Analogical reasoning and policymaking: Where and when is it used?

Policy Sciences

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 151-176

  Houghton, David Patrick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042379070     PISSN: 00322687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1004355215177     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Akin, O. (1980). Models of Architectural Knowledge. London: Pion.
2. Bennett, C. J. (1991). 'How states utilize foreign evidence,' Journal of Public Policy 11: 31-54.
3. Bennett, C. J. and M. Howlett (1992). 'The lessons of learning: Reconciling theories of policy learning and policy change,' Policy Sciences 25: 275-294.
4. Best, G. D. (1991). Pride, Prejudice and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938. London: Praeger.
5. Breslauer, G. W. and P. Tetlock (1991). Learning in U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
6. Brooks, L. R. (1978). 'Non-analytic concept formation and memory for instances,' in E. Rosch and B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7. Brooks, L. R. (1987). 'Decentralized control of categorization: The role of prior processing episodes,' in U. Neisser, ed., Concepts and Conceptual Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bundy, M. (1962). 'Memorandum to the president,' May 29, President's Office Files, Box 107, JFK Library.
9. Bundy, M. (1994). Personal correspondence with the author.
10. Collins, A. and D. Gentner (1987). 'How people construct mental models,' in D. Holland and N. Quinn, eds., Cultural Models in Language and Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Crocker, J., S. T. Fiske and S. E. Taylor (1984). 'Schematic bases of belief change,' in J. R. Eiser, ed., Attitudinal Judgment. New York: Springer-Verlag.
12. D'Andrade, R. G. (1989). 'Cultural cognition,' in M. I. Posner, ed., Foundations of Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13. Einaudi, M. (1960). The Roosevelt Revolution. London: Constable.
14. Eisenhower, D. D. (1958). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower, 1956. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
15. Eisenhower, D. D. (1956). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower, 1955. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
16. Etheredge, L. (1958). Can Governments Learn? American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions. New York: Pergamon Press.
17. Fallows, J. (1979). 'The passionless presidency,' The Atlantic Monthly 243: 33-48.
18. Fiske, S. T. and P. W. Linville (1980). 'What does the schema concept buy us?,' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6: 543-557.
19. Fiske, S. T. and S. E. Taylor (1991). Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
20. Galbraith, J. K. (1962a). 'The stock market, memorandum to the president,' May 29, President's Office Files, Box 30, JFK Library.
21. Galbraith, J. K. (1962b). 'The stock market and your press conference, momorandum to the president,' June 6, John Kenneth Galbraith Papers, Box 76, JFK Library.
22. Galbraith, J. K. (1994). Inteview with the author. Cambridge, MA, 23 November.
23. Gentner, D. (1983). 'Structure mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy,' Cognitive Science 7: 155-170.
24. Gentner, D. and C. Toupin (1986). 'Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy,' Cognitive Science 10: 277-300.
25. Gick, M. and K. Holyoak (1980). 'Analogical problem solving,' Cognitive Psychology 12: 306-355.
26. Gick, M. and K. Holyoak (1983). 'Schema induction and analogical transfer,' Cognitive Psychology 15:1-38.
27. Gilovich, T. (1981). 'Seeing the past in the present: The effect of associations to familiar events on judgments and decisions,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 797-808.
28. Hall, P. (1993). 'Policy paradigms, social learning and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain,' Comparative Politics 25: 275-296.
29. Halpern, G., C. Hansen and D. Riefer (1990). 'Analogies as an aid to understanding and memory,' Journal of Education Psychology 82: 298-305.
30. Harris, S. (1962). 'Memorandum to the president,' September 27, JFK Library.
31. Harris, S. (1964). Oral History Interview. June 16 and June 17, JFK Library.
32. Heclo, H. (1974). Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden: From Relief to Income Maintenance. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.
33. Heller, W. (1962a). 'The market, memorandym to the president,' May 28, President's Office Files, Box 107, JFK Library.
