Why did the whigs die (and why didn't the democrats)?: Evidence from national nominating conventions

Studies in American Political Development

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 185-222

  Reiter, Howard L ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030365231     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0898588x00001486     Document Type: Article

References (274)

1. See, e.g., James Sterling Young, The Washington Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 130; Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review LXVIII (June 1974), 473-487; William G. Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development: The Creation of a Modern Party System: 1815-1852," in Paul Kleppner et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 77-111.
2. See, e.g., James Sterling Young, The Washington Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 130; Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review LXVIII (June 1974), 473-487; William G. Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development: The Creation of a Modern Party System: 1815-1852," in Paul Kleppner et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 77-111.
3. See, e.g., James Sterling Young, The Washington Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 130; Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review LXVIII (June 1974), 473-487; William G. Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development: The Creation of a Modern Party System: 1815-1852," in Paul Kleppner et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 77-111.
4. Richard Rose and Thomas T. Mackie, "Do Parties Persist or Fail? The Big Trade-off Facing Organizations," in Kay Lawson and Peter H. Merkl, eds., When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organizations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 534, 539-40.
5. See Howard L. Reiter, "Party Decline in the West: A Skeptic's View," Journal of Theoretical Politics I (July 1989), 329.
6. Alistair M. Cole, "Factionalism, the French Socialist Party and the Fifth Republic: An Explanation of Intra-Party Divisions," European Journal of Political Research XVII (January 1989), 78.
7. Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, "Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition," in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 1978), 419; emphasis in the original.
8. Michael F. Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance of the American Whig Party," in Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 247-251; Michael F. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978), 103-5; William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party 1852-1856 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 37-38.
9. Michael F. Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance of the American Whig Party," in Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 247-251; Michael F. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978), 103-5; William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party 1852-1856 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 37-38.
10. Michael F. Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance of the American Whig Party," in Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 247-251; Michael F. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978), 103-5; William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party 1852-1856 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 37-38.
11. See, e.g., David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis 1848-1861, Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 246-47; William J. Cooper, Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery 1828-1856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), xiii, 359-62; Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 97-99.
12. See, e.g., David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis 1848-1861, Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 246-47; William J. Cooper, Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery 1828-1856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), xiii, 359-62; Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 97-99.
13. See, e.g., David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis 1848-1861, Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 246-47; William J. Cooper, Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery 1828-1856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), xiii, 359-62; Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 97-99.
14. William R. Brock, Parties and Political Conscience: American Dilemmas 1840-1850 (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1979), 317. See also James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1983), 73; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. I: Secessionists at Bay 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 562; A. James Reichley, The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties (New York: The Free Press, 1992), 107.
15. William R. Brock, Parties and Political Conscience: American Dilemmas 1840-1850 (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1979), 317. See also James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1983), 73; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. I: Secessionists at Bay 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 562; A. James Reichley, The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties (New York: The Free Press, 1992), 107.
16. William R. Brock, Parties and Political Conscience: American Dilemmas 1840-1850 (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1979), 317. See also James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1983), 73; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. I: Secessionists at Bay 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 562; A. James Reichley, The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties (New York: The Free Press, 1992), 107.
17. William R. Brock, Parties and Political Conscience: American Dilemmas 1840-1850 (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1979), 317. See also James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1983), 73; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. I: Secessionists at Bay 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 562; A. James Reichley, The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties (New York: The Free Press, 1992), 107.
18. Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 280; Richard H. Sewell, A House Divided: Sectionalism and Civil War, 1848-1865 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 41. See also Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 66; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99.
19. Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 280; Richard H. Sewell, A House Divided: Sectionalism and Civil War, 1848-1865 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 41. See also Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 66; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99.
20. Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 280; Richard H. Sewell, A House Divided: Sectionalism and Civil War, 1848-1865 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 41. See also Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 66; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99.
21. Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 280; Richard H. Sewell, A House Divided: Sectionalism and Civil War, 1848-1865 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 41. See also Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 66; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99.
22. See Potter, The Impending Crisis, 240-46;
23. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 155-56;
24. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 13-14, 44-67, 163-64;
25. Sewell, A House Divided, 40.
26. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 13.
27. See Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 106-26; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 65; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99; Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 243-47. Marvin Meyers reported that the New York state constitutional convention of 1846 produced few divisions between the parties; see his The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 236-37.
