The assessment of L- and M-cone specific electroretinographical signals in the normal and abnormal human retina

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 579-605

  Kremers, Jan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

Author keywords

Electroretinogram; L cones; M cones; Psychophysics

Indexed keywords

VISUAL PIGMENT;

ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; COLOR VISION; CONTRAST; CORNEA; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DYSTROPHY; ELECTRORETINOGRAM; EXCITATION; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; ISOLATION PROCEDURE; ISOMER; LIGHT; LIGHT ABSORPTION; MEASUREMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSICS; RETINA; RETINA CONE; RETINA DISEASE; RETINA MACULA VITELLIFORM DEGENERATION; RETINA ROD; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY; STARGARDT DISEASE; TECHNIQUE; VISUAL ADAPTATION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 0042198826     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1350-9462(03)00049-1     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Abraham F.A. Sector retinitis pigmentosa. Electrophysiological and psychophysical study of the visual system. Doc. Ophthalmol. 39:1975;13-28.
2. Abraham F.A., Alpern M. Factors influencing threshold of the fundamental electrical response to sinusoidal excitation of human photoreceptors. J. Physiol. (London). 357:1984;151-172.
3. Albrecht J., Jägle H., Hood D.C., Sharpe L.T. The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and cone isolating stimuli. variation in L- and M-cone driven signals across the retina J. Vision. 2:2002;543-558.
4. Allikmets R., Singh N., Sun H., Shroyer N.F., Hutchinson A., Chidambaram A., Gerrard B., Baird L., Stauffer D., Peiffer A., Rattner A., Smallwood P., Li Y., Anderson K.L., Lewis R.A., Nathans J., Leppert M., Dean M., Lupski J.R. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 15:1997;236-246.
5. Armington J.C. The Electroretinogram. 1974;Academic Press, New York.
6. Baker C.L. Jr., Hess R.R., Olsen B.T., Zrenner E. Current source density analysis of linear and non-linear components of the primate electroretinogram. J. Physiol. 407:1988;155-176.
7. Baron W.S. Cone difference signal in foveal local electroretinogram of primate. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19:1980;1442-1448.
8. Baron W.S. Chromatic adaptation and flicker-frequency effects on primate R-G-cone difference signal. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 72:1982;1008-1013.
9. Berendschot T.T.J.M., van de Kraats J., van Norren D. Foveal cone mosaic and visual pigment density in dichromats. J. Physiol. 492.1:1996;307-314.
10. Berson E.L. Retinitis pigmentosa. The friedenwald lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:1993;1659-1676.
11. Berson E.L., Gouras P., Gunkel R.D., Myrianthopoulos N.C. Rod and cone responses in sex-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 81:1969;215-225.
12. Berson E.L., Gouras P., Hoff M. Temporal aspects of the electroretinogram. Arch. Ophthalmol. 81:1969;207-214.
13. Berson E.L., Howard J. Temporal aspects of the electroretinogram in sector retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 86:1971;653-665.
14. Berson E.L., Kanters L. Cone and rod responses in a family with recessively inherited retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 84:1970;288-297.
15. Birch D.G., Anderson J.L. Standardized full-field electroretinography. Normal values and their variation with age. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110:1992;1571-1576.
16. Bowmaker J.K. Visual pigments and colour vision in primates. Valberg A., Lee B.B. From Pigments to Perception. Advances in Understanding Visual Processes. 1991;1-9 Plenum Press, New York, London.
17. Brainard D.H., Calderone J.B., Nugent A.K., Jacobs G.H. Flicker ERG responses to stimuli parametrically modulated in color space. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:1999;2840-2847.
18. Brainard D.H., Roorda A., Yamauchi Y., Calderone J.B., Metha A.B., Neitz M., Neitz J., Williams D.R., Jacobs G.H. Functional consequences of the relative numbers of L and M cones. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 17:2000;607-614.
19. Bresnick G.H., Smith V.C., Pokorny J. Autosomal dominantly inherited macular cystrophy with preferential short-wavelength cone involvement. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 108:1989;265-276.
20. Burns S.A., Elsner A.E., Kreitz M.R. Analysis of nonlinearities in the flicker ERG. Optometry Vision Sci. 69:1992;95-105.
21. Bush R.A., Sieving P.A. Inner retinal contributions to the primate photopic fast flicker electroretinogram. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 13:1996;557-565.
22. Calkins D.J., Schein S.J., Tsukamoto Y., Sterling P. M and L cones in macaque fovea connect to midget ganglion cells by different numbers of exitatory synapses. Nature. 371:1994;70-72.
