routledge, 1991).
35. David Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 and reprint with new preface, 1979); passing mention of political community on 85, 116-17; no mention in David Easton, The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979); David Easton, John G. Gunnell, and Luigi Graziano, eds., The Development of Political Science (New York: Routledge, 1991).
36. Nelson Polsby and Fred Greenstein, eds., Handbook of Political Science (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 9 vols., has one line citing Easton's reference to the political community in vol 2, 114; see also, Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Kingerman, eds., A New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996); Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan, eds., Encyclopedia of Government and Politics (London: Routledge, 1992). Only one comparative text out of many perused refers to community at all in a passing reference to community as "an aggregation of interacting individuals defined by a set of shared values." Lawrence C. Mayer, John H. Burnett, and Suzanne Ogden, Comparative Politics: Nations and Theories in a Changing World, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 16, 42, quote from 42.
37. Nelson Polsby and Fred Greenstein, eds., Handbook of Political Science (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 9 vols., has one line citing Easton's reference to the political community in vol 2, 114; see also, Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Kingerman, eds., A New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996); Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan, eds., Encyclopedia of Government and Politics (London: Routledge, 1992). Only one comparative text out of many perused refers to community at all in a passing reference to community as "an aggregation of interacting individuals defined by a set of shared values." Lawrence C. Mayer, John H. Burnett, and Suzanne Ogden, Comparative Politics: Nations and Theories in a Changing World, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 16, 42, quote from 42.
38. Nelson Polsby and Fred Greenstein, eds., Handbook of Political Science (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 9 vols., has one line citing Easton's reference to the political community in vol 2, 114; see also, Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Kingerman, eds., A New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996); Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan, eds., Encyclopedia of Government and Politics (London: Routledge, 1992). Only one comparative text out of many perused refers to community at all in a passing reference to community as "an aggregation of interacting individuals defined by a set of shared values." Lawrence C. Mayer, John H. Burnett, and Suzanne Ogden, Comparative Politics: Nations and Theories in a Changing World, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 16, 42, quote from 42.
39. Nelson Polsby and Fred Greenstein, eds., Handbook of Political Science (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 9 vols., has one line citing Easton's reference to the political community in vol 2, 114; see also, Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Kingerman, eds., A New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996); Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan, eds., Encyclopedia of Government and Politics (London: Routledge, 1992). Only one comparative text out of many perused refers to community at all in a passing reference to community as "an aggregation of interacting individuals defined by a set of shared values." Lawrence C. Mayer, John H. Burnett, and Suzanne Ogden, Comparative Politics: Nations and Theories in a Changing World, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 16, 42, quote from 42.
40. 19 A search in Social Sciences Citation Index, ABC Poli Sci since 1990 and Books in Print since 1991 until September 1997 yielded 614 titles pertaining to political system and 46 to political community. A search in other indexes such as the Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS) yielded similar results. Thanks to Peter Howard, Katharine Gratwick, and Tamar Tamler for their assistance.
41. Juan J. Linz, "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes" in Greenstein and Polsby, Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, 175-411.
42. "Czechoslovakian Charter 77 Declaration (1976)," Laqueur and Rubin, Human Rights Reader, 338.
43. Bronislaw Geremek, "Civil Society Then and Now," reprinted in Diamond and Plattner, The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 241-250.
44. Larry Diamond, "Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 5 (July 1994): 4-17, quote from 5. (Emphasis in original.)
45. Ibid., 6; Foley and Edwards question inclusion of private activities of "social capital." However, they concede that "even nuns and bishops! may become subversive" in the face of repression, as in Latin America. Michael W. Foley and Bob Edwards, "The Paradox of Civil Society," Journal of Democracy 7 (July 1996): 38-52, quote at 48, 49.
46. Ibid., 6; Foley and Edwards question inclusion of private activities of "social capital." However, they concede that "even nuns and bishops! may become subversive" in the face of repression, as in Latin America. Michael W. Foley and Bob Edwards, "The Paradox of Civil Society," Journal of Democracy 7 (July 1996): 38-52, quote at 48, 49.
47. Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life," The American Prospect 13 (Spring 1993): 35-42; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
48. Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life," The American Prospect 13 (Spring 1993): 35-42; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
49. Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life," The American Prospect 13 (Spring 1993): 35-42; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
50. Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 117.
51. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Ithiel de Sola Pool Lecture, 'Tuning in, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America,'" PS: Political Science and Politics 28 (December 1995): 664-683; Robert D. Putnam, "The Strange Disappearance of Civic America," The American Prospect (Winter 1996): 34-48; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
52. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Ithiel de Sola Pool Lecture, 'Tuning in, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America,'" PS: Political Science and Politics 28 (December 1995): 664-683; Robert D. Putnam, "The Strange Disappearance of Civic America," The American Prospect (Winter 1996): 34-48; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
53. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Ithiel de Sola Pool Lecture, 'Tuning in, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America,'" PS: Political Science and Politics 28 (December 1995): 664-683; Robert D. Putnam, "The Strange Disappearance of Civic America," The American Prospect (Winter 1996): 34-48; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
54. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," 65-78; Robert D. Putnam, "The Ithiel de Sola Pool Lecture, 'Tuning in, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America,'" PS: Political Science and Politics 28 (December 1995): 664-683; Robert D. Putnam, "The Strange Disappearance of Civic America," The American Prospect (Winter 1996): 34-48; Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
55. Pippa Norris, "Does Television Erode Social Capital? A Reply to Putnam," PS: Political Science and Politics 29 (September 1996): 474-80, quote at 479.
56. The income share of the top fifth rose by 13 percent in 1979-1996. (Michael Walzer, "The Big Shrug," The New Republic, 2 February 1998, 9) and to the top 5 percent by 50 percent ("Rich Get Richer, Poor Get Poorer," Public Employee Press, 26 December 1997, 15), while the share of the bottom fifth fell by 22 percent.
57. The income share of the top fifth rose by 13 percent in 1979-1996. (Michael Walzer, "The Big Shrug," The New Republic, 2 February 1998, 9) and to the top 5 percent by 50 percent ("Rich Get Richer, Poor Get Poorer," Public Employee Press, 26 December 1997, 15), while the share of the bottom fifth fell by 22 percent.
58. Walzer, "The Big Shrug," 9. Children below the poverty line rose from 12.6 million, 19.6 percent in 1989 to 14.5 million or 20.5 percent by 1998.
59. Robert B. Reich, "When Naptime Is Over: The Placid Public Mood Is An Illusion," New York Times Magazine, 25 January 1998, 32-4.
60. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); on voting disparity, see also Robert Kuttner, Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 350.
61. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992); on voting disparity, see also Robert Kuttner, Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 350.
62. Andrew Stark, "America the Gated?" The Wilson Quarterly 22 (Winter 1998): 58-79; Robert B. Reich, "Secession of the Successful: How the New U.S. Emphasis on 'Community' Legitimizes Inequality," The Other Side 31 (1995): 21-7; Jonathan Kozol, Amazing Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation (New York: Crown Publishers, 1995).
63. Andrew Stark, "America the Gated?" The Wilson Quarterly 22 (Winter 1998): 58-79; Robert B. Reich, "Secession of the Successful: How the New U.S. Emphasis on 'Community' Legitimizes Inequality," The Other Side 31 (1995): 21-7; Jonathan Kozol, Amazing Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation (New York: Crown Publishers, 1995).
64. Andrew Stark, "America the Gated?" The Wilson Quarterly 22 (Winter 1998): 58-79; Robert B. Reich, "Secession of the Successful: How the New U.S. Emphasis on 'Community' Legitimizes Inequality," The Other Side 31 (1995): 21-7; Jonathan Kozol, Amazing Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation (New York: Crown Publishers, 1995).
65. Andrew Hacker, "Grand Illusion," The New York Review of Books, 11 June 1998, 26-29.
66. Janet Mancini Billson, Pathways to Manhood: Young Black Males Struggle for Identity, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996); William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
67. Janet Mancini Billson, Pathways to Manhood: Young Black Males Struggle for Identity, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996); William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
68. William A. Galston and Peter Levine, "America's Civic Condition," The Brookings Review 15 (Fall 1997): 24.
69. Bruce Katz, "Give Community Institutions a Fighting Chance," The Brookings Review 15 (Fall 1997): 32-35.
70. David Callahan, "Ballot Blocks: What Gets the Poor to the Polls?" The American Prospect (July-August 1998): 68-75.
71. George Soros, "Why the Market Is Not Enough: Every Society Needs Some Shared Values," Giving, 30 October 1997; George Soros, "The Capitalist Threat," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1997, 45-58.