28. See Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 106-26; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 65; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99; Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 243-47. Marvin Meyers reported that the New York state constitutional convention of 1846 produced few divisions between the parties; see his The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 236-37.
29. See Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 106-26; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 65; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99; Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 243-47. Marvin Meyers reported that the New York state constitutional convention of 1846 produced few divisions between the parties; see his The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 236-37.
30. See Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 106-26; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 65; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99; Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 243-47. Marvin Meyers reported that the New York state constitutional convention of 1846 produced few divisions between the parties; see his The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 236-37.
31. See Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 106-26; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 65; Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, 97-99; Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 243-47. Marvin Meyers reported that the New York state constitutional convention of 1846 produced few divisions between the parties; see his The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 236-37.
32. That slavery and ethnocultural issues seriously injured the Democrats is acknowledged by most scholars of the period. Besides those already cited, see Joel H. Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860-1868 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977), 14-18.
33. See, e.g., John Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats": Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837-1846 (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1983).
34. Perhaps the greatest attention has been devoted to Massachusetts. See Arthur B. Darling, Political Changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848: A Study of Liberal Movements in Politics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1925); Kinley J. Brauer, Cotton versus Conscience: Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843-1848 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967); Thomas H. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968); Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
35. Perhaps the greatest attention has been devoted to Massachusetts. See Arthur B. Darling, Political Changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848: A Study of Liberal Movements in Politics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1925); Kinley J. Brauer, Cotton versus Conscience: Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843-1848 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967); Thomas H. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968); Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
36. Perhaps the greatest attention has been devoted to Massachusetts. See Arthur B. Darling, Political Changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848: A Study of Liberal Movements in Politics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1925); Kinley J. Brauer, Cotton versus Conscience: Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843-1848 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967); Thomas H. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968); Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
37. Perhaps the greatest attention has been devoted to Massachusetts. See Arthur B. Darling, Political Changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848: A Study of Liberal Movements in Politics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1925); Kinley J. Brauer, Cotton versus Conscience: Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843-1848 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967); Thomas H. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968); Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
38. Philip Shriver Klein, President James Buchanan: A Biography (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 218-19.
39. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V.O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1964), 330; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190.
40. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V.O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1964), 330; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190.
41. Ralph M. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990), xii; V.O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1964), 330; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 190.
42. David Hine, "Factionalism in West European Parties: A Framework for Analysis," West European Politics V (January 1982), 36-41.
43. As Anne N. Costain wrote ("An Analysis of Voting in American National Nominating Conventions, 1940-1976," American Politics Quarterly VI (January 1978), 98-99), this is appropriate: Use of the state delegation can be defended both in theory and on the basis of past research. Within the convention itself, state delegations are the loci of much convention decision-making. The structure of national conventions emphasizes the importance of the state: voting strength is apportioned by state, state delegations choose their own leaders, and roll calls are taken by state. In the convention itself, communication flows seem to concentrate within the state delegation. State voting patterns also indicate a high level of agreement on candidates within state delegations. In divided conventions, the division is more likely to occur between delegations than within them. State delegations also seem to have a certain continuity of issue orientation over time.
44. Cf. Richard C. Bain, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1960), fn. p. 10; Gerald M. Pomper, "Factionalism in the 1968 National Conventions," Journal of Politics XXXIII (August 1971), 826-30. We should add, however, that we analyzed the data in this essay with states weighted by their share of the convention total, and the results did not differ substantially from those reported here.
45. Cf. Richard C. Bain, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1960), fn. p. 10; Gerald M. Pomper, "Factionalism in the 1968 National Conventions," Journal of Politics XXXIII (August 1971), 826-30. We should add, however, that we analyzed the data in this essay with states weighted by their share of the convention total, and the results did not differ substantially from those reported here.
46. For examples of factor analysis used in ways similar to this study, see Howard L. Reiter, "Party Factionalism: National Conventions in the New Era," American Politics Quarterly VIII (July 1980), 303-18; Howard L. Reiter, Selecting the President: The Nominating Process in Transition (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 84-106; Calvin C. Jillson, Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787 (New York: Agathon Press, 1988).
47. For examples of factor analysis used in ways similar to this study, see Howard L. Reiter, "Party Factionalism: National Conventions in the New Era," American Politics Quarterly VIII (July 1980), 303-18; Howard L. Reiter, Selecting the President: The Nominating Process in Transition (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 84-106; Calvin C. Jillson, Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787 (New York: Agathon Press, 1988).