23. Cross H.E., Bard L. Electro-oculography in best's macular dystrophy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 77:1974;46-50.
24. Deeb S.S., Diller L.C., Williams D.R., Dacey D.M. Interindividual and topographical variation of L. M cone ratios in monkey retinas J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 17:2000;538-544.
25. Donner K.O., Rushton W.A.H. Retinal stimulation by light substitution. J. Physiol. 149:1959;288-302.
26. Drasdo N., Aldebasi Y.H., Chiti Z., Mortlock K.E., Morgan J.E., North R.V. The S-cone PhNR and pattern ERG in primary open angle glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42:2001;1266-1272.
27. Eisner A., Macleod D.I. Flicker photometric study of chromatic adaption. selective suppression of cone inputs by colored backgrounds J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71:1981;705-717.
28. Enroth-Cugell C., Robson J.G., Schweitzer-Tong D.E., Watson A.B. Spatio-temporal interactions in cat retinal ganglion cells showing linear spatial summation. J. Physiol. 341:1983;279-307.
29. Estévez O., Spekreijse H. A spectral compensation method for determining the flicker characteristics of the human colour mechanisms. Vision Res. 14:1974;823-830.
30. Estévez O., Spekreijse H. The "silent substitution" method in visual research. Vision Res. 22:1982;681-691.
31. Fishman G.A., Baca W., Alexander K.R., Derlacki D.J., Glenn A.M., Viana M. Visual acuity in patients with best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Ophthalmology. 100:1993;1665-1670.
32. Frishman L.J., Freeman A.W., Troy J.B., Schweitzer-Tong D.E., Enroth-Cugell C. Spatiotemporal frequency responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. J. Gen. Physiol. 89:1987;599-628.
33. Frishman L.J., Sieving P.A., Steinberg R.H. Contributions to the electroretinogram of currents originating in proximal retina. Visual Neurosci. 1:1988;307-315.
34. Frumkes T.E., Denny N. Types of rod-cone interactions. Die Farbe. 34:1987;205-210.
35. Frumkes T.E., Eysteinsson T. The cellular basis for suppressive rod-cone interaction. Visual Neurosci. 1:1988;263-273.
36. Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M. The relation of rhodopsin and scotopic retinal sensitivity in sector retinitis pigmentosa. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 105:1988;132-140.
37. Gouras P., Carr R.E. Electrophysiological studies in early retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 72:1964;104-110.
38. Granit R. Sensory Mechanism of the Retina. 1947;Oxford University Press, London.
39. Hagstrom S.A., Neitz J., Neitz M. Variation in cone populations for red-green color vision examined by analysis of mRNA. NeuroReport. 9:1998;1963-1967.
40. Heckenlively J.R., Arden G.B. Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. 1991;Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, Mo.
41. Heynen H.G.M., Norren D.v. Origin of the electroretinogram in the intact macaque eye-I. Principle component analysis. Vision Res. 25:1985;697-707.
42. Himstedt F., Nagel W.A. Die verteilung der reizwerte für die Froschnetzhaut im Dispersionspektrum des Gaslichtes, mittels Aktionsströme untersucht. Ann. Phys. Ser 4. XI:1901;153-162.
43. Hood D.C. Assessing retinal function with the multifocal technique. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 19:2000;607-646.
44. Hood D.C., Birch D.G. The a-wave of the human ERG and rod receptor function. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31:1990;2070-2081.
45. Hood D.C., Seiple W., Holopigian K., Greenstein V. A comparison of the components of the multifocal and full-field ERGs. Visual Neurosci. 14:1997;533-544.
46. Hood D.C., Yu A.L., Zhang X., Albrecht J., Jägle H., Sharpe L.T. The multifocal visual evoked potential and cone-isolating stimuli. implications for L- to M-cone ratios and normalization J. Vision. 2:2002;178-189.
47. Ives H.E. Studies in the photometry of lights of different colours I. Spectral luminosity curves obtained by the equality of brightness photometer and the flicker photometer under similar conditions. Philos. Mag. 24:1912;149-188.
48. Jacobi P.C., Miliczek K.D., Zrenner E. Experiences with the international standard for clinical electroretinography. normative values for clinical practice, interindividual and intraindividual variations and possible extensions Doc. Ophthalmol. 85:1993;95-114.
49. Jacobs G.H. The distribution and nature of colour vision among the mammals. Biol. Rev. 68:1993;413-471.
50. Jacobs G.H. Primate photopigments and primate color vision. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;577-581.
