The islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict: The case of Hamas

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 148-163

  Litvak, Meir ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0012385879     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209808701214     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Handbill No.74, Filastin al-Muslima [hereafter FM], June 1991.
2. Clifford Geertz, 'Religion as a Cultural System', The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973), p.90.
3. For such uses, see Nels Johnson, Islam and the Politics of Meaning in Palestinian Nationalism (London, 1982). The case of Shaykh 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, the preacher from Haifa, who was the first to resort to armed struggle against the Zionists and the British under the banner of a holy war, is closer to a millenarian religious movement than to a secular movement using religion, see Johnson, Chapter Two; Uri M. Kupferschmidt, The Supreme Islamic Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine (Leiden, 1987), pp. 187-9, 240-7; Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement, 918-1929 (London, 1977), pp.265-7.
4. For such uses, see Nels Johnson, Islam and the Politics of Meaning in Palestinian Nationalism (London, 1982). The case of Shaykh 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, the preacher from Haifa, who was the first to resort to armed struggle against the Zionists and the British under the banner of a holy war, is closer to a millenarian religious movement than to a secular movement using religion, see Johnson, Chapter Two; Uri M. Kupferschmidt, The Supreme Islamic Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine (Leiden, 1987), pp. 187-9, 240-7; Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement, 918-1929 (London, 1977), pp.265-7.
5. For such uses, see Nels Johnson, Islam and the Politics of Meaning in Palestinian Nationalism (London, 1982). The case of Shaykh 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, the preacher from Haifa, who was the first to resort to armed struggle against the Zionists and the British under the banner of a holy war, is closer to a millenarian religious movement than to a secular movement using religion, see Johnson, Chapter Two; Uri M. Kupferschmidt, The Supreme Islamic Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine (Leiden, 1987), pp. 187-9, 240-7; Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement, 918-1929 (London, 1977), pp.265-7.
6. For general studies on Hamas, see Ziyad Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: The Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Bloomington, IN, 1994); Jean francois Legrain, 'The Islamic Movement and the Intifada', in Jamal Nasser and Roger Heacock, (eds.), Intifada at the Crossroads (New York: 1990), pp. 175-90; Hisham H. Ahmad, From Religious Salvation to Political Transformation: The Rise of Hamas in Palestinian Society (Jerusalem, 1994).
7. For general studies on Hamas, see Ziyad Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: The Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Bloomington, IN, 1994); Jean francois Legrain, 'The Islamic Movement and the Intifada', in Jamal Nasser and Roger Heacock, (eds.), Intifada at the Crossroads (New York: 1990), pp. 175-90; Hisham H. Ahmad, From Religious Salvation to Political Transformation: The Rise of Hamas in Palestinian Society (Jerusalem, 1994).
8. For general studies on Hamas, see Ziyad Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: The Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Bloomington, IN, 1994); Jean francois Legrain, 'The Islamic Movement and the Intifada', in Jamal Nasser and Roger Heacock, (eds.), Intifada at the Crossroads (New York: 1990), pp. 175-90; Hisham H. Ahmad, From Religious Salvation to Political Transformation: The Rise of Hamas in Palestinian Society (Jerusalem, 1994).
9. Mithaq harakat al-muqawama al-islamiyya - Filastin (Hamas) (n.p., 1409h/1988) [hereafter the Hamas Charter], articles 9, 15;
10. Handbill No. 1; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya: Hamas, Khalfiyat al-nash 'a wa-afaq al-masir (Worth, IL. 1989), a, j, 53.
11. Ibrahim Quqa, to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988;
12. 'al-Intifada tufajjiru sira' al-khakhamat', Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Nov. 1989.
13. Hamas Charter, article 15; Handbills Nos.10, 31, 63.
14. Handbills Nos.10, 24, 71, 72; 'al-bayan al-thani lil-harakat al-islamiyya', FM, March 1991.
15. For the Muslim Brethren's perception, see Richard Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brotherhood (Oxford, 1969), pp.227ff.; 'Abd al-Fattah al-'Uwaysi, Tasawwur al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin li-qadiyat Filastin (Cairo, n.d.); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna,' Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989.
16. For the Muslim Brethren's perception, see Richard Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brotherhood (Oxford, 1969), pp.227ff.; 'Abd al-Fattah al-'Uwaysi, Tasawwur al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin li-qadiyat Filastin (Cairo, n.d.); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna,' Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989.
17. For the Muslim Brethren's perception, see Richard Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brotherhood (Oxford, 1969), pp.227ff.; 'Abd al-Fattah al-'Uwaysi, Tasawwur al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin li-qadiyat Filastin (Cairo, n.d.); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna,' Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989.
18. 'Al-waqi' al-Filastini al-rasmi min al-muwajaha ila al-i'tiraf', al-Sawa 'id al-Ramiyya, Dec. 1989; the Hamas Charter, articles 9 and 22
19. Quqa to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988; 'Hiwar shamil ma'a qiyadat Hamas,' FM, April 1990; 'Shi'arat harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas,' Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; 'Haqiqat sira'ina ma'a al-yahud,' Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. 1989.
