The building of a bifactional structure: The Democrats in the 1940s

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 116, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 107-129

  Reiter, Howard L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

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EID: 0041905245     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657822     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. See Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997); Peter Mair and Gordon Smith, eds., Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe, special issue of West European Politics 12 (October 1989); Alan Ware, ed., Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1987); and Steven B. Wolinetz, ed., Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies (London: Routledge, 1988).
2. See Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997); Peter Mair and Gordon Smith, eds., Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe, special issue of West European Politics 12 (October 1989); Alan Ware, ed., Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1987); and Steven B. Wolinetz, ed., Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies (London: Routledge, 1988).
3. See Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997); Peter Mair and Gordon Smith, eds., Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe, special issue of West European Politics 12 (October 1989); Alan Ware, ed., Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1987); and Steven B. Wolinetz, ed., Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies (London: Routledge, 1988).
4. See Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997); Peter Mair and Gordon Smith, eds., Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe, special issue of West European Politics 12 (October 1989); Alan Ware, ed., Political Parties: Electoral Change and Structural Response (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1987); and Steven B. Wolinetz, ed., Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies (London: Routledge, 1988).
5. See the essays in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 1978).
6. I also examined votes in the Democratic National Committee but was unable to locate enough to have confidence in the trends I discerned.
7. Because our main concern is the north-south split, I will not focus on the border states. Appropriately, they often fall between the north and south on the variables I will be examining; this is presumably why they have often provided the party with its congressional leaders, from Alben Barkley to Richard Gephardt.
8. Most votes through 1972 can be found in Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1973). More recent votes were found in official proceedings and Congressional Quarterly.
9. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V. O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 330; and Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190. On the utility of analyzing national convention votes and some of the methodological issues entailed, see Howard L. Reiter, "Why Did the Whigs Die (and Why Didn't the Democrats)? Evidence from National Nominating Conventions," Studies in American Political Development 10 (Fall 1996): 189-192.
10. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V. O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 330; and Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190. On the utility of analyzing national convention votes and some of the methodological issues entailed, see Howard L. Reiter, "Why Did the Whigs Die (and Why Didn't the Democrats)? Evidence from National Nominating Conventions," Studies in American Political Development 10 (Fall 1996): 189-192.
11. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V. O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 330; and Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190. On the utility of analyzing national convention votes and some of the methodological issues entailed, see Howard L. Reiter, "Why Did the Whigs Die (and Why Didn't the Democrats)? Evidence from National Nominating Conventions," Studies in American Political Development 10 (Fall 1996): 189-192.
12. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V. O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1964), 330; and Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190. On the utility of analyzing national convention votes and some of the methodological issues entailed, see Howard L. Reiter, "Why Did the Whigs Die (and Why Didn't the Democrats)? Evidence from National Nominating Conventions," Studies in American Political Development 10 (Fall 1996): 189-192.
13. In 1864, for obvious reasons, the southern states were unrepresented. For the conventions of 1840, 1936, and 1964, at which no divided roll-call votes were taken, I interpolated a score as the mean of the indices for the adjacent conventions in order not to interrupt the graph. For 1860, I based the score only on those roll-call votes that occurred before the southern delegations began to leave the convention. Figure 1 also includes the off-year, nonnominating party conferences of 1974 and 1978; that of 1982 had no roll-call votes. The 1996 convention had no divided roll-call votes and is omitted from the figure.
14. On Democratic factionalism in the progressive period, see Howard L. Reiter, "The Bases of Progressivism Within the Major Parties: Evidence from the National Conventions," Social Science History 22 (Spring 1998): 91-102. House is quoted in Ronald C. Schurin, "The President as Disciplinarian: Wilson, Roosevelt, and Congressional Primaries," Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (Spring 1998): 411.
15. On Democratic factionalism in the progressive period, see Howard L. Reiter, "The Bases of Progressivism Within the Major Parties: Evidence from the National Conventions," Social Science History 22 (Spring 1998): 91-102. House is quoted in Ronald C. Schurin, "The President as Disciplinarian: Wilson, Roosevelt, and Congressional Primaries," Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (Spring 1998): 411.
