Landscape evolution at extensional relay zones

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 108, Issue 5, 2003, Pages

  Densmore, Alexander L ^a   Dawers, Nancye H ^b   Gupta, Sanjeev ^c   Allen, Philip A ^a   Gilpin, Ruth ^d  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Tulane University   (United States)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Landscape evolution; Normal faults; Numerical models; Relay zones

Indexed keywords

BASIN EVOLUTION; CATCHMENT; FAULT; FOOTWALL; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; NORMAL FAULT; STRUCTURAL CONTROL;

EID: 0042384404     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Allen, P. A., and A. L. Densmore, Sediment flux from an uplifting fault block, Basin Res., 12, 367 380, 2000.
2. Allen, P. A., and N.Hovius, Sediment supply from landslide-dominated catchments: Implications for basin-margin fans, Basin Res., 10, 19 35, 1998.
3. Anders, M. H., and R. W. Schlische, Overlapping faults, intrabasin highs, and the growth of normal faults, J. Geol., 102, 165 179, 1994.
4. Anders, M. H., M, Spiegelman. D. W. Rodgers, and J. T. Hagstrum. The growth of fault-bounded tilt blocks, Tectonics, 12, 1451 1459, 1993.
5. Bentham, P., R. E. L. Collier, R. L. Gawthorpe, M. R. Leeder, S Prosser, and C. Stark. Tectono-sedimentary development of an extensional basin: The Neogene Megara Basin, Greece, J Geol Soc. London, 148, 923. 934, 1991.
6. Bürgmann, R., D. D. Pollard, and S. J. Martel, Slip distributions on faults: Effects of stress gradients, inelastic deformation, heterogeneous host-rock stiffness, and fault interaction, J. Struct. Geol., 16, 1675 1690, 1994
7. Cartwright, J. A., B. D. Trudgill, and C. S. Mansfield, Fault growth by segment linkage: An explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah, J. Struct Geol., 17, 1319 1326, 1995.
8. Cartwright, J. A., C Mansfield, and B. Trudgill, The growth of faults by segment linkage, in Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation. Validation and Modelling, edited by P. G. Buchanan and D. A. Nieuwland, Geol. Soc. Spec Publ., 99, 163 177, 1996.
9. Childs C., J. Watterson, and J. J. Walsh, Fault overlap/ones within developing normal fault systems, J. Geol. Soc London, 152, 535 549, 1995.
10. Cowie, P. A.. A healing-reloading feedback control on the growth rate of seismogenic faults, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 1075 1087, 1998.
11. Cowie, P. A., and C. H. Scholz, Growth of faults by accumulation of seismic slip, J. Geophys Res., 97, 11,085 11,095, 1992a.
12. Cowie, P. A., and C. H. Scholz, Displacement-length scaling relationship for faults: Data synthesis and discussion. J Struct Geol, 14, 1149 1156, 1992b,
13. Cowie, P. A., and Z. K. Shipton, Fault tip displacement gradients and process zone dimensions. J. Struct Geol., 20, 983, 997, 1998.
14. Cowie, P. A., S. Gupta, and N. H. Dawers, Implications of fault array evolution for synrift depocentre development: Insights from a numerical fault growth model, Basin Res., 12, 241 262, 2000.
15. Crider, J. G., and D. D. Pollard. Fault linkage Three-dimensional mechanical interaction between echelon normal faults. J Geophys Res., 103, 24,373 24,391, 1998.
16. Crossley, R., Controls of sedimentation in thc Malawi Rift Valley, central Africa. Sediment Geol, 40, 13 50, 1984
17. Dawers, N. H., M. H. Anders, and C H.Scholz, Growth of normal faults: Displacement-length scaling, Geology, 21,1107 1110, 1993.
18. Dawers, N. H., and M. H. Anders. Displacement-length scaling and fault linkage, J Struct Geol., 17, 607 614, 1995.
19. Dawers, N. H., and J. R. Underhill. The role of fault interaction and linkage in controlling synrift stratigraphic sequences: I ate Jurassic. Statford Fast area, northern North Sea, AAPG Bull, 84, 45 64, 2000
20. Densmore, A. L. M. A. Ellis, and R. S Arderson, Landsliding and the evolution of normal fault-bounded mountain ranges. J Geophys. Res, 103, 15,203 15,219, 1998.