48. For examples of factor analysis used in ways similar to this study, see Howard L. Reiter, "Party Factionalism: National Conventions in the New Era," American Politics Quarterly VIII (July 1980), 303-18; Howard L. Reiter, Selecting the President: The Nominating Process in Transition (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 84-106; Calvin C. Jillson, Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787 (New York: Agathon Press, 1988).
49. Cf. Bain's concepts of "key votes" and "critical ballots," in Convention Decisions, 9-10.
50. In this period, there were no conventions at which there were divided votes on procedural matters, while the presidential and vice-presidential nominations were uncontested. Had there been such conventions, additional criteria would have been necessary.
51. On Whig nominating politics in 1839, see Robert Gray Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 41-66; Bain, Convention Decisions, 24-27; William Nisbet Chambers, "Election of 1840," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), 656-65. The balloting at the 1839 Whig national convention is found in Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 60-62. Some have suggested that Clay's style, more reserved and less democratic than some of his competitors, may have had more appeal in the more deferential politics of the old south; see Chambers, "Election of 1840," 657; E. Malcolm Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925), 154.
52. On Whig nominating politics in 1839, see Robert Gray Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 41-66; Bain, Convention Decisions, 24-27; William Nisbet Chambers, "Election of 1840," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), 656-65. The balloting at the 1839 Whig national convention is found in Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 60-62. Some have suggested that Clay's style, more reserved and less democratic than some of his competitors, may have had more appeal in the more deferential politics of the old south; see Chambers, "Election of 1840," 657; E. Malcolm Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925), 154.
53. On Whig nominating politics in 1839, see Robert Gray Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 41-66; Bain, Convention Decisions, 24-27; William Nisbet Chambers, "Election of 1840," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), 656-65. The balloting at the 1839 Whig national convention is found in Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 60-62. Some have suggested that Clay's style, more reserved and less democratic than some of his competitors, may have had more appeal in the more deferential politics of the old south; see Chambers, "Election of 1840," 657; E. Malcolm Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925), 154.
54. On Whig nominating politics in 1839, see Robert Gray Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 41-66; Bain, Convention Decisions, 24-27; William Nisbet Chambers, "Election of 1840," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), 656-65. The balloting at the 1839 Whig national convention is found in Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 60-62. Some have suggested that Clay's style, more reserved and less democratic than some of his competitors, may have had more appeal in the more deferential politics of the old south; see Chambers, "Election of 1840," 657; E. Malcolm Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925), 154.
55. On Whig nominating politics in 1839, see Robert Gray Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 41-66; Bain, Convention Decisions, 24-27; William Nisbet Chambers, "Election of 1840," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), 656-65. The balloting at the 1839 Whig national convention is found in Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 60-62. Some have suggested that Clay's style, more reserved and less democratic than some of his competitors, may have had more appeal in the more deferential politics of the old south; see Chambers, "Election of 1840," 657; E. Malcolm Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925), 154.
56. On Whig nominating politics in 1839, see Robert Gray Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 41-66; Bain, Convention Decisions, 24-27; William Nisbet Chambers, "Election of 1840," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1971), 656-65. The balloting at the 1839 Whig national convention is found in Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 60-62. Some have suggested that Clay's style, more reserved and less democratic than some of his competitors, may have had more appeal in the more deferential politics of the old south; see Chambers, "Election of 1840," 657; E. Malcolm Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1925), 154.
57. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
58. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
59. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
60. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
61. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
62. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
63. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
64. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
65. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
66. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
67. On Whig nominating politics in 1844, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 29-31; Charles Sellers, "Election of 1844", in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 751, 757-59. On Clay's politics leading up to the 1844 Whig convention, see Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 152-57; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-22; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 427. On Frelinghuysen, see Epes Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Down to 1848, Horace Greeley, ed. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1852), 232-33; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 351-52; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 194-95; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 361, 365; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 645. Michael F. Holt suggests tentatively that Frelinghuysen was favored by southern Whigs through a process of elimination (of border-state Whigs whose nomination would not geographically balance that of Clay and anti-slavery northern governors), and because of New Jersey's proximity to Delaware, home of the southern Whig's favorite, John M. Clayton; letter to the author, January 19, 1995.
68. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
69. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
70. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
71. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
72. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
73. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
74. On Whig nominating politics in 1848, see Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vol. II (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), 138; Bain, Convention Decisions, 40-43; Holman Hamilton, "Election of 1848," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 866-70; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 244-53; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 188-89. Holt has stated that Taylor received his greatest support from delegates from states where the Democrats were strongest; it was there that an apolitical military hero would help the Whig ticket the most. However, the correlation coefficient between Taylor's peak vote and the mean Democratic presidential vote from 1828 through 1844 was only +.344, and when north-south sectionalism was controlled the coefficient dropped to +.149. See Michael F. Holt, "Winding Roads to Recovery: The Whig Party from 1844 to 1848," in Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, 203-05.
75. On Whig nominating politics in 1852, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 47-51; Roy and Jeanette Nichols, "Election of 1852," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 931-35; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 275-316, 322-27; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 16-18.
76. On Whig nominating politics in 1852, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 47-51; Roy and Jeanette Nichols, "Election of 1852," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 931-35; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 275-316, 322-27; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 16-18.
77. On Whig nominating politics in 1852, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 47-51; Roy and Jeanette Nichols, "Election of 1852," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 931-35; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 275-316, 322-27; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 16-18.
78. On Whig nominating politics in 1852, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 47-51; Roy and Jeanette Nichols, "Election of 1852," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 931-35; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 275-316, 322-27; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 16-18.
79. On Whig nominating politics in 1852, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 47-51; Roy and Jeanette Nichols, "Election of 1852," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 931-35; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 275-316, 322-27; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 16-18.
80. In this table as well as others, statistical significance tests are not presented to indicate the likelihood of a sample representing a universe; after all, these data represent the universe of convention votes. Rather, significance tests are presented in order to show the likelihood of such high correlations occurring by chance. See Robert F. Winch and Donald T. Campbell, "Proof? No. Evidence? Yes. The Significance of Tests of Significance," American Sociologist IV (May 1969), 140-43.
81. The Eigenvalue was 2.533, and the factor accounted for 63.3 percent of the variance.
82. Multiple regression analysis confirms that the north-south cleavage accounts for Whig factionalism better than the east-west dimension. Using dummy variables for each geographic cleavage, that for north-south had a standardized regression coefficient about seventeen times the size of that for east-west.
83. The greater unity of the south is confirmed statistically: The standard deviation of the factor scores was .146 in the slave states and .804 in the free states.
84. Statistical View of the United States . . . Compendium of the Seventh Census (Washington, DC: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1854), 40, 180.
85. In all but three free states, Lincoln won an absolute majority of the votes cast. In California and Oregon, he came in first with a plurality in four-way races. Only in New Jersey did he fail to win in a one-on-one race (with Stephen Douglas). On New Jersey's laws on slavery and free blacks, see Edgar J. McManus, Black Bondage in the North (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1973), 160-79, 184.
86. Joel H. Silbey, The Shrine of Party: Congressional Voting Behavior 1841-1852 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967), 35-48, 137-41.
87. An alternative cleavage within the Whig party has been suggested by Michael Holt, one in which proponents of nominating apolitical war heroes confronted advocates of nominating political insiders; see his "Winding Roads to Recovery." Defining the former type of candidate as Harrison and Scott in 1839, Scott and Taylor in 1848, and Scott in 1852 (none contested the vice-presidential nomination in 1844), factor analysis failed to produce a single factor from those three sets of candidates; indeed, the combined Scott and Taylor vote from 1848 was negatively correlated with the other two votes. Section is a far better explanation than military status of Whig national convention voting.
88. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
89. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
90. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
91. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
92. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
93. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
94. Those who saw sectionalism as early as the 1830s include Carroll, Origins of the Whig Party, fn. pp. 175-76; Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength; A Study of Roll-Call Voting Patterns in the United States House of Representatives, 1836-1860 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 11, 112; David J. Russo, "The Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period and the Development of Party Loyalty in Congress, 1830-1840," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LXII (May 1972), 14-24; James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties: Sectionalism and Partisan Politics in Northern Whiggery, 1836-1844," in Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 25-26. Those who saw it beginning later include Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 63-64, 81-82, 95, 118-19, 135, 143-44; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "The Whig Party," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 353-58; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 40-50.