34. Heller, W. (1962b). 'Memorandum to the president,' May 29, Theodore Sorensen Papers, Box 39, JFK Library.
35. Heller, W. (1962c). 'Memorandum to Theodore Sorensen,' May 29, President's Office Files,Box 107, JFK Library.
36. Heller, W. (1962d). 'The stock market, memorandum to the president,' May 23, Walter Heller Papers, Box 5, JFK Library.
37. Heller, W. (1962e). 'Briefing material on the economy,' June 7, Walter Heller Papers, Box 10, JFK Library.
38. Hoberg, G. (1991). 'Sleeping with an elephant: the American influence on Canadian environmental regulation,' Journal of Public Policy 11: 107-132.
39. Holyoak, K. (1985). 'The pragmatics of analogical transfer,' in G. H. Bower, ed., The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. New York: Academic Press.
40. Holyoak, K. and P. Thagard (1989). 'Rule-based spreading activation and analogical transfer,' in S. Vosniadou and A. Ortony, eds., Similarity and Analogy in Reasoning and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Houghton, D. P. (1996). 'The role of analogical reasoning in novel foreign policy situations,' British Journal of Political Science 26: 523-552.
42. Houghton, D. P. (1998). 'Historical analogies and the cognitive dimension of domestic policymaking,' Political Psychology 19: 279-303.
43. Hybel, A. (1990). How Leaders Reason: U.S. Intervention in the Caribbean Basin and Latin America. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
44. Hybel, A. (1991). 'Learning and reasoning by analogy,' in M. Fry, ed., History, the White House and the Kremlin: Statesmen as Historians. New York: Pinter.
45. Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
46. Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1989). 'Mental models,' in M. I. Posner, ed., Foundations of Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
47. Kahneman, D., P. Slovic and A. Tversky (1982). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
48. Keane, M. T. (1988). Analogical Problem Solving. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
49. Kennedy, R. (1964). Oral History Interview. Volume III, April 30, JFK Library.
50. Khong, Y. F. (1991). 'The lessons of Korea and the Vietnam decisions of 1965,' in G. Breslauer and P. Tetlock, eds., Learning in US and Soviet Foreign Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
51. Khong, Y. F. (1992a). Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu and the Vietmam Decisions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
52. Khong, Y. F. (1992b). 'Vietnam, the Gulf, and U.S. choices: A comparison,' Security Studies 2: 74-95.
53. Larson, D. W. (1985). Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
54. Leeuw, F., R. Rist and R. Sonnichsen, eds. (1994). Can Governments Learn? Comparative Perspectives on Evaluation and Organizational Learning. New Brunswick: Transaction.
55. Levy, J. S. (1994). 'Learning and foreign policy: Sweeping a conceptual minefield,' International Organization 48: 279-312.
56. Lovett, R. (1964). Oral History Interview. August 17, JFK Library.
57. Majone, G. (1991). 'Cross-national sources of regulatory policymaking in Europe and the United States,' Journal of Public Policy 11: 79-106.
58. Markus, H. (1977). 'Self-schemata and processing information about the self,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35: 63-78.
59. May, E. (1973). Lessons of the Past. New York: Oxford University Press.
60. May, E. and P. Zelikow, eds. (1997). The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis. London: The Belknap Press.
61. May, P. (1992). 'Policy learning and failure,' Journal of Public Policy 12: 331-354.
62. Mefford, D. (1987). Analogical reasoning and the definition of the situation: Back to Snyder for concepts and forward to artificial intelligence for method,' in C. Hermann et al., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy. Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin.
63. Mefford, D. (1991). 'The power of historical analogies: Soviet interventions in Eastern Europe and U.S. interventions in Central America,' in M. Fry, ed., History, the White House and the Kremlin: Statesmen as Historians. New York: Pinter.
64. Miller, M. (1991). Financial Innovations and Market Volatility. Oxford: Blackwell.
65. Neustadt, R. and E. May (1986). Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision Makers. New York, NY: Freedom Press.