16. Julius Turner, Party and Constituency: Pressures on Congress, Edward V. Schneier, Jr., ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 169, 171; Barbara Sinclair, "From Party Voting to Regional Fragmentation: The House of Representatives, 1933-1956," American Politics Quarterly 6 (April 1978): 141, 143-146; Barbara Sinclair, Congressional Realignment 1925-1978 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), 51-72; Mack C. Shelley II, The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (University: University of Alabama Press, 1983), 131; and Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 62, 63, 83.
17. Julius Turner, Party and Constituency: Pressures on Congress, Edward V. Schneier, Jr., ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 169, 171; Barbara Sinclair, "From Party Voting to Regional Fragmentation: The House of Representatives, 1933-1956," American Politics Quarterly 6 (April 1978): 141, 143-146; Barbara Sinclair, Congressional Realignment 1925-1978 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), 51-72; Mack C. Shelley II, The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (University: University of Alabama Press, 1983), 131; and Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 62, 63, 83.
18. Julius Turner, Party and Constituency: Pressures on Congress, Edward V. Schneier, Jr., ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 169, 171; Barbara Sinclair, "From Party Voting to Regional Fragmentation: The House of Representatives, 1933-1956," American Politics Quarterly 6 (April 1978): 141, 143-146; Barbara Sinclair, Congressional Realignment 1925-1978 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), 51-72; Mack C. Shelley II, The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (University: University of Alabama Press, 1983), 131; and Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 62, 63, 83.
19. Julius Turner, Party and Constituency: Pressures on Congress, Edward V. Schneier, Jr., ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 169, 171; Barbara Sinclair, "From Party Voting to Regional Fragmentation: The House of Representatives, 1933-1956," American Politics Quarterly 6 (April 1978): 141, 143-146; Barbara Sinclair, Congressional Realignment 1925-1978 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), 51-72; Mack C. Shelley II, The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (University: University of Alabama Press, 1983), 131; and Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 62, 63, 83.
20. Julius Turner, Party and Constituency: Pressures on Congress, Edward V. Schneier, Jr., ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 169, 171; Barbara Sinclair, "From Party Voting to Regional Fragmentation: The House of Representatives, 1933-1956," American Politics Quarterly 6 (April 1978): 141, 143-146; Barbara Sinclair, Congressional Realignment 1925-1978 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), 51-72; Mack C. Shelley II, The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (University: University of Alabama Press, 1983), 131; and Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 62, 63, 83.
21. Poole and Rosenthal, Congress, 44.
22. On the late nineteenth century, see Carl V. Harris, "Right Fork or Left Fork? The Section-Party Alignments of Southern Democrats in Congress, 1873-1897," Journal of Southern History 42 (November 1976): 471-506 . On the progressive era, see Jerome M. Clubb and Howard W. Allen, "Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Politics 29 (August 1967): 577, 582; Howard W. Allen, "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911-1916," Journal of Southern History 27 (May 1961): 220-221, 225-226; Howard W. Allen, Aage R. Clausen, and Jerome M. Clubb, "Political Reform and Negro Rights in the Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Southern History 37 (May 1971): 205, 208; Eileen L. McDonagh, "Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting on the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919," Journal of Politics 51 (February 1989): 119-136; and Scott C. James, "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission," Studies in American Political Development 9 (Fall 1995): 365-371.
23. On the late nineteenth century, see Carl V. Harris, "Right Fork or Left Fork? The Section-Party Alignments of Southern Democrats in Congress, 1873-1897," Journal of Southern History 42 (November 1976): 471-506 . On the progressive era, see Jerome M. Clubb and Howard W. Allen, "Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Politics 29 (August 1967): 577, 582; Howard W. Allen, "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911-1916," Journal of Southern History 27 (May 1961): 220-221, 225-226; Howard W. Allen, Aage R. Clausen, and Jerome M. Clubb, "Political Reform and Negro Rights in the Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Southern History 37 (May 1971): 205, 208; Eileen L. McDonagh, "Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting on the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919," Journal of Politics 51 (February 1989): 119-136; and Scott C. James, "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission," Studies in American Political Development 9 (Fall 1995): 365-371.