72. George Soros, "Why the Market Is Not Enough: Every Society Needs Some Shared Values," Giving, 30 October 1997; George Soros, "The Capitalist Threat," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1997, 45-58.
73. Willis W. Harman, "Reassessing the Economic Assumption," The Futurist, July-August 1996, 13-15, quote at 15.
74. "By the American dream I mean not merely the right to get rich, but rather the promise that all Americans have a reasonable chance to achieve success as they define it - material or otherwise -through their own efforts, and to attain virtue and fulfillment through success." Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), xvii. See also "Rich Get Richer," 15.
75. "By the American dream I mean not merely the right to get rich, but rather the promise that all Americans have a reasonable chance to achieve success as they define it - material or otherwise - through their own efforts, and to attain virtue and fulfillment through success." Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), xvii. See also "Rich Get Richer," 15.
76. Jacob Weisberg, "United Shareholders of America," New York Times Magazine, 25 January 1998, 32.
77. Walzer, "The Big Shrug," 9.
78. Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review 15 (Fall 1997): 9-12; William A. Galston and Peter Levine, "America's Civic Condition," ibid., 25.
79. Alan Wolfe, "Is Civil Society Obsolete?" Brookings Review 15 (Fall 1997): 9-12; William A. Galston and Peter Levine, "America's Civic Condition," ibid., 25.
80. Jean Bethke Elshtein, "Not a Cure-All," ibid., 15.
81. Galston and Levine, "America's Civic Condition," 24.
82. J. Phillip Thompson, III, "Universalism and Deconcentration: Why Race Still Matters in Economic Development" (manuscript draft, February 1998).
83. Manning Marable, "Black (Community) Power!" The Nation, 22 December 1997, 21-24, quote at 23.
84. Galston and Levine, "America's Civic Condition," 23-26, quote at 25.
85. John J. DiIulio, Jr., "The Lord's Work: The Church and the 'Civil Society Sector,'" The Brookings Review 15 (Fall 1997): 27-31. The United States is untypical of industrialized democracy, where religious participation averages just 13 percent. Yet active congregations everywhere are likely to be found in thriving and emerging civil societies. E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Why Civil Society? Why Now?" ibid., 5.
86. John J. DiIulio, Jr., "The Lord's Work: The Church and the 'Civil Society Sector,'" The Brookings Review 15 (Fall 1997): 27-31. The United States is untypical of industrialized democracy, where religious participation averages just 13 percent. Yet active congregations everywhere are likely to be found in thriving and emerging civil societies. E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Why Civil Society? Why Now?" ibid., 5.
87. Reich, "Naptime Is Over."
88. Thomas G. Weiss, David P. Forsythe, Roger A. Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 74, 77, 86.
89. Mayor Selim Beslagic, quoted in Robert Donia, "Peace Endangers the Unity that Survived War," Transition, 17 May 1996, 54. Tuzla's strong multicultural ethnicity is only now weakening because of a massive influx of war-hardened refugees who resist acceptance of other groups. See also Julia Glyn-Pickett, "A Last Bastion of Ethnic Tolerance," Transition, 6 June 1995, 18-19, 56; William Finnegan, "Letter from Tuzla: Salt City," The New Yorker, 12 February 1996, 46-57.
90. Mayor Selim Beslagic, quoted in Robert Donia, "Peace Endangers the Unity that Survived War," Transition, 17 May 1996, 54. Tuzla's strong multicultural ethnicity is only now weakening because of a massive influx of war-hardened refugees who resist acceptance of other groups. See also Julia Glyn-Pickett, "A Last Bastion of Ethnic Tolerance," Transition, 6 June 1995, 18-19, 56; William Finnegan, "Letter from Tuzla: Salt City," The New Yorker, 12 February 1996, 46-57.
91. Mayor Selim Beslagic, quoted in Robert Donia, "Peace Endangers the Unity that Survived War," Transition, 17 May 1996, 54. Tuzla's strong multicultural ethnicity is only now weakening because of a massive influx of war-hardened refugees who resist acceptance of other groups. See also Julia Glyn-Pickett, "A Last Bastion of Ethnic Tolerance," Transition, 6 June 1995, 18-19, 56; William Finnegan, "Letter from Tuzla: Salt City," The New Yorker, 12 February 1996, 46-57.
