Role of probiotic cultures and fermented milks in combating blood cholesterol

Indian Journal of Microbiology

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 75-86

  Ashar, Manisha N ^a   Prajapati, J B ^a  

^a GUJARAT AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Blood cholesterol; Fermented milks; Hypocholesterolemic; Lactic acid bacteria; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042026068     PISSN: 00468991     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Mizutani T (1992) Relationship between microorganisms and the physiology of ageing. In : Functions of Fermented Milks-Challenges for the Health Science (Nakazawa Y & Hosono A eds), Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 305-324.
2. nd ed, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi, pp. 679-683.
3. Bierman EL (1991) Disorders of vascular syatems. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Wilson JD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, Martin JB, Fauci AS & Root RK eds), Mcgraw Hill Inc., New York, pp. 992-1001.
4. Souhami RL & Moxham JD (1990) Textbook of Medicine, Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 777-791.
5. Brown MS & Goldstein, JL (1991) The hyperlipoproteinemia and other disorders of lipid metabolism. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Vol. 2 (Wilson JD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, Martin JB, Fauci AS & Root RK eds), Mcgraw Hill Inc., New York, pp. 1814-1825.
6. Sandine WE, Muralidhar KS, Elliker PR & England DC (1972) Lactic acid bacteria in food and health : a review with special reference to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as well as certain enteric disease and their treatment with antibiotics and lactobacilli. J Milk Food Technol 35: 691-702.
7. Alm L (1991) The therapeutic effects of various cultures - an overview. In: Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Milks (Robinson RK ed), Elsevier Applied Science, London & New York, pp. 45-63.
8. IDF (1991) Cultured dairy products in human nutrition. Int Dairy Fed Bull, No. 255:8-10.
9. Mann GV & Spoerry A (1974) Studies of a surfactant and cholesteremia in the Masai. Am J Clin Nutr 27:464-469.
10. Metchnikoff E (1908) The prolongation of life. Putmans Sons, New York, pp. 151-183.
11. Sharpe ME (1979) The genus Lactobacillus. In: The Prokaryotes - A Handbook on Habitates, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria, Vol II (Starr MP, Sterp H, Truper HG, Balows A & Schlegel HG eds) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1653-1691.
12. Khedkar CD (1988) Characterization of human strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus isolates for their suitability in preparation of milk beverage and their antibacterial cum therapeutic ability. M Sc Thesis, Gujarat Agril University, Sardar Krushinagar, pp. 1-134.
13. Lang F & Lang A (1975) Acidophilus milk products: little known cultured milks of great potential. The Milk Ind 77:4-9.
14. Prasad JRK, Sinha PR & Sinha RN (1989) Probiotics and Lactobacillus fermented milks. Indian Dairyman 41: 570-574.
15. Sellars RL (1991) Acidophilus products. In: Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Milks. (Robinson RK ed), Elsevier Applied Science, London - NY, pp 81-116.
16. Korobkina GS, Brents M Ya, Kaliniva N, Voroheva VM & Shamanova GP (1981) Development of dried acidophilus milk formula for infant feeding. Voprosy Pitaniya, 1:51. Cited from Dairy Sci Abstr 44:3498.
17. Korobkina GS, Brents M Ya, Kaliniva N, Voroheva VM & Shamanova GP (1981) Development of dried acidophilus milk formula for infant feeding. Voprosy Pitaniya, 1:51. Cited from Dairy Sci Abstr 44:3498.
18. Shah RK, Prajapati JB & Dave JM (1986) Innovations in acidophilus product technology. Indian Dairyman 38:21 -23, 26-29.
19. Prajapati JB, Shah RK & Dave JM (1987) Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in blended spray dried acidophilus preparations. Aust J Dairy Technol 42:17-21.
20. Drasar BS & Hill MJ (1974) Human Intestinal Flora. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-24
21. Read, AE, Mc Carthy CF, Heaton KW & Laidlow J (1966) Lactobacillus acidophilus (ENPAC) in treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. British Med J 1:1267-1269.
22. Clements ML, Levine ML, Ristiano PA, Daya VE & Hughes P (1983) Exogenous lactobacilli fed to man -.their fate and ability to prevent diarrhoeal disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci 7:29-37.
23. Goldin BR & Gorbach SL (1984) The effect of milk and Lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 39:756-761.
24. Driessen FM & Boer R de (1989) Fermented milks with selected intestinal bacteria: a healthy trend in new products. Neth Milk Dairy J 43:367-382.
25. Khedkar CD, Mantri JM, Garge RD, Kulkarni SA & Khedkar GD (1993) Hypocholesterolemic effect of fermented milks : a review. Cultured Dairy Prod J 23:6-9.