21. dePolo, C. M., and J. G. Anderson. Estimating the slip rates of normal faults in the Great Basin, USA, Basin Res, 12, 227 240, 2000.
22. Eliet, P. P., and R. L. Gawthorpe, Drainage development and sediment supply within rifts: Examples from the Sperchios basin, central Greece, J. Geol. Soc London, 152, 883 893, 1995.
23. Ellis, M. A., L. Densmore, and R. S. Anderson, Development of mountainous topography in the Basin Ranges. U.S.A., Basin Res., 11, 21 41, 1999.
24. Gawthorpe, R. L., and J. M. Hurst, Transfer zones in extensional basins: Their structural style and influence on drainage development and stratigraphy, J Geol. Soc. London, 150, 1137 1152, 1993.
25. Gawthorpe, R. L., and M. R. Leeder, Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins, Basin Res., 12, 195 218, 2000
26. Gomberg, J., and M. Ellis, Topography and tectonics of the central New Madrid seismic zone: Results of numerical experiments using a three-dimensional boundary element program, J Geophys. Res., 99, 20,299 20,310, 1994.
27. Gupta, A., and C. H. Scholz, A model of normal fault interaction based on observations and theory, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 865 879, 2000.
28. Gupta, S., P. A. Cowie, N. H. Dawers, and J. R. Underhill. A mechanism to explain rift-basin subsidence and stratigraphic patterns through fault array evolution, Geology: 26, 595 598, 1998.
29. Gupta, S., J. R. Underhill, I. R. Sharp, and R. I. Gawthorpe, Role of fault interaction in controlling synrift dispersal patterns. Miocene, Abu Alaqa Group, Suez Rift, Sinai. Egypt, Basin Res, 11, 167 189, 1999.
30. Hancock, G. S., R. S. Anderson, and K. X. Whipple, Beyond power: Bedrock river incision process and form, in Rivers, Over Rock Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels Geophys Monogr Ser. vol. 107, edited by K J. Tinkler and E. E. Wohl, pp. 35 60, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
31. Hardy, S., and R. L. Gawthorpe, Bedrock channel incision and sediment supply in extensional basins: Insights from numerical modelling, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), Fall Meet Suppl., Abstract 17110-31, 2000.
32. Hayward, N J., and C. J. Ebinger, Variations in the along-axis segmentation of the Afar Rift system, Tectonics, 15, 244 257, 1996.
33. Huggins, P., J. Watterson, J. J. Walsh, and C. Childs, Relay/one geometry and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 1741 1755, 1995.
34. Jackson, J., and M. R. Leeder, Drainage systems and the development of normal faults: An example from Pleasant Valley, Nevada, J Struct Geol., 16, 1041 1059, 1994.
35. Jackson, J. A., and N. J, White, Normal faulting in the upper continental crust Observations from regions of active extension, J Struct Geol. II. 15 36, 1989.
36. Larsen, P.-H., Relay structures in a Lower Perman basement-involved extension system. East Greenland. J. Struct Geol, 10, 3 8, 1988.
37. Leeder, M. R., and R. L. Gawthorpe. Sedimentary models for extensional tilt-block half-graben basins, in Continental Extensional Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward, J. F. Dewey, and P. L. Hancock, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ., 28, 139 152, 1987.
38. Leeder, M. R., and J. A. Jackson, The interaction between normal faulting and drainage in active extensional basins, with examples from the western United States and central Greece, Basin Res., 5, 79 102, 1993,
39. McCalpin, J. P., Neotectonic deformation along the East Cache fault zone. Cache County, Utah, Utah Geol. Min. Surv. Spec. Stud., 83,37 pp., 1994
40. McLeod, A. E., N. H. Dawers, and J. R. Underhill, The propagation and linkage of normal faults: Insights from the Strathspey-Brent-Statfjord fault array, northern North Sea. Basin Res., 12, 263-284, 2000.