92. For a discussion of this strong form of multiculturalism, see Susan Wolf, "Comment," on Charles Taylor's "The Politics of Recognition" in Amy Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 75-85.
93. For a discussion of this strong form of multiculturalism, see Susan Wolf, "Comment," on Charles Taylor's "The Politics of Recognition" in Amy Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 75-85.
94. These inclusive boundaries are not entirely secure, as revealed by unequal social rights of legal immigrants, repeated efforts to pass "English language only" legislation in the United States, and Quebec's limits on the commercial and educational use of English.
95. One of the clearest examples of the enactment of this policy was the murder of several thousand individuals, primarily Muslim, in the Bosnian town of Srebrenica in July 1995.
96. Walzer, "Membership," 66.
97. Andrei Liebich and Daniel Warner with Jasna Dragovic, eds., Citizenship East and West (London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1995).
98. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, 2d ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 81. Effective January 1, 2000, children of foreigners born in Germany hold dual citizenship. Between ages 18 and 23 they must choose one.
99. Ibid., 77-81.
100. George L. Borjas and Richard H. Freeman, "Findings We Never Found: How a Report on Immigration was Distorted," New York Times, 10 December 1997.
101. Jürgen Habermas, "Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State" in Gutmann, Multiculturalism, 138-39. Acculturation might be understood as the "melting pot" model, while multiculturalism and political integration might be understood as the "salad bowl" model.
102. Claus Offe, "Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe," Social Research 58 (Winter 1991): 869.
103. This previous community is not to be confused with what is now legally recognized as "Yugoslavia," a rump entity consisting of Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Vojvodina.
104. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition" in Gutmann, Multiculturalism 25-74; Anthony De Palma, "To Some Canadians, The Maple Leaf Is a Red Flag," New York Times, 26 November 1997.
105. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition" in Gutmann, Multiculturalism 25-74; Anthony De Palma, "To Some Canadians, The Maple Leaf Is a Red Flag," New York Times, 26 November 1997.
106. Ted Robert Gurr, "Minorities, Nationalists, and Ethnopolitical Conflict" in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson with Pamela Aall, eds., Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses To International Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), 53-77.
107. Tihomir Loza, "Kosovo Albanians: Closing the Ranks," Transitions 5 (May 1998): 16-26; Denisa Kostova, "The Trap of the Parallel Society," ibid., 20.
108. Tihomir Loza, "Kosovo Albanians: Closing the Ranks," Transitions 5 (May 1998): 16-26; Denisa Kostova, "The Trap of the Parallel Society," ibid., 20.
109. Loza, "Kosovo Albanians," 19-20.
110. By 1995, reportedly, 837 lecturers taught 11,000 Albanian university students, 4,000 teachers taught 56,000 secondary school students, and 14,500 more taught 273,000 elementary school pupils -mainly in private homes and cellars. Kostovic, "The Trap of the Parallel Society," 20-21, quote at 20; see also Chris Hedges, "Serb's Iron Rule: Belgrade Power Play May Light Fuse," New York Times, 6 October 1997; Chris Hedges, "Albanians Inside Serbia Set to Fight for Autonomy," ibid., 19 October 1997; Fabian Schmidt, "Kosovo: The Time Bomb That Has Not Gone Off," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Reports 2 (1 October 1993): 22-29.
111. By 1995, reportedly, 837 lecturers taught 11,000 Albanian university students, 4,000 teachers taught 56,000 secondary school students, and 14,500 more taught 273,000 elementary school pupils - mainly in private homes and cellars. Kostovic, "The Trap of the Parallel Society," 20-21, quote at 20; see also Chris Hedges, "Serb's Iron Rule: Belgrade Power Play May Light Fuse," New York Times, 6 October 1997; Chris Hedges, "Albanians Inside Serbia Set to Fight for Autonomy," ibid., 19 October 1997; Fabian Schmidt, "Kosovo: The Time Bomb That Has Not Gone Off," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Reports 2 (1 October 1993): 22-29.