95. Michael F. Holt, "The Democratic Party 1828-1860," in Schlesinger, History of U. S. Political Parties, vol. I, 507.
96. On Democratic nominating politics in 1832, see Samuel Rhea Gammon, Jr., The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1922), 72-104; Bain, Convention Decisions, 17-19; Robert V. Remini, "Election of 1832," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 497-98, 508; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 7-9.
97. On Democratic nominating politics in 1832, see Samuel Rhea Gammon, Jr., The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1922), 72-104; Bain, Convention Decisions, 17-19; Robert V. Remini, "Election of 1832," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 497-98, 508; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 7-9.
98. On Democratic nominating politics in 1832, see Samuel Rhea Gammon, Jr., The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1922), 72-104; Bain, Convention Decisions, 17-19; Robert V. Remini, "Election of 1832," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 497-98, 508; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 7-9.
99. On Democratic nominating politics in 1832, see Samuel Rhea Gammon, Jr., The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1922), 72-104; Bain, Convention Decisions, 17-19; Robert V. Remini, "Election of 1832," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 497-98, 508; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 7-9.
100. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
101. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
102. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
103. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
104. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
105. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
106. On Democratic nominating politics in 1836, see Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 212-13; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 80; Joel H. Silbey, "Election of 1836," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. I, 584, 596; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 86-88; John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 377-80, 395-96; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 9-11.
107. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
108. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
109. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
110. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
111. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
112. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
113. On Democratic nominating politics in 1840, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 296-97; Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, 78-83; Bain, Convention Decisions, 27-28; Chambers, "Election of 1840," 666-67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 130-32; Niven, Martin Van Buren, 462-63; Goldman, the National Party Chairmen, 13.
114. On Democratic nominating politics in 1844, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 400, 406-07, 431, 434-37;
115. Frank B. Woodford, Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1950), 215-26;
116. Bain, Convention Decisions, 31-35;
117. Sellers, "Election of 1844," 749-73;
118. Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 166-71, 205;
119. Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 121-30, 137;
120. Niven, Martin Van Buren, 508-10, 523-40;
121. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 411-12;
122. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 17-18.
123. The other was Champ Clark in 1912.
124. Bain, Convention Decisions, 35.
125. Not surprisingly in a convention with a dark-horse winner, there was more than one factor produced; by the time Polk crafted a victorious coalition out of the broken dreams of his rivals, the structure of convention voting had undergone a major shift. The first factor, with an eigenvalue of 2.072 and with about 41 percent of the variance explained, had high loadings for the vote on the two-thirds rule and the front-runners, Van Buren and Cass. The second factor had an eigenvalue of only .730, with about 15 percent of the variance explained; moderately high loadings occurred for the Cass, Johnson, and Polk votes.
126. See Niven, Martin Van Buren, 532.
127. On Democratic nominating politics in 1848, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 463;
128. Woodford, Lewis Cass, 248-58;
129. Bain, Convention Decisions, 36-40;
130. Klein, President James Buchanan, 194-205;
131. Hamilton, "Election of 1848," 868-69;
132. Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 232-35, 253-57;
133. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 64;
134. Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 209-14;
135. Niven, Martin Van Buren, 571;
136. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, rev. ed. 61-65;
137. Sewell, A House Divided, 26;
138. Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 21-24.
139. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
140. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
141. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
142. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
143. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
144. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
145. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
146. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
147. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
148. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
149. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
150. On Democratic nominating politics in 1852, see Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 473-74; Woodford, Lewis Cass, 292-94; Bain, Convention Decisions, 44-47; Klein, President James Buchanan, 216-22; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 343-70; Nichols and Nichols, "Election of 1852," 936-43; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 287-88, 300-302, 317-21, 332-34; Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s, 97-98; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 258-61, 285; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 57-59; Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 21-35. The quotation is from Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 285.
151. A photograph of Lewis Cass taken around 1851 conveys this impression as effectively as any. It is reproduced in Oliver Jensen, Joan Paterson Kerr, and Murray Belsky, American Album (n.p.: American Heritage and Simon and Schuster, 1968), 29.