51. Jacobs G.H., Neitz J. Electrophysiological estimates of individual variation in the L/M cone ratio. Drum B. Colour Vision Deficiencies. 1993;107-112 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
52. Jacobs G.H., Neitz J., Krogh K. Electroretinogram flicker photometry and its applications. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 13:1996;641-648.
53. Johnson E.P., Cornsweet T.N. Electroretinal photopic sensitivity curves. Nature. 174:1954;614-616.
54. Johnson E.P., Riggs L.A., Schick A.M.L. Photopic retinal potentials evoked by phase alternation of a barred pattern. Burian H.M., Jacobson J.H. Clinical Electrophysiology. 1966;75-91 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
55. Kaiser P.K. Visual photometry. relating psychophysics to some aspects of neurophysiology Valberg A., Lee B.B. From Pigments to Perception. Advances in Understanding Visual Processes. 1991;281-291 Plenum Press, New York, London.
56. Kawasaki K., Tanabe J., Wakabayashi K., Shirao Y. Chromatic recordings of electroretinograms. Heckenlively J.R., Arden G. Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. 1991;339-347 Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, MO.
57. Kellner U., Sadowski B., Zrenner E., Foerster M.H. Selective cone dystrophy with protan genotype. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36:1995;2381-2387.
58. Kelly D.H., Norren D.v. Two-band model of heterochromatic flicker. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67:1977;1081-1091.
59. Kilavik B.E., Kremers J. Rod and L-cone interactions in a deuteranope at different temporal frequencies. Color Res. Appl. 26:2001;76-78.
60. King-Smith P.E., Carden D. Luminance and opponent-color contributions to visual detection and adaptation and to temporal and spatial integration. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66:1976;709-717.
61. Kondo M., Sieving P.A. Primate photopic sine-wave flicker ERG. vector modeling analysis of component origins using glutamate analogs Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42:2001;305-312.
62. Kremers J., Meierkord S. Rod-cone-interactions in deuteranopic observers. models and dynamics Vision Res. 39:1999;3385.
63. Kremers J., Scholl H.P.N. Rod-/L-cone and rod-/M-cone interactions in electroretinograms at different temporal frequencies. Visual Neurosci. 18:2001;339-351.
64. Kremers J., Lee B.B., Kaiser P.K. Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells and human observers to combined luminance and chromatic modulation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 9:1992;1477-1485.
65. Kremers J., Silveira L.C.L., Yamada E.S., Lee B.B. The ecology and evolution of primate color vision. Gegenfurtner K.R., Sharpe L.T. Color Vision: From Molecular Genetics to Perception. 1999;123-142 Cambridge University Press, New York.
66. Kremers J., Usui T., Scholl H.P.N., Sharpe L.T. Cone signal contributions to electroretinograms in dichromats and trichromats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:1999;920-930.
67. Kremers J., Scholl H.P.N., Knau H., Berendschot T.T.J.M., Usui T., Sharpe L.T. L- and M-cone ratios in human trichromats assessed by psychophysics, electroretinography and retinal densitometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 17:2000;517-526.
68. Kremers J., Stepien M.W., Scholl H.P.N., Saito C.A. Cone selective adaptation influences L- and M-cone driven signals in electroretinography and psychophysics. J. Vision. 3:2003;146-160.
69. Krill A.E., Archer D., Martin D. Sector retinitis pigmentosa. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 69:1970;977-987.
70. Krill A.E., Deutman A.F., Fishman M. The cone degenerations. Doc. Ophthalmol. 35:1973;1-80.
71. Lee B.B., Martin P.R., Valberg A., Kremers J. Physiological mechanisms underlying psychophysical sensitivity to combined luminance and chromatic modulation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 10:1993;1403-1412.
72. Lee B.B., Smith V.C., Pokorny J., Kremers J. Rod inputs to macaque ganglion cells and their temporal dynamics. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl. ). 36:1996;689.
73. Lee B.B., Kremers J., Yeh T. Receptive fields of primate retinal cells studied with a novel technique. Visual Neurosci. 15:1998;161-175.
74. Lennie P., Pokorny J., Smith V.C. Luminance. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 10:1993;1283-1293.
75. Luria S., Neri D.F. Individual differences in luminous efficiency measured by flicker photometry. Color Res. Appl. 11:1986;72-75.
76. MacLeod D.I.A. Rods cancel cones in flicker. Nature. 235:1972;173-174.
77. Martin P.R. Colour processing in the primate retina. recent progress J. Phsyiol. (London). 513.3:1998;631-638.
78. Massof R.W., Finkelstein D. Vision threshold profiles in sector retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 97:1979;1899-1904.
79. Massof R.W., Johnson M.A., Sunness J.S., Perry C., Finkelstein D. Flicker electroretinogram in retinitis pigmentosa. Doc. Ophthalmol. 62:1986;231-245.