112. By 1995, reportedly, 837 lecturers taught 11,000 Albanian university students, 4,000 teachers taught 56,000 secondary school students, and 14,500 more taught 273,000 elementary school pupils - mainly in private homes and cellars. Kostovic, "The Trap of the Parallel Society," 20-21, quote at 20; see also Chris Hedges, "Serb's Iron Rule: Belgrade Power Play May Light Fuse," New York Times, 6 October 1997; Chris Hedges, "Albanians Inside Serbia Set to Fight for Autonomy," ibid., 19 October 1997; Fabian Schmidt, "Kosovo: The Time Bomb That Has Not Gone Off," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Reports 2 (1 October 1993): 22-29.
113. By 1995, reportedly, 837 lecturers taught 11,000 Albanian university students, 4,000 teachers taught 56,000 secondary school students, and 14,500 more taught 273,000 elementary school pupils - mainly in private homes and cellars. Kostovic, "The Trap of the Parallel Society," 20-21, quote at 20; see also Chris Hedges, "Serb's Iron Rule: Belgrade Power Play May Light Fuse," New York Times, 6 October 1997; Chris Hedges, "Albanians Inside Serbia Set to Fight for Autonomy," ibid., 19 October 1997; Fabian Schmidt, "Kosovo: The Time Bomb That Has Not Gone Off," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Reports 2 (1 October 1993): 22-29.
114. Walker Connor, "A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a. . . ," reprinted in Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 100-103.
115. Individuals may change these practices in order to "pass" as a member of another group. For a discussion of passing, see Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), 141-2.
116. Connor, "A Nation Is A Nation," 2.
117. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991 ed.), 6, citing Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977).
118. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991 ed.), 6, citing Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977).
119. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 2d ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 1.
120. Walker Connor noted in 1972 that "of a total of 132 contemporary states, only 12 (9.1 percent) can be described as essentially homogenous from an ethnic viewpoint." Walker Connor, "Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?" reprinted in Ethnonationalism, 29.
121. Partition arguments for the resolution of ethnic conflicts are gaining credence, particularly in the literature of International Relations, for the stated purpose of "resolving security dilemmas." Chaim Kaufmann, "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars," International Security 20 (Spring 1996): 136-75; John Mearsheimer and Stephen Van Evera, "Hateful Neighbors," Op-ed piece, New York Times, 24 September 1996.
122. Partition arguments for the resolution of ethnic conflicts are gaining credence, particularly in the literature of International Relations, for the stated purpose of "resolving security dilemmas." Chaim Kaufmann, "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars," International Security 20 (Spring 1996): 136-75; John Mearsheimer and Stephen Van Evera, "Hateful Neighbors," Op-ed piece, New York Times, 24 September 1996.
123. The colonially-engineered geographic sprawl across state boundaries of ethnic groups like Bengalis, Kurds, Mexicans, Uzbeks, and Mongolians, as well as scores of African tribes, means that achieving ethnically homogenous nation-states would require massive population exchanges as well as violent social upheaval, as in India, Rwanda, Sudan, and former Yugoslavia. For arguments against partition, see Radha Kumar, "The Troubled History of Partition," Foreign Affairs 76 (January-February 1997): 22-34; Senad Pecanin, "Before It's Too Late," Adil Kulenovic interview, "Ethnic Division is a Crime," and Mihajlo Mihajlov, "It Is Senseless to Divide Bosnia," Uncaptive Minds (Spring 1995): 51-65.
124. The colonially-engineered geographic sprawl across state boundaries of ethnic groups like Bengalis, Kurds, Mexicans, Uzbeks, and Mongolians, as well as scores of African tribes, means that achieving ethnically homogenous nation-states would require massive population exchanges as well as violent social upheaval, as in India, Rwanda, Sudan, and former Yugoslavia. For arguments against partition, see Radha Kumar, "The Troubled History of Partition," Foreign Affairs 76 (January-February 1997): 22-34; Senad Pecanin, "Before It's Too Late," Adil Kulenovic interview, "Ethnic Division is a Crime," and Mihajlo Mihajlov, "It Is Senseless to Divide Bosnia," Uncaptive Minds (Spring 1995): 51-65.