26. Patidar SK & Prajapati JB (1997) Methods for assessing the immunostimulating properties of dietary lactobacilli - a critical appraisal. J Food Sci Technol 34:181-194.
27. Mayes PA (1988) Cholesterol synthesis, transport and excretion In: Harper's Biochemistry, 22nd edition (Granner DK, Mayes PA & Rodwell VW eds) Prentice Hall International Inc., Lonndon, pp. 249-260.
28. Lutton C (1976) The role of digestive tract in cholesterol metabolism. Digestion 14:342-356.
29. Field FJ, Kam NTP & Mathur, SN (1990) Regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the intestine, Gastro 99:539-551.
30. Lichtenstein AH & Goldin BR (1998) Lactic acid bacteria and intestinal drug and cholesterol metabolism. In: Lactic Acid Bacteria (Salminen S & Wright A eds) Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. pp. 269-277.
31. Mann GV (1977) A factor in yoghurt which lowers cholesterolemia in man. Atherosclerosis 26:335-340.
32. Ahmed AA, McCarthy RD & Porter GA (1979) Effect of milk constituents on hepatic cholesterogenesis. Atheroscleresis 32:347-351.
33. Rao DM, Chawan CB & Pulusani, SR (1981) Influence of milk and thermophilic milk on plasma cholesterol levels and hepatic cholesterogenesis in rats. J Food Sci 46:1339 -1341.
34. Ward PC, McCarthy RD & Kilara A (1982) Isolation of an inhibitor of hepatic cholesterolgenesis from human milk. Atherosclerosis, 41:185-192.
35. Jaspers DA, Massey LK & Luedecke LO (1984) Effect of consuming yoghurts prepared with three culture strains on human serum lipoproteins. J Food Sci 49:1178-1181.
36. Homma N (1988). Bifidobacteria as a resistance factor in human beings. Bifidobacteria Microflora 7:35-43.
37. Sjovall J (1959) On the concentration of bile acids in the human intestine during absorption. Acta Physiol Scand 46:339-345.
38. Vujicic IF, Vulic M & Komyves T (1992) Assimilation of cholesterol in milk by kefir cultures. Biotechnology Letters 14:847-850.
39. Anderson H, Bosaeus L, Ellegard L, Grahn E, Tidehag P, Hallmans G, Holm S & Sandberg AS (1995) Effect of low fat milk and fermented low fat milk on cholesterol absorption and excretion in ileostomy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 49: 274-281.
40. Noh DO, Kim SH & Gilliland SE (1997) Incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121. J Dairy Sci 80:3107-3113.
41. Hosono A & Tono-oka T (1995) Binding of cholesterol with lactic acid bacterial cells. Milch Wissenschaft 50:556-560.
42. Park TH & Kim HU (1994) Studies on cholesterol degradation microorganism in animal food products. J Anim Sci 36:682-692.
43. Gilliland SE & Speck ML (1977) Deconjugation of bile acids by intestinal lactobacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 33: 15-18.
44. Uchida K, Hashimoto S, Chikai T, Nakao H, Ohishi I, Natori H & Benno Y (1986) Effect of intestinal flora on cholesterol metabolism. Proc VII RIKEN Symp Intestinal Flora. pp. 19 -47 and 223-224.
45. Meer R Vander, Vries HTDe & Tintelen G Van (1988) The phosphorylation state of casein and the species dependency of its hypocholesterolemic effect. Brit J Nutr 59:467-473.
46. Gilliland SE & Walker DK (1990) Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans. J Dairy Sci 73:905-911.
47. Walker DK & Gilliland SE (1993) Relationships among bile tolerance, bile salt deconjugation and assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. J Dairy Sci 76: 956-961.
48. Speck ML (1976) Interactions among lactobacilli and man. J Dairy Sci 59:338-343.
49. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL, Saxelin M, Barkat S, Gualtieri L & Salminen S (1992) Survival of Lactobacillus species (strain GG) in human gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis Sci 37:121-128.
50. Vincent JG, Veomett RC & Riley RF (1959) Antimicrobial activity associated with Lactobacillus acidophilus. J Bacteriol 78:477-484.
51. Barefoot SF & Klaenhammer TR (1983) Detection and activity of lactacin B, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:1808 -1815.
52. Ferreira CL & Gilliland SE (1988) Bacteriocin involved in premature death of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM during growth at pH 6. J Dairy Sci 71:306-315.
53. Dave JM & Prajapati JB (1994) Lactic acid bacteria as antibacterials against food borne pathogens and food spoilage organisms. In: Microbes for Better Living (Sankaran R & Manja KS eds) Defence Food Res Lab, Mysore, pp. 361-367.
54. Gilliland SE, Nelson CR & Maxwell C (1985) Assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ. Microbiol 49:377-381.
