Islam, nationalism and resentment of foreign domination

Middle East Policy

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 40-53

  Munson, Henry ^a  

^a University of Maine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041884829     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-4967.00104     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Conor Cruise O'Brien, God Land: Reflections on Religion and Nationalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 70.
2. An earlier version of this section first appeared in Henry Munson, "Islamism and Nationalism," The ISIM Newsletter, June 2000, p. 10.
3. Nels Johnson, Islam and the Politics of Meaning in Palestinian Nationalism (Boston: Kegan Paul International, 1982).
4. Al-Imam al-Khumayni, Ruhollah. Durus fi al-jihad wa al-rafd: yusatiruha al-Imam al-Khumayni khilal harakatihi al-nidaliyah al-raidah (S.l.: s.n., 1977), pp. 105-06. English translations of these passages appear in Ruh Allah Khomeini, Islam and Revolution in the Middle East: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, translated by Hamid Algar (Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1981), pp. 181-82. However, Algar omits the strikingly nationalist phrase in the Arabic translation of the Persian original: "If they had the slightest bit of feeling for the dignity of the nation"(law kanat ladayhum dharra min al-shuur bil-karama al-wataniya).
5. Al-Imam al-Khumayni, Ruhollah. Durus fi al-jihad wa al-rafd: yusatiruha al-Imam al-Khumayni khilal harakatihi al-nidaliyah al-raidah (S.l.: s.n., 1977), pp. 105-06. English translations of these passages appear in Ruh Allah Khomeini, Islam and Revolution in the Middle East: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, translated by Hamid Algar (Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1981), pp. 181-82. However, Algar omits the strikingly nationalist phrase in the Arabic translation of the Persian original: "If they had the slightest bit of feeling for the dignity of the nation"(law kanat ladayhum dharra min al-shuur bil-karama al-wataniya).
6. Khomeini, Islam, p. 215.
7. Ibid., p. 252.
8. Ibid., p. 303.
9. Ibid., p. 302.
10. Henry Munson, Islam and Revolution in the Middle East (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 63, 123.
11. Haleh Esfandiari, Reconstructed Lives: Women and Iran's Islamic Revolution (Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
12. al-Khumayni, Durus, pp. 156-57; Khomeini, Islam, p. 210.
13. al-Khumayni, Durus, pp. 156-57; Khomeini, Islam, p. 210.
14. Khomeini, pp. 27-28, 127.
15. Henry Munson, "The Ideologization of Religion in Response to Western Domination: The Cases of Hinduism, Islam, and Theravada Buddhism," Iran and Beyond: Essays in Middle Eastern History in Honor of Nikki Keddie, eds. Rudy Mathee and Beth Baron (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2000), pp. 235-46.
16. See Musa K. Budeiri, "The Nationalist Dimension of Islamic Movements in Palestinian Politics," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1995, pp. 89-96; Meir Litvak, "The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas," Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1998, pp. 148-63; Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 15.
17. See Musa K. Budeiri, "The Nationalist Dimension of Islamic Movements in Palestinian Politics," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1995, pp. 89-96; Meir Litvak, "The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas," Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1998, pp. 148-63; Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 15.
18. See Musa K. Budeiri, "The Nationalist Dimension of Islamic Movements in Palestinian Politics," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1995, pp. 89-96; Meir Litvak, "The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas," Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1998, pp. 148-63; Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 15.
19. Searching for "Hamas charter" on Google produces Raphael Israeli's English translation at a number of sites. Khalid Hroub's translation appears in his book Hamas: Political Thought and Practice (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000), pp. 267-91. The original Arabic version of the charter appears in the earlier Arabic edition of Hroub's book: Khalid al-Hurub, Hamas: al-fikr wa al-mumarasa al-siyasiya (Beirut: Muassassat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniya, 1996), pp. 287-307. All translations of Arabic texts quoted in this essay are my own except for the English translations of Hamas communiqués on Hamas's website.