66. Nisbett, R. and L. Ross (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
67. Peterson, M. J. (1997). 'The use of analogies in outer space law,' International Organization 51: 245-274.
68. Pierson, P. (1993). 'When effect becomes cause: Policy feedback and political change,' World Politics 45: 595-628.
69. Pratten, C. (1993). The Stock Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.
70. Ravenal, E. (1978). Never Again: Learning from America's Foreign Policy Failures. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
71. Reber, A. S. (1969). 'Transfer of syntactic structure in synthetic languages,' Journal of Experimental Psychology 81: 115-119.
72. Reber, A. S. (1989). 'Implicit learning and tacit knowledge,' Journal of Experimental Psychology 118: 219-235.
73. Reiter, D. (1994). 'Learning, realism and alliances: The weight of the shadow of the past,' World Politics 46: 490-526.
74. Reitman, W. R. (1965). Cognition and Thought: An Information-Processing Approach. New York: Wiley.
75. Robertson, D. B. (1991). 'Political conflict and lesson-drawing,' Journal of Public Policy 11: 55-78.
76. Rose, R. (1991). 'What is lesson-drawing?,' Journal of Public Policy 11: 3-30.
77. Rose, R. (1993). Lesson-Drawing in Public Policy: A Guide to Learning Across Time and Space. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
78. Rowen, H. (1964). The Free Enterprisers: Kennedy, Johnson and the Business Establishment. New York: GP Putnam's.
79. Rumelhart, D. E. (1976). 'Understanding and summarizing brief stories,' in D. LaBerge and S. J. Samuels, eds., Basic Processes in Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
80. Sabatier, P. (1988). 'An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein,' Policy Sciences 21: 129-168.
81. Sabatier, P. and H. C. Jenkins Smith (1993). Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
82. Snyder, G. and P. Diesing (1977). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making and System Structure in International Crises. Princeton University Press.
83. Sobel, R. (1968). Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters. London: Collier-Macmillan.
84. Sorensen, T. (undated). 'The stock market - undated,' Theodore Sorensen Papers, Box 39, JFK Library.
85. Sorensen, T. (1965). Kennedy. New York: Harper and Row.
86. Spellman, B. and K. Holyoak (1992). 'If Saddam is Hitler then who is George Bush? Analogical mapping between systems of social roles,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62: 913-933.
87. Steinbruner, J. D. (1974). The Cybernetic Theory of Decision. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
88. Taylor, S. E. and J. C. Crocker (1980). 'Schematic bases of social information processing,' in E. T. Higgins, P. Herman and M. P. Zanna, eds., The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 1. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
89. Time (1962). June 8.
90. Truman, H. S. (1962). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry Truman, 1946. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
91. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman (1974). 'Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,' Science 185: 1124-1131.
92. VanLehn, K. (1989). 'Problem solving and cognitive skill acquisition,' in M. I. Posner, ed., Foundations of Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
93. VanLehn, K. and J. S. Brown (1980). 'Planning nets: A representation for formalizing analogies and semantic models of procedural skills,' in R. E. Snow et al., eds., Aptitude, Learning and Instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
94. Vertzberger, Y. (1990). The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
95. Voss, J. F., T. R. Greene, T. A. Post and B. C. Penner (1983a). 'Problem solving skill in the social sciences,' in G. H. Bower, ed., The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. New York: Academic Press.
96. Voss, J. F., S. W. Tyler and L. A. Yengo (1983b). 'Individual differences in the solving of social science problems,' in R. Dillon and R. Schmech, eds., Individual Differences in Cognition. New York: Academic Press.
97. Voss, J. F. and E. Dorsey (1990). 'Perception and international relations: An overview,' in E. Singer and V. Hudson, eds., Political Psychology and Foreign Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
98. Williams, G. (1996). 'Analogical reasoning and foreign policy decisionmaking: U.S. Intervention in the Caribbean Basin with particular reference to Grenada 1983,' unpublished dissertation, University of Hull, England.