55. Lewis R & Gorbach S (1972) Modification of bile acids by intestinal bacteria. Arch Intern Med 130:545-549.
56. Eyssen H (1973) Role of gut microflora in metabolism of lipids and sterols. Proc Nutr Soc 32:59.
57. Chikai T, Naka H & Ushida K (1987) Deconjugation of bile acids by human intestinal bacteria implanted in germ free rats. Lipids 22:669-673.
58. Sontakke AT (1992) Beneficial activities of selected human strains of lactobacilli in milk for its use as dietary adjunct. Ph. D. Thesis, Gujarat Agril University, Sardar Krushinagar, pp. 1-202.
59. Buck LM & Gilliland SE (1994) Comparison of freshly isolated strains of Lb. acidophilus of human intestinal origin for ability to assimilate cholesterol during growth. J Dairy Sci 77:2925-2933.
60. Ashar MN & Prajapati JB (1998) Bile tolerance, bile deconjugation and cholesterol reducing properties of dietary lactobacilli. Indian J Microbiol 38:145-148.
61. Lin M & Chen T (1999) Hypocholesterolemic ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus tested in in vitro broth system. J. Agric & Forestry 48:31-39.
62. Danielsson H & Gustafsson B (1959) On serum cholesterol levels and neutral fecal steroids in germ free rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 83:482-485.
63. Mott GE, Moore RW, Redmond HE & Reiser R (1973) Lowering serum cholesterol by intestinal bacteria in cholesterol fed piglets. Lipids 8:428-431.
64. Tortuero F, Brenes A & Rioparez J (1975) The influence of intestinal flora on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels in laying hens. Poultry Sci 54:1935-1938.
65. Pulusani SR & Rao DR (1983) Whole body, liver and plasma cholesterol levels in rats fed thermophilus, bulgaricus and acidophilus milks. J Food Sci 48:280-281.
66. Kiyosawa H, Suggware C, Sugawara N & Miyake H (1984) Effect of skim milk and yoghurt on serum lipids and development of sudanophilic lesions in cholesterol fed rabbits. Am. J Clin Nutr 40:479-484.
67. Ishida M & Kubo H (1985) Effects of yoghurt, kefir and buttermilk on serum lipids of rats. Rep Miyagi Agric Cell 33:43-47.
68. Danielson AD, Peo Jr ER, Shahani KM, Lewis AJ, Whalen PJ & Amer MA (1989) Anticholesterolemic property of Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt fed to mature boars. Anim Sci 67:966-974.
69. Tannock GW & McConnell MA (1994) Lactobacilli inhabiting the digestive tract of mice do not influence serum cholesterol concentration. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 7:331-334.
70. Moussa SZ, Salama FMM & Taha NA (1995) Effect of fresh cow's milk and some fermented milk products on rat serum cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids and lipoprotein levels. Egyp J Dairy Sci 23:69-80.
71. De Rodas BZ, Gilliland SE & Maxwell CV (1996) Hypocholesterolemic action of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and calcium in swine with hypercholesterolemia induced by diet. J Dairy Sci 79:2121-2128.
72. Beena A & Prasad V (1997) Effect of yoghurt and bifidus yoghurt fortified with skim milk powder, condensed whey and lactose hydrolysed whey on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in rats. J Dairy Res 64:453-457.
73. Chonan O, Makino K, Ishikawa H, Iwabuchi A & Watanuki M (1997) Effect of cell wall components from Lactobacillus casei on serum cholesterol levels in cholesterol fed rats. Bioscience & Microflora 16:19-21.
74. Akalin AS, Gone S & Duzel S (1997) Influence of yoghurt and acidophilus yoghurt on serum cholesterol levels in mice. J Dairy Sci, 80:2721-2725.
75. Sellars RL (1989) Health properties of yoghurt. In: Yoghurt - nutritional and health properties. (Chandan RC ed) National Yoghurt Association, McLean, USA. pp. 115-144.
76. Tarante MP, Medici M, Perdigon G, Holgado APDe & Valdez GF (1998) Evidence for hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus reuterim hypercholesterolemic mice. J Dairy Sci 81:2336-2340.
77. Taranto MR Medici M, Perdigon G, Ruiz A, Holgado APDe & Valdez GF (2000) Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in mice. J Dairy Sci 83:401-403.
78. Usman & Hosono A (2000) Effect of administration of Lb. gasseri on serum lipids and faecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Dairy Sci 83:1705-1711.
79. Harrison VC & Peat G (1975) Serum cholesterol and bowel flora in the newborn. Am J Clin Nutr 28:1351-1355.
80. Hepner G, Fried R, StJeor S, Fusetti L & Morin R (1979) Hypocholesterolemic effect of yoghurt and milk. Am J Clin Nutr 32:19-24.