20. Searching for "Hamas charter" on Google produces Raphael Israeli's English translation at a number of sites. Khalid Hroub's translation appears in his book Hamas: Political Thought and Practice (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000), pp. 267-91. The original Arabic version of the charter appears in the earlier Arabic edition of Hroub's book: Khalid al-Hurub, Hamas: al-fikr wa al-mumarasa al-siyasiya (Beirut: Muassassat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniya, 1996), pp. 287-307. All translations of Arabic texts quoted in this essay are my own except for the English translations of Hamas communiqués on Hamas's website.
21. Ian Lustick, For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1988).
22. See Articles 22, 28, and 32 of the Hamas charter.
23. Hamas communiqués are online in English at www.palestine-info.co.uk/hamas (Feb. 10, 2003). Many of the Hamas communiqués from 1998 through January 2002 are printed in Jonah Alexander, ed., Palestinian Religious Terrorism: Hamas and Islamic Jihad (Ardsley, NY: Transaction Publishers, 2002). Like Alexander, I have retained the capitalization used by Hamas in the English translations on its website.
24. Agnès Pavlowsky, Hamas ou le miroir des frustrations palestiniennes (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000), p. 78.
25. Ibid., p. 195.
26. Ibid., p. 96.
27. Suzanne Goldenberg, "The men behind the suicide bombers," The Guardian, June 12, 2002.
28. Sara Roy, "The Palestinian Economy after Oslo." Current History, January 1998, pp. 23, 25.
29. Amnon Kapeliouk, Rabin, un assassinat politique: religion, nationalisme, violence en Israël (Paris: Le Monde Editions, 1996), p. 201.
30. Sara Roy, "The Transformation of Islamic NGOs in Palestine." Middle East Report, Spring 2000; Amira Hass, Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land under Siege (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999).
31. Sara Roy, "The Transformation of Islamic NGOs in Palestine." Middle East Report, Spring 2000; Amira Hass, Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land under Siege (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999).
32. Asad AbuKhalil, Bin Laden, Islam and America's New "War on Terrorism" (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), pp. 75-76; Peter L. Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Bin Laden (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 80.
33. Asad AbuKhalil, Bin Laden, Islam and America's New "War on Terrorism" (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), pp. 75-76; Peter L. Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Bin Laden (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 80.
34. Robert Fisk, "Saudis Know: The Real Foe is America," World Press Review, October 1996, pp. 12-13, reprinted from The Independent, July 10, 1996.
35. Robert Fisk, "Saudis Know: The Real Foe is America," World Press Review, October 1996, pp. 12-13, reprinted from The Independent, July 10, 1996.
36. I b i d.
37. Bernard Lewis, "License to Kill: Usama Bin Laden's Declaration of Jihad." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 6, 1998, pp. 14-19.
38. Gilles Kepel, Chronique d'une guerre d'Orient (Paris: Gallimard, 2002), pp. 92-93.
39. Mamoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 180.
40. I elaborate on this Maccabean analogy in "'Fundamentalism' Ancient and Modern," Daedalus, Summer 2003.
41. The Arabic text is available online at a number of sites, including www.muslimeen.co.uk/maqa/laden2.htm (Feb. 17, 2003). A slightly abridged English translation appears in Barry M. Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, eds. Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 137-42.
42. The Arabic text is available online at a number of sites, including www.muslimeen.co.uk/maqa/laden2.htm (Feb. 17, 2003). A slightly abridged English translation appears in Barry M. Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, eds. Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 137-42.
43. See the Bin Laden texts in Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and in Le Spectre du terrorisme: déclarations, interviews, témoignages sur Oussama Ben Laden (Paris: Editions Sfar, 2001). Most of these texts are also online and easily found using Google.
44. Jamal Abd al-Latif Ismail, Bin Laden wa al-jazirah wa-ana (S.l.: Dar al-Hurriyah, 2001), p. 104.
45. Quoted in Imad Naddaf, Usama Bin Laden: wahid min milyar (Damascus and Beirut: Dar al-Rashid, 1998), p. 151.
46. Fandy, Saudi Arabia, p. 72, 100.
47. The Arabic original is accessible at http://www.elaph.com:9090/elaph/arabic/frontendProcess.jsp?SCREENID= article&COMMAND=fe.article&FEPAGEPARM=1002493570416644600 (February 14, 2003). The BBC translation is in Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism, pp. 249-51.
48. The Arabic original is accessible at http://www.elaph.com:9090/elaph/arabic/frontendProcess.jsp?SCREENID= article&COMMAND=fe.article&FEPAGEPARM=1002493570416644600 (February 14, 2003). The BBC translation is in Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism, pp. 249-51.
49. José Garçon and Véronique Soulé, "La quête du martyre s'est propagée," Libération, November 19, 2001.
50. Kepel, p.66.
51. Ibid., p. 31.