125. The colonially-engineered geographic sprawl across state boundaries of ethnic groups like Bengalis, Kurds, Mexicans, Uzbeks, and Mongolians, as well as scores of African tribes, means that achieving ethnically homogenous nation-states would require massive population exchanges as well as violent social upheaval, as in India, Rwanda, Sudan, and former Yugoslavia. For arguments against partition, see Radha Kumar, "The Troubled History of Partition," Foreign Affairs 76 (January-February 1997): 22-34; Senad Pecanin, "Before It's Too Late," Adil Kulenovic interview, "Ethnic Division is a Crime," and Mihajlo Mihajlov, "It Is Senseless to Divide Bosnia," Uncaptive Minds (Spring 1995): 51-65.
126. The colonially-engineered geographic sprawl across state boundaries of ethnic groups like Bengalis, Kurds, Mexicans, Uzbeks, and Mongolians, as well as scores of African tribes, means that achieving ethnically homogenous nation-states would require massive population exchanges as well as violent social upheaval, as in India, Rwanda, Sudan, and former Yugoslavia. For arguments against partition, see Radha Kumar, "The Troubled History of Partition," Foreign Affairs 76 (January-February 1997): 22-34; Senad Pecanin, "Before It's Too Late," Adil Kulenovic interview, "Ethnic Division is a Crime," and Mihajlo Mihajlov, "It Is Senseless to Divide Bosnia," Uncaptive Minds (Spring 1995): 51-65.
127. Lahouari Addi, "The Failure of Third World Nationalism," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 110-24, quote on 113.
128. For an application of the security dilemma to ethnic conflict, see David Lake and Donald Rothschild, "Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict," International Security 21 (Fall 1996): 41-75. For a more persuasive approach that applies such models to individuals, see James Fearon, "Ethnic War as a Commitment Problem," manuscript, New York City, 1993.
129. For an application of the security dilemma to ethnic conflict, see David Lake and Donald Rothschild, "Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict," International Security 21 (Fall 1996): 41-75. For a more persuasive approach that applies such models to individuals, see James Fearon, "Ethnic War as a Commitment Problem," manuscript, New York City, 1993.
130. See Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1986); Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1990); and Alexander Motyl, "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," manuscript, Columbia University, June 1995. For rational-choice approaches, see Michael Hechter, "Nationalism as Group Solidarity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 10 (October 1987): 415-26; Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
131. See Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1986); Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1990); and Alexander Motyl, "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," manuscript, Columbia University, June 1995. For rational-choice approaches, see Michael Hechter, "Nationalism as Group Solidarity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 10 (October 1987): 415-26; Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
132. See Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1986); Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1990); and Alexander Motyl, "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," manuscript, Columbia University, June 1995. For rational-choice approaches, see Michael Hechter, "Nationalism as Group Solidarity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 10 (October 1987): 415-26; Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
133. See Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1986); Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1990); and Alexander Motyl, "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," manuscript, Columbia University, June 1995. For rational-choice approaches, see Michael Hechter, "Nationalism as Group Solidarity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 10 (October 1987): 415-26; Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
134. See Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1986); Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1990); and Alexander Motyl, "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," manuscript, Columbia University, June 1995. For rational-choice approaches, see Michael Hechter, "Nationalism as Group Solidarity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 10 (October 1987): 415-26; Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
135. See Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1986); Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992): Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1990); and Alexander Motyl, "Inventing Invention: The Limits of National Identity Formation," manuscript, Columbia University, June 1995. For rational-choice approaches, see Michael Hechter, "Nationalism as Group Solidarity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 10 (October 1987): 415-26; Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
136. Franke Wilmer, "Identity, Culture, and Historicity: The Social Construction of Ethnicity in the Balkans," World Affairs 160 (Summer 1997): 3-15; "Theories of Ethnicity" in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Ethnicity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 35-104.
137. Franke Wilmer, "Identity, Culture, and Historicity: The Social Construction of Ethnicity in the Balkans," World Affairs 160 (Summer 1997): 3-15; "Theories of Ethnicity" in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Ethnicity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 35-104.
138. Gurr, "Minorities, Nationalists, and Ethnopolitical Conflict;" Ted Robert Gurr and Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
139. Vladimir Goati, "The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: The Role of Political Elites," Nationalities Papers 25 (September 1997): 455-67; Jean-Germain Gross, "Haiti's Flagging Transition," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 101-03.
140. Vladimir Goati, "The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: The Role of Political Elites," Nationalities Papers 25 (September 1997): 455-67; Jean-Germain Gross, "Haiti's Flagging Transition," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 101-03.