81. Bazzarre TL, Liu Wu S & Yuhas JA (1983) Total and HDL cholesterol concentrations following yoghurt and calcium supplementation. Nutr Rep Int 28:1225-1232.
82. Gorbach SL, Vapaatalo H & Saminen S (1988) Studies of Lactobacillus GG in humans. Int Symp Intest Microecol, Alghero Cited from IDF (1991) Cultured dairy products in human nutrition. Int Dairy Fed Bull, 255:8-10.
83. Hruby S, Spelina V, Schlemmerova L & Turek B (1992) The significance of the consumption of specifically fermented dairy products for the composition of the intestinal microflora and for serum cholesterol values. J Czeskoslovenska Hygiene 37:109-114. Cited from Dairy Sci Abstr 56: 2003.
84. Hruby S, Spelina V, Schlemmerova L & Turek B (1992) The significance of the consumption of specifically fermented dairy products for the composition of the intestinal microflora and for serum cholesterol values. J Czeskoslovenska Hygiene 37:109-114. Cited from Dairy Sci Abstr 56: 2003.
85. Agerbek M, Gerdes LU, Richelsen B (1995) Hypocholesterolemic effect of a new fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin Nutr 49:346-352.
86. Ashar MN (1997) Evaluation of hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary lactobacilli. M.Sc Thesis, Gujarat Agril University, Sardar Krushinagar, pp. 1-125.
87. Schaafsma G, Meuling WJA, Dokkum W Van & Bouley C (1998) Effect of milk product fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructo-oligosaccharide added on blood lipids in male volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr, 52:436-440.
88. Bertolami MC, Faludi AA & Batlouni M (1999) Evaluation of the effects of a new fermented milk product (Gaio) on primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 53.97-101.
89. Ahn YT, Kim BH & Kim HU (2000) Effect of acidophilus milk on the reduction of serum cholesterol levels of Korean adults. Korean J Ani Sci 42:223-234.
90. Kawase M, Hashimoto H, Hosoda M, Morita H and Hosono A (2000) Effect of administration of fermented milk containing whey protein concentrate to rats and healthy men on serum lipids and blood pressure. J Dairy Sci 83: 255-263.
91. Ashar MN & Prajapati JB (1998) Lipid profile of human volunteers fed acidophilus milk. Microbiologie-Aliments Nutrition 16:299-308.
92. Ashar MN & Prajapati JB (2000) Verification of hypocholesterolemic effect of fermented milk on human subjects with different cholesterol level. Folia microbiol 45: 263-268.
93. Payens W, Rethans EJM & De Waard H (1976) Einfluss des Konsums einer grossen menge von jogurt oder milch auf den serumcholesterolgehat. Milchwissenschaft 31:525-530.
94. Hussi E, Miettinen TA, Ollus A, Kostianen E, Ehnoholm C, Haglund B, Huttunen JK & Manninen V (1981) Lack of serum cholesterol lowering effect of skimmed milk and butter milk under controlled conditions. Atherosclerosis 39: 267-272.
95. Roussouw JE, Burger E, Van der Vyer P & Ferreira JJ (1981) The effect of skim milk, yogurt and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 34:351-356.
96. Thompson LU, Jenkins DJA, Amer V1 Reichert R, Jenkins A & Kamulsky J (1982) The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 36: 1106-1111.
97. Massey LK (1984) Effect of changing milk and yoghurt consumption on human nutrient intake and serum lipoproteins. J Dairy Sci 67: 255-262.
98. Rajala SA, Salminen SJ, Seppanen JH & Vapaatalo H (1988) Treatment of chronic constipation with lactitol sweetened yoghurt supplemented with guar gum and wheat bran in elderly hospital patients. Compr Gerontol A2: 83-86.
99. Lin SY, Ayres JW, Winker Jr W & Sandine WE (1989) Lactobacillus effects on cholesterol: in vitro and in vivo results. J Dairy Sci 72:2885-2899.
100. McNamara DJ, Lowell AE & Sabb JE (1989) Effect of yoghurt intake on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in normolipidemic males. Atherosclerosis 79:167-171
101. Richelsen B, Kristensen K & Pedersen SB (1996) Longterm effect of a new fermented milk product on the level of plasma lipoproteins-a placebo controlled and double blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr 50:811-815.
102. Session VA, Lovegrove JA, Dean TS, William CM, Sanders TAB, Mac Donald IA & Salter AM (1998) The effect of a new fermented milk product on plasma cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations in middle aged men and women. In: Functional Foods: the Consumer, the Products and the Evidence (Sadler MJ & Saltmarsh M eds), Cambridge Press, UK, pp. 1-11.
103. Roos NM de, Schouten G & Katan MB (1999) Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus does not lower blood lipids in healthy men and women with normal to borderline high serum cholesterol levels. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:277-280.