80. Meigen T., Bach M., Gerling J., Schmid S. Electrophysiological correlates of colour vision defects. Dickinson C.M., Murray I.J., Carden D. John Dalton's Colour Vision Legacy. 1995;325-333 Taylor & Francis, Basingstoke.
81. Mills S.L., Sperling H.G. Red/green opponency in the rhesus macaque ERG spectral sensitivity is reduced by bicuculline. Visual Neurosci. 5:1990;217-221.
82. Miyahara E., Pokorny J., Smith V.C., Baron R., Baron E. Color vision in two observers with highly biased LWS/MWS cone ratios. Vision Res. 38:1998;601-612.
83. Molday L.L., Rabin A.R., Molday R.S. ABCR expression in foveal cone photoreceptors and its role in Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 25:2000;257-258.
84. Mollon J.D., Bowmaker J.K. The spatial arrangement of cones in the primate fovea. Nature. 360:1992;677-679.
85. Moore A.T., Fitzke F.W., Kemp C.M., Arden G.B., Keen T.J., Inglehearn C.F., Bhattacharya S.S., Bird A.C. Abnormal dark adaptation kinetics in autosomal dominant sector retinitis pigmentosa due to rod opsin mutation. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 76:1992;465-469.
86. Murray I.J., Kremers J., Parry N.R.A. Mid-peripheral L and M cone distributions implied from flicker ERGs. Invest. Ophthalmol.Vis. Sci. 43(Suppl.):2002;3763.
87. Nathans J., Thomas D., Hogness D.S. Molecular genetics of human color vision. the genes encoding blue, green and red pigments Science. 232:1986;193-202.
88. Odom J.V., Reits D., Burgers N., Riemslag F.C. Flicker electroretinograms. a systems analytic approach Optom. Vis. Sci. 69:1992;106-116.
89. Padmos P., van Norren D. Cone spectral sensitivity and chromatic adaptation as revealed by human flicker electroretinography. Vision Res. 11:1971;27-42.
90. Pokorny J., Smith V.C., Wesner M.F. Variability in cone populations and implications. Valberg A., Lee B.B. From pigments to perception. Advances in Understanding Visual Processes. 1991;1-9 Plenum Press, New York, London.
91. Reichel E., Bruce A.M., Sandberg M.A., Berson E.L. An electroretinographic and molecular genetic study of X-linked cone degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 108:1989;540-547.
92. Riggs L.A., Johnson E.P., Schick A.M. Electrical responses of the human eye to changes in wavelength of the stimulating light. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56:1966;1621-1627.
93. Ripps H., Noble K.G., Greenstein V.C., Siegel I.M., Carr R.E. Progressive cone dystrophy. Ophthalmol. 94:1987;1401-1409.
94. Robson J.G., Frishman L.J. Dissecting the dark-adapted electroretinogram. Doc. Ophthalmol. 95:1999;187-215.
95. Roorda A., Williams D.R. The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye. Nature. 397:1999;520-522.
96. Sawusch M., Pokorny J., Smith V.C. Clinical electroretinography for short wavelength sensitive cones. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28:1987;966-974.
97. Scholl H.P.N., Kremers J. Large phase differences between L-cone and M-cone driven electroretinograms in retinitis pigmentosa. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41:2000;3225-3233.
98. Scholl H.P.N., Kremers J. Electroretinograms in S-cone monochromacy using S-cone and rod isolating stimuli. Color Res. Appl. 26:2001;S136-S139.
99. Scholl H.P.N., Kremers J. L- and M-cone driven large-field and multifocal electroretinograms in sector retinitis pigmentosa. Doc. Ophthalmol. 106:2003;171-181.
100. Scholl, H.P.N., Kremers, J., 2003b. Alterations of L- and M-cone driven ERGs cone and cone-rod dystrophies. Vision Res., in press.
101. Scholl H.P.N., Kremers J., Apfelstedt-Sylla E., Zrenner E. L- and M-cone driven ERGs are differently altered in Best's macular dystrophy. Vision Research. 40:2000;3159-3168.
102. Scholl H.P.N., Kremers J., Vonthein R., White K., Weber B.H. L- and M-cone driven electroretinograms in Stargardt's macular dystrophy-Fundus flavimaculatus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42:2001;1380-1389.
103. Scholl H.P.N., Kremers J., Wissinger B. Macular dystrophy with protan genotype and phenotype studied with cone type specific ERGS. Curr. Eye Res. 22:2001;221-228.
104. Shapiro A.G. Cone-specific mediation of rod sensitivity in trichromatic observers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43:2002;898-905.