152. In 1856 as in 1848 and 1852, there was little correlation between the presidential candidates' votes and those on procedural matters or the vice-presidential nomination, and the winner, Buchanan, built an intersectional coalition that combined the northeast and the upper south. On Democratic nominating politics in 1856, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 56-60; Klein, President James Buchanan, 248-56; Roy F. Nichols and Philip S. Klein, "Election of 1856," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 1012-13, 1021-22 ; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 62-64.
153. In 1856 as in 1848 and 1852, there was little correlation between the presidential candidates' votes and those on procedural matters or the vice-presidential nomination, and the winner, Buchanan, built an intersectional coalition that combined the northeast and the upper south. On Democratic nominating politics in 1856, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 56-60; Klein, President James Buchanan, 248-56; Roy F. Nichols and Philip S. Klein, "Election of 1856," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 1012-13, 1021-22 ; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 62-64.
154. In 1856 as in 1848 and 1852, there was little correlation between the presidential candidates' votes and those on procedural matters or the vice-presidential nomination, and the winner, Buchanan, built an intersectional coalition that combined the northeast and the upper south. On Democratic nominating politics in 1856, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 56-60; Klein, President James Buchanan, 248-56; Roy F. Nichols and Philip S. Klein, "Election of 1856," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 1012-13, 1021-22 ; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 62-64.
155. In 1856 as in 1848 and 1852, there was little correlation between the presidential candidates' votes and those on procedural matters or the vice-presidential nomination, and the winner, Buchanan, built an intersectional coalition that combined the northeast and the upper south. On Democratic nominating politics in 1856, see Bain, Convention Decisions, 56-60; Klein, President James Buchanan, 248-56; Roy F. Nichols and Philip S. Klein, "Election of 1856," in Schlesinger, History of American Presidential Elections, vol. II, 1012-13, 1021-22 ; Goldman, The National Party Chairmen, 62-64.
156. The eigenvalue of the first factor was 1.306, and the factor accounted for 26.1 percent of the shared variance; the eigenvalue of the second factor was 0.840, and the factor accounted for 16.8 percent of the variance. The Whig factor required seven iterations, whereas the Democratic factors required more than twenty-five.
157. 2 was about 37 percent.
158. Multiple regression analysis confirms this. With east-west and north-south dummy variables as the independent variables and scores on the second factor as the dependent variable, about 30 percent of the variance of the factor scores is accounted for. The standardized regression coefficient for the east-west cleavage is statistically significant and more than twice the value of that for the north-south divide.
159. See Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 35-48, 137-41; Joel H. Silbey, The Transformation of American Politics, 1840-1860 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 22-28; Holt, "The Democratic Party 1828-1860," 527, 530-31; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 235-37, 245-46, 250-52, 255-56.
160. See Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 35-48, 137-41; Joel H. Silbey, The Transformation of American Politics, 1840-1860 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 22-28; Holt, "The Democratic Party 1828-1860," 527, 530-31; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 235-37, 245-46, 250-52, 255-56.
161. See Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 35-48, 137-41; Joel H. Silbey, The Transformation of American Politics, 1840-1860 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 22-28; Holt, "The Democratic Party 1828-1860," 527, 530-31; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 235-37, 245-46, 250-52, 255-56.
162. See Silbey, The Shrine of Party, 35-48, 137-41; Joel H. Silbey, The Transformation of American Politics, 1840-1860 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 22-28; Holt, "The Democratic Party 1828-1860," 527, 530-31; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 235-37, 245-46, 250-52, 255-56.
163. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, 11, 111-13; Silbey, Shrine of Party, passim; Russo, "Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period," 14-24; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 43-49, 58; Joel H. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions Besides That of Slavery Merely': The Democratic Party and Antislavery Politics," in Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers, 148; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 25-26.
164. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, 11, 111-13; Silbey, Shrine of Party, passim; Russo, "Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period," 14-24; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 43-49, 58; Joel H. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions Besides That of Slavery Merely': The Democratic Party and Antislavery Politics," in Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers, 148; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 25-26.
165. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, 11, 111-13; Silbey, Shrine of Party, passim; Russo, "Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period," 14-24; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 43-49, 58; Joel H. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions Besides That of Slavery Merely': The Democratic Party and Antislavery Politics," in Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers, 148; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 25-26.
166. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, 11, 111-13; Silbey, Shrine of Party, passim; Russo, "Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period," 14-24; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 43-49, 58; Joel H. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions Besides That of Slavery Merely': The Democratic Party and Antislavery Politics," in Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers, 148; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 25-26.
167. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, 11, 111-13; Silbey, Shrine of Party, passim; Russo, "Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period," 14-24; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 43-49, 58; Joel H. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions Besides That of Slavery Merely': The Democratic Party and Antislavery Politics," in Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers, 148; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 25-26.
168. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, 11, 111-13; Silbey, Shrine of Party, passim; Russo, "Major Political Issues of the Jacksonian Period," 14-24; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 43-49, 58; Joel H. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions Besides That of Slavery Merely': The Democratic Party and Antislavery Politics," in Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers, 148; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 25-26.
169. Ronald P. Formisano, "Political Character, Antipartyism and the Second Party System," American Quarterly XXI (Winter 1969), 704.
170. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
171. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
172. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
173. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
174. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
175. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
176. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
177. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
178. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
179. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
180. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
181. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
182. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
183. Lynn L. Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review LXXII (January 1967), 448; Formisano, "Political Character," 700. The generalizations in this paragraph can also be found in Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; William Nisbet Chambers, The Democrats 1789-1964: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), 28; Rush Welter, The Mind of America 1820-1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 177-78; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235; Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 19, 32, 129, 143; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 203; Silbey, "There Are other Questions,'" 150-51; Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 213-18; Douglas W. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly CI (Spring 1986), 92-98; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic VIII (Winter 1988), 429-41 ; Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990), 153, 174, 201-02, 234.
184. Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 143-44, 151; Formisano, "Political Character," 698-99.
185. Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 143-44, 151; Formisano, "Political Character," 698-99.
186. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
187. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
188. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
189. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
190. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
191. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
192. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
193. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
194. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
195. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt,
196. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
197. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
198. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
199. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
200. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
201. Horace Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig: Reply to an Inquiring Friend," New York Tribune Office, 1851, 3; Edward Stafford, quoted in Holt, "The Mysterious Disappearance," 239; Formisano, "Political Character," 704; McCormick, The Presidential Game, 203; quotations from Greeley, Barnard and the Albany Evening Journal from Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 95, 131; Marshall, "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," 448-49. For similar statements, see Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion, 7-8; Farmisano, "Political Character," 699-704; Welter, The Mind of America, 190-91; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 53-54, 138, 158, 222-23, 244; Shade, "Political Pluralism and Party Development," 79; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats" 206-11; Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 8, 216-17; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 424-29; Watson, Liberty and Power, 201.
202. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
203. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
204. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
205. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
206. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
207. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
208. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
209. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism; Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 6. See also Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 52, 207, 209-11. On the Whig emphasis on nationalism and national unity, see, e.g., Glyndon G. Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period," American Historical Review LXIII (January 1958), 308, 317-18; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 68-71; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 216-17; Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 133-44; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 219, 222-24.
210. Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig," 13;
211. Sumner quoted in Brauer, Cotton versus Conscience, 191 (emphasis Sumner's);
212. and Lincoln quoted in Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 264 (emphasis Lincoln's).
213. For similar comments about the Whigs, see Howe, ibid., 19, 143.
214. On Democrats' concern with issues, see Robert. V. Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959);
215. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions,'" 154-60.
216. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 475-77, 562; see also Sewell, A House Divided, 26-27. On the superior unity of the Democrats, see Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235.
217. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 475-77, 562; see also Sewell, A House Divided, 26-27. On the superior unity of the Democrats, see Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235.
218. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 475-77, 562; see also Sewell, A House Divided, 26-27. On the superior unity of the Democrats, see Potter, The Impending Crisis, 235.
219. See Welter, The Mind of America, 191-92; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 211-13; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 441.
220. See Welter, The Mind of America, 191-92; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 211-13; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 441.
221. See Welter, The Mind of America, 191-92; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 211-13; Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party," 441.
222. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
223. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
224. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
225. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
226. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
227. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
228. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
229. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
230. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
231. Formisano, "Political Character," 684-85, 690-97; Potter, The Impending Crisis, 236-37; Brock, Parties and Political Conscience, 54-56; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 18, 32, 54-56; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 54-55, 196-69; Stewart, "Abolitionists, Insurgents, and Third Parties," 27; Watson, Liberty and Power, 185-87, 222-24; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 107. The quotations are from Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 32, and Formisano, "Political Character," 684.