41. Morewood, N. C., and G. P. Roberts, Lateral propagation of the surface trace of the South Alkyonides normal fault segment, central Greece: Its impact on models of fault growth and displacement-length relationships, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 635 652, 1999.
42. Morley, C. K., Patterns of displacement along large normal faults: Implications for basin evolution and fault propagation, based on examples from East Africa, AAPG Bull., 83, 613 634. 1999.
43. Peacock, D. C. P., and D. J. Sanderson, Displacements, segment linkage and relay ramps in normal fault zones, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 721 733, 1991.
44. Ravnas, R., and R. J. Steel. Architecture of marine rift-basin successions, AAPG Bull., 82, 110-146, 1998.
45. Schlische, R. W., Half-graben basin filing models: New constraints on continental extensional basin development, Basin Res., 3, 123-141, 1991.
46. Schlische, R. W., S. S. Young. R. V. Ackermann, and A. Gupta, Geometry and scaling relations of a population of very small rift-related normal faults, Geology, 24, 683 686, 1996.
47. Sharp, R. P., Geomorphology of the Ruby-East Humboldt Range, Nevada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 51, 337-371, 1940.
48. Sklar, L., and W. E. Dietrich, River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models: Stream power and the influence of sediment supply, in Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, Geophys Monogr. Ser., vol. 107, edited by K. J. Tinkler and E. E. Wohl, pp 237 260, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
49. Stein, R. S., G. C. King, and J. B. Rundle, The growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes: 2. Field examples of continental dip-slip faults, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 13,319 13,331, 1988.
50. Strecker, M. R., G. E. Hilley, J. R. Arrowsmith, and I. Coutand, Differential structural and geomorphic mountain-front evolution in an active continental collision zone: the northwest Pamir, southern Kyrgystan, Geol Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 166 181, 2003.
51. Trudgill, B., and J. Cartwright, Re1ay ramp forms and normal fault linkages, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 106, 1143 1157, 1994.
52. Wallace, R. E., Fault-plane segmentation in brittle crust and anisotropy in loading system, in Proceedings of Conference XLV; A Workshop on Fault Segmentation and Controls of Rupture Initiation and Termination, edited by D. P. Schwartz and R. H. Sibson, U.S. Geol. Surv Open File Rep., 89-0315, 400-408, 1989a.
53. Wallace, R. E., Geometry and rates of change of fault-generated range fronts, north-central Nevada, J. Res. U.S. Geol. Surv., 6, 637 649, 1989b.
54. Walsh, J. J., and J. Watterson, Geometric and kinematic coherence and scale effects in normal fault systems, in The Geometry of Normal Faults, edited by A. M. Roberts, G. Yielding, and B. Freeman, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 56, 193 203, 1991.
55. Whipple, K. X., and C. R. Trayler, Tectonic control of fan size: The importance of spatially variable subsidence rates, Basin Res., 8, 351 366, 1996.
56. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker, Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,661-17,674, 1999.
57. Whipple, K. X., G. S. Hancock, and R. S. Anderson, River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation, Geol. Sec. Am. Bull., 112, 490 503, 2000.
58. Willemse, E. J. M., D. D. Pollard, and A. Aydin, 3D analyses of slip distributions on normal fault arrays with consequences for fault scaling, J Struct. Geol., 18, 295-309, 1996.
59. Willett, S. D., and M. T. Brandon, On steady states in mountain belts, Geology, 30, 175-178, 2002.
60. Wu, D., and R. L. Bruhn, Geometry and kinematics of active normal faults, South Oquirrh Mountains, Utah: Implication for fault growth, J. Struct. Geol., 16, 1061-1075, 1994.