24. On the late nineteenth century, see Carl V. Harris, "Right Fork or Left Fork? The Section-Party Alignments of Southern Democrats in Congress, 1873-1897," Journal of Southern History 42 (November 1976): 471-506 . On the progressive era, see Jerome M. Clubb and Howard W. Allen, "Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Politics 29 (August 1967): 577, 582; Howard W. Allen, "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911-1916," Journal of Southern History 27 (May 1961): 220-221, 225-226; Howard W. Allen, Aage R. Clausen, and Jerome M. Clubb, "Political Reform and Negro Rights in the Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Southern History 37 (May 1971): 205, 208; Eileen L. McDonagh, "Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting on the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919," Journal of Politics 51 (February 1989): 119-136; and Scott C. James, "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission," Studies in American Political Development 9 (Fall 1995): 365-371.
25. On the late nineteenth century, see Carl V. Harris, "Right Fork or Left Fork? The Section-Party Alignments of Southern Democrats in Congress, 1873-1897," Journal of Southern History 42 (November 1976): 471-506 . On the progressive era, see Jerome M. Clubb and Howard W. Allen, "Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Politics 29 (August 1967): 577, 582; Howard W. Allen, "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911-1916," Journal of Southern History 27 (May 1961): 220-221, 225-226; Howard W. Allen, Aage R. Clausen, and Jerome M. Clubb, "Political Reform and Negro Rights in the Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Southern History 37 (May 1971): 205, 208; Eileen L. McDonagh, "Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting on the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919," Journal of Politics 51 (February 1989): 119-136; and Scott C. James, "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission," Studies in American Political Development 9 (Fall 1995): 365-371.
26. On the late nineteenth century, see Carl V. Harris, "Right Fork or Left Fork? The Section-Party Alignments of Southern Democrats in Congress, 1873-1897," Journal of Southern History 42 (November 1976): 471-506 . On the progressive era, see Jerome M. Clubb and Howard W. Allen, "Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Politics 29 (August 1967): 577, 582; Howard W. Allen, "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911-1916," Journal of Southern History 27 (May 1961): 220-221, 225-226; Howard W. Allen, Aage R. Clausen, and Jerome M. Clubb, "Political Reform and Negro Rights in the Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Southern History 37 (May 1971): 205, 208; Eileen L. McDonagh, "Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting on the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919," Journal of Politics 51 (February 1989): 119-136; and Scott C. James, "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission," Studies in American Political Development 9 (Fall 1995): 365-371.
27. On the late nineteenth century, see Carl V. Harris, "Right Fork or Left Fork? The Section-Party Alignments of Southern Democrats in Congress, 1873-1897," Journal of Southern History 42 (November 1976): 471-506 . On the progressive era, see Jerome M. Clubb and Howard W. Allen, "Party Loyalty in the Progressive Years: The Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Politics 29 (August 1967): 577, 582; Howard W. Allen, "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911-1916," Journal of Southern History 27 (May 1961): 220-221, 225-226; Howard W. Allen, Aage R. Clausen, and Jerome M. Clubb, "Political Reform and Negro Rights in the Senate, 1909-1915," Journal of Southern History 37 (May 1971): 205, 208; Eileen L. McDonagh, "Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting on the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919," Journal of Politics 51 (February 1989): 119-136; and Scott C. James, "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission," Studies in American Political Development 9 (Fall 1995): 365-371.
28. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
29. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
30. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
31. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
32. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
33. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
34. John Robert Moore, "The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1942-1945," Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 373; Turner, Party and Constituency, 186; W. Wayne Shannon, "Revolt in Washington: The South in Congress" in William C. Havard, ed., The Changing Politics of the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 647; John F. Manley, "The Conservative Coalition in Congress," American Behavioral Scientist 17 (November/December 1973): 236, 238; Joel Paul Margolis, The Conservative Coalition in the United States Senate, 1933-1968 (unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1973), 24-25; David W. Brady and Charles S. Bullock III, "Coalition Politics in the House of Representatives" in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981), 191; Shelley, The Permanent Majority, 24-31;
35. and Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933-1950," Political Science Quarterly 108 (Summer 1993): 296-297.
36. No discussion of this question would be complete without reference to James T. Patterson's classic study of the rise of the congressional conservative coalition, which dealt with the years from 1933 through 1939. It included an analysis of a relatively small number of votes on New Deal issues - 37 for the Senate and 31 for the House. While the southern and border-state Democrats in the House were more likely than other Democrats to oppose Roosevelt's policies, in the Senate there was little sectional variation. See Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933-1939 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 343, 350. Note that Patterson's definitions of sections are somewhat idiosyncratic.
37. Poole and Rosenthal, Congress, esp. chap. 2.
38. Ibid., 35, 46.
39. See Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research Study 9822, and http://vote view.gsia.cmu.edu. [Accessed 3 June 1998.]
40. However, it is noteworthy that in each year of Roosevelt's presidency, the most liberal Democrat in the Senate was a deep southerner: Hugo Black of Alabama (1933-34), Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi (1935-36), Lister Hill of Alabama (1937-42), and Claude D. Pepper of Florida (1943-44).
41. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism," esp. 296-299.
42. See Richard L. Rubin, Party Dynamics: The Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 118; and Harold F. Bass, Jr., "Presidential Party Leadership and Party Reform: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Abrogation of the Two-Thirds Rule," Presidential Studies Quarterly 18 (Spring 1988): 314.
43. See Richard L. Rubin, Party Dynamics: The Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 118; and Harold F. Bass, Jr., "Presidential Party Leadership and Party Reform: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Abrogation of the Two-Thirds Rule," Presidential Studies Quarterly 18 (Spring 1988): 314.
44. See New York Times, 21 June 1932; and ibid., 28 June 1932.
45. See New York Times, 21 June 1932; and ibid., 28 June 1932.
46. The debate and vote can be found in Proceedings, Committee on Rules and Order of Business of the National Democratic Convention 1936 (Philadelphia, 24-25 June 1936), John F. Kennedy Library, DNC files Part 1, Box 91.
47. In the disputed election of 1876, Samuel J. Tilden won a narrow majority of the popular vote, but insufficient electoral votes to win.
48. Graves and Kent quoted in Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 180, 205; Glass quoted in Patterson, Congressional Conservatism, 98. On New Deal racial policies in general, see, Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980); and Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
49. Graves and Kent quoted in Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 180, 205; Glass quoted in Patterson, Congressional Conservatism, 98. On New Deal racial policies in general, see, Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980); and Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
50. Graves and Kent quoted in Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 180, 205; Glass quoted in Patterson, Congressional Conservatism, 98. On New Deal racial policies in general, see, Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980); and Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
51. Graves and Kent quoted in Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 180, 205; Glass quoted in Patterson, Congressional Conservatism, 98. On New Deal racial policies in general, see, Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980); and Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
52. Graves and Kent quoted in Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 180, 205; Glass quoted in Patterson, Congressional Conservatism, 98. On New Deal racial policies in general, see, Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980); and Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
53. Paul T. David, Ralph M. Goldman, and Richard C. Bain, The Politics of National Party Conventions (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1960), 168.
54. On Democratic sectionalism in the 1940s, see for example Robert A. Garson, The Democratic Party and the Politics of Sectionalism, 1941-1948 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974); and Sullivan, Days of Hope.
55. On Democratic sectionalism in the 1940s, see for example Robert A. Garson, The Democratic Party and the Politics of Sectionalism, 1941-1948 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974); and Sullivan, Days of Hope.
56. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism"; and David R. Mayhew, Party Loyalty Among Congressmen: The Difference Between Democrats and Republicans 1947-1962 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), 109. Of eleven policy areas examined by Joel Margolis in his study of the conservative coalition in the Senate from 1933 to 1968, the coalition took its most extreme form in the area of labor policy. See Margolis, Conservative Coalition, 120. See also Dewey W. Grantham, Jr., The Democratic South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1963), 60-74; and George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 618.
57. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism"; and David R. Mayhew, Party Loyalty Among Congressmen: The Difference Between Democrats and Republicans 1947-1962 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), 109. Of eleven policy areas examined by Joel Margolis in his study of the conservative coalition in the Senate from 1933 to 1968, the coalition took its most extreme form in the area of labor policy. See Margolis, Conservative Coalition, 120. See also Dewey W. Grantham, Jr., The Democratic South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1963), 60-74; and George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 618.
58. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism"; and David R. Mayhew, Party Loyalty Among Congressmen: The Difference Between Democrats and Republicans 1947-1962 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), 109. Of eleven policy areas examined by Joel Margolis in his study of the conservative coalition in the Senate from 1933 to 1968, the coalition took its most extreme form in the area of labor policy. See Margolis, Conservative Coalition, 120. See also Dewey W. Grantham, Jr., The Democratic South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1963), 60-74; and George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 618.
59. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism"; and David R. Mayhew, Party Loyalty Among Congressmen: The Difference Between Democrats and Republicans 1947-1962 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), 109. Of eleven policy areas examined by Joel Margolis in his study of the conservative coalition in the Senate from 1933 to 1968, the coalition took its most extreme form in the area of labor policy. See Margolis, Conservative Coalition, 120. See also Dewey W. Grantham, Jr., The Democratic South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1963), 60-74; and George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 618.
60. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism"; and David R. Mayhew, Party Loyalty Among Congressmen: The Difference Between Democrats and Republicans 1947-1962 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), 109. Of eleven policy areas examined by Joel Margolis in his study of the conservative coalition in the Senate from 1933 to 1968, the coalition took its most extreme form in the area of labor policy. See Margolis, Conservative Coalition, 120. See also Dewey W. Grantham, Jr., The Democratic South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1963), 60-74; and George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 618.
61. Lee J. Alston and Joseph P. Ferrie, Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South 1865-1965 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), esp. 55-59.
62. Loch K. Johnson and Harlan Hahn, "Delegate Turnover at National Party Conventions, 1944-68" in Donald R. Matthews, ed., Perspectives on Presidential Selection (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1973), 148.
63. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
64. The quotations are from Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 10 ; Ira Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 187: Katznelson and Bruce Pietrykowski, "Rebuilding the American State: Evidence from the 1940s," Studies in American Political Development 5 (Fall 1991): 306; John W. Jeffries, "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945," Journal of Policy History 8 (1996): 397;
65. The quotations are from Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 10 ; Ira Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 187: Katznelson and Bruce Pietrykowski, "Rebuilding the American State: Evidence from the 1940s," Studies in American Political Development 5 (Fall 1991): 306; John W. Jeffries, "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945," Journal of Policy History 8 (1996): 397;
66. The quotations are from Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 10 ; Ira Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 187: Katznelson and Bruce Pietrykowski, "Rebuilding the American State: Evidence from the 1940s," Studies in American Political Development 5 (Fall 1991): 306; John W. Jeffries, "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945," Journal of Policy History 8 (1996): 397;
67. The quotations are from Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 10 ; Ira Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?" in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 187: Katznelson and Bruce Pietrykowski, "Rebuilding the American State: Evidence from the 1940s," Studies in American Political Development 5 (Fall 1991): 306; John W. Jeffries, "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945," Journal of Policy History 8 (1996): 397;
68. John Gerring, "Continuities of Democratic Ideology in the 1996 Campaign," Polity 30 (Fall 1997): 168.
69. See also Gerring, Party Ideologies in America, 1828-1996 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), chap. 7.
70. See Robert C. Lieberman, Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), esp. the last chapter.