232. Greeley, "Why I Am a Whig," 13.
233. Quoted in Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 29.
234. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
235. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
236. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
237. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
238. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
239. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
240. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
241. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
242. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
243. See Van Deusen, "Some Aspects of Whig Thought," 315; Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History LVIII (December 1971), 613, 616-17; Welter, The Mind of America, 265-66, 339-44, 440; Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 20-21; Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 199-203; Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 220; Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 88-90; Watson, Liberty and Power, 186, 245; Reichley, The Life of the Parties, 99-102. For a contrary opinion, see Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844 (Rutherford, NJ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1977), 185-206.
244. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 174; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 149; Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 120-21; John L. Hammond, The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1979), 87;
245. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 174; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 149; Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 120-21; John L. Hammond, The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1979), 87;
246. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 174; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 149; Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 120-21; John L. Hammond, The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1979), 87;
247. Kohl, The Politics of Individualism, 174; Holt, Political Crisis of the 1850s, 149; Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 120-21; John L. Hammond, The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1979), 87;
248. Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 299-300;
249. Formisano, "Political Character," 704;
250. Silbey, "'There Are Other Questions,'" 149;
251. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, 53-55;
252. Ershkowitz and Shade, "Consensus or Conflict?," 611-12.
253. On the connection between antislavery and the northern Whig party, see also Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 179-80, 238, 317-20;
254. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 234, 236;
255. Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs, 37;
256. Brown, Politics and Statesmanship, 219-28;
257. Watson, Liberty and Power, 246.
258. On the Democrats and race, see Welter, The Mind of America, 100, 339-48, 372-74, 439, 440;
259. Ashworth, "Agrarians" and "Aristocrats," 221-23;
260. Jaenicke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 90-91;
261. Watson, Liberty and Power, 202-04, 240, 242-43;
262. John Gerring, "A Chapter in the History of American Party Ideology: The Nineteenth-Century Democratic Party (1828-1892)," Polity XXVI (Summer 1994), 733-36;
263. most extensively, Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), 177-96, 212-58.
264. However, Jaenicke argues that Van Buren's defection was due not to slavery, but to procedural matters; see "The Jacksonian Integration," 105-07.
265. The terms, of course, are those of Theodore J. Lowi. See his "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 272-74; Richard L. McCormick, "The Party Period and Public Policy: An Exploratory Hypothesis," Journal of American History LXVI (September 1979), 279-98; Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1982), passim. For Lowi's original typology, see his "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory," World Politics XVI (July 1964), 677-715.
266. The terms, of course, are those of Theodore J. Lowi. See his "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 272-74; Richard L. McCormick, "The Party Period and Public Policy: An Exploratory Hypothesis," Journal of American History LXVI (September 1979), 279-98; Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1982), passim. For Lowi's original typology, see his "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory," World Politics XVI (July 1964), 677-715.
267. The terms, of course, are those of Theodore J. Lowi. See his "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 272-74; Richard L. McCormick, "The Party Period and Public Policy: An Exploratory Hypothesis," Journal of American History LXVI (September 1979), 279-98; Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1982), passim. For Lowi's original typology, see his "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory," World Politics XVI (July 1964), 677-715.
268. The terms, of course, are those of Theodore J. Lowi. See his "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 272-74; Richard L. McCormick, "The Party Period and Public Policy: An Exploratory Hypothesis," Journal of American History LXVI (September 1979), 279-98; Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877-1920 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1982), passim. For Lowi's original typology, see his "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory," World Politics XVI (July 1964), 677-715.
269. For a classic description of this process, see Nelson W. Polsby, "Decision-Making at the National Conventions," Western Political Quarterly XIII (September 1960), 609-19.
270. Anne N, Costain, "An Analysis of Voting," 95-120; Costain, "Changes in the Role of Ideology in American National Nominating Conventions and Among Party Identifiers," Western Political Quarterly XXXIII (March 1980), 73-86.
271. Anne N, Costain, "An Analysis of Voting," 95-120; Costain, "Changes in the Role of Ideology in American National Nominating Conventions and Among Party Identifiers," Western Political Quarterly XXXIII (March 1980), 73-86.
272. See James W. Ceaser, Presidential Selection: Theory and Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 138-40;
273. Jaenkke, "The Jacksonian Integration," 101-02.
274. McCormick, "The Party Period," 287-88.