105. Shapiro A.G., Pokorny J., Smith V.C. Cone-rod receptor spaces with illustrations that use the CRT phosphor and light-emitting-diode spectra. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 13:1996;2319-2328.
106. Sharpe L.T., Stockman A. Dual rod pathways. Valberg A., Lee B.B. From Pigments Tom Perception. Advances in Understanding Visual Processes. 1991;53-66 Plenum Press, New York, London.
107. Sharpe L.T., Stockman A. Rod pathways. the importance of seeing nothing Trends NeuroSci. 22:1999;497-504.
108. Sharpe L.T., Stockman A., Macleod D.I. Rod flicker perception. scotopic duality, phase lags and destructive interference Vision Res. 29:1989;1539-1559.
109. Smith V.C., Lee B.B., Pokorny J., Martin P.R., Valberg A. Responses of macaque ganglion cells to the relative phase of heterochromatically modulated lights. J. Physiol. 458:1992;191-221.
110. Spekreijse H., Estévez O., Reits D. Visual evoked potentials and the physiological analysis of visual processes in man. Desmedt J.E. Visual Evoked Potentials in Man: New Developments. 1977;16-89 Clarendon Press, Oxford.
111. Sperling H.G., Mills S.L. Red-green interactions in the spectral sensitivity of primates as derived from ERG and behavioral data. Vis. Neurosci. 7:1991;75-86.
112. Spileers W., Falcao-Reis F., Hogg C., Arden G.B. Evidence from human electroretinogram a and off responses that color processing occurs in the cones. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:1993;2079-2091.
113. Stargardt K. Über familiäre, progressive degenerationen im kindesalter. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 71:1909;534-550.
114. Stockman A., Sharpe L.T., Zrenner E., Nordby K. Slow and fast pathways in the human rod visual system. electrophysiology and psychophysics J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 8:1991;1657-1665.
115. Stockman A., MacLeod D.I.A., Johnson N.E. Spectral sensitivities of the human cones. J. Opt. Soc. of Am. A. 10:1993;2491-2521.
116. Stockman A., MacLeod D.I.A., Vivien J.A. Isolation of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones in normal trichromats. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 10:1993;2471-2490.
117. Stockman A., Sharpe L.T., Rüther K., Nordby K. Two signals in the human rod visual system. a model based on electrophysiological data Visual Neurosci. 12:1995;951-970.
118. Sutter E.E., Tran D. The field topography of ERG components in man-I. The photopic luminance response. Vision Res. 32:1992;433-446.
119. Swanson W.H., Birch D.G., Anderson J.L. S-cone function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:1993;3045-3055.
120. Usui T., Kremers J., Sharpe L.T., Zrenner E. Flicker cone electroretinogram in dichromats and trichromats. Vision Res. 38:1998;3391-3396.
121. Usui T., Kremers J., Sharpe L.T., Zrenner E. Response phase of the flicker electroretinogram (ERG) is influenced by cone excitation strength. Vision Res. 38:1998;3247-3251.
122. Valeton J.M., van Norren D. Fractional recording and component analysis of primate LERG. Separation of photoreceptor and other retinal potentials Vision Res. 22:1982;381-391.
123. Valeton J.M., van Norren D. Light adaptation in primate cones. an analysis based on extracellular data Vision Res. 23:1983;1539-1547.
124. van den Berg T.J.T.P., Spekreijse H. Interaction between rod and cone signals studied with temporal sine wave stimulation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65:1977;1210-1217.
125. van Schooneveld M.J., Went L.N., Oosterhuis J.A. Dominant cone dystrophy starting with blue cone involvement. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 75:1991;332-336.
126. Wald G. The receptors of human color vision. Science. 145:1964;1007-1007.
127. Weiss S., Kremers J., Maurer J. Interaction between rod and cone signals in responses of lateral geniculate neurons in dichromatic marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Vis. Neurosci. 15:1998;931-943.
128. Whitmore A.V., Bowmaker J.K. Differences in the temporal properties of human longwave- and middlewave-sensitive cones. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1420-1423.
129. Williams D.R., Roorda A. The trichromatic cone mosaic in the human eye. Gegenfurtner K.R., Sharpe L.T. Color Vision. From Genes to Perception:1999;113-122 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
130. Wu S., Burns S.A., Elsner A.E. Effects of flicker adaptation and temporal gain control on the flicker ERG. Vision Res. 35:1995;2943-2953.
131. Zrenner E., Gouras P. Blue- sensitive cones of the cat produce a rodlike electroretinogram. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18:1979;1076-1081.