20. Quqa to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988; 'Hiwar shamil ma'a qiyadat Hamas,' FM, April 1990; 'Shi'arat harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas,' Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; 'Haqiqat sira'ina ma'a al-yahud,' Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. 1989.
21. Quqa to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988; 'Hiwar shamil ma'a qiyadat Hamas,' FM, April 1990; 'Shi'arat harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas,' Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; 'Haqiqat sira'ina ma'a al-yahud,' Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. 1989.
22. Quqa to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988; 'Hiwar shamil ma'a qiyadat Hamas,' FM, April 1990; 'Shi'arat harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas,' Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; 'Haqiqat sira'ina ma'a al-yahud,' Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. 1989.
23. Hamas Charter, articles 17, 20; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: hadath 'abir am badil da'im (Worth, IL, 1990), p.21; Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990.
24. Hamas Charter, articles 17, 20; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: hadath 'abir am badil da'im (Worth, IL, 1990), p.21; Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990.
25. For the spread of anti-Jewish feelings, see Sylvia G. Haim, 'Arab Anti-Semitic Literature', Jewish Social Studies, Vol.17 No.4 (1955), pp.307-12; Bernard Lewis, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986); Rivka Yadlin, An Arrogant Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as Anti-Judaism in Egypt (Oxford, 1989); R. L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist's View of the Jews (Oxford, 1987).
26. For the spread of anti-Jewish feelings, see Sylvia G. Haim, 'Arab Anti-Semitic Literature', Jewish Social Studies, Vol.17 No.4 (1955), pp.307-12; Bernard Lewis, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986); Rivka Yadlin, An Arrogant Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as Anti-Judaism in Egypt (Oxford, 1989); R. L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist's View of the Jews (Oxford, 1987).
27. For the spread of anti-Jewish feelings, see Sylvia G. Haim, 'Arab Anti-Semitic Literature', Jewish Social Studies, Vol.17 No.4 (1955), pp.307-12; Bernard Lewis, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986); Rivka Yadlin, An Arrogant Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as Anti-Judaism in Egypt (Oxford, 1989); R. L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist's View of the Jews (Oxford, 1987).
28. For the spread of anti-Jewish feelings, see Sylvia G. Haim, 'Arab Anti-Semitic Literature', Jewish Social Studies, Vol.17 No.4 (1955), pp.307-12; Bernard Lewis, Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York, 1986); Rivka Yadlin, An Arrogant Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as Anti-Judaism in Egypt (Oxford, 1989); R. L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist's View of the Jews (Oxford, 1987).
29. Hamas Charter, article 22.
30. See Handbills Nos.1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 14, 30, 31, 32, 33, 65; al-Sawa 'id al-Ramiyya, May 1990; 'Hadhihi akhlaqiyat bani Sahyun,' Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Nov. 1990.
31. See Handbills Nos.1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 14, 30, 31, 32, 33, 65; al-Sawa 'id al-Ramiyya, May 1990; 'Hadhihi akhlaqiyat bani Sahyun,' Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Nov. 1990.
32. Other such statements include: 'the Nazism of the Jews encompasses all of them', 'the Nazi Jews', 'Jewish Nazism', 'Nazi Zionism', see, for example, Handbills Nos. 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 25, and 65.
33. Quqa to Liwa al-Islam, 11 Nov. 1988; Ghawsha, to Jerusalem Post, 24 Dec. 1993. The Prophet Muhammad had imposed harsh terms on the Jews of Khaybar after defeating them in battle. Subsequently, the Caliph 'Umar expelled them from the Arabian Peninsula.
34. Quqa to Liwa al-Islam, 11 Nov. 1988; Ghawsha, to Jerusalem Post, 24 Dec. 1993. The Prophet Muhammad had imposed harsh terms on the Jews of Khaybar after defeating them in battle. Subsequently, the Caliph 'Umar expelled them from the Arabian Peninsula.
35. Salah al-Khalidi, 'Hadith surat al-Baqara 'an al-yahud' part. 1, FM, July 1995; idem, 'Kawashif Qur'aniyya lil-ghawamid al-yahudiyya', parts 1-2, FM, Dec. 1993, Jan. 1994; Ibrahim al-'Ali, 'Hakadha tahadatha al-nabi (Sal'am) 'an al-yahud', parts 1-8, FM, Jan. to Aug. 1996.
36. Salah al-Khalidi, 'Hadith surat al-Baqara 'an al-yahud' part. 1, FM, July 1995; idem, 'Kawashif Qur'aniyya lil-ghawamid al-yahudiyya', parts 1-2, FM, Dec. 1993, Jan. 1994; Ibrahim al-'Ali, 'Hakadha tahadatha al-nabi (Sal'am) 'an al-yahud', parts 1-8, FM, Jan. to Aug. 1996.
37. Salah al-Khalidi, 'Hadith surat al-Baqara 'an al-yahud' part. 1, FM, July 1995; idem, 'Kawashif Qur'aniyya lil-ghawamid al-yahudiyya', parts 1-2, FM, Dec. 1993, Jan. 1994; Ibrahim al-'Ali, 'Hakadha tahadatha al-nabi (Sal'am) 'an al-yahud', parts 1-8, FM, Jan. to Aug. 1996.
38. Salah 'Abd al-Fattah al-Khalidi, 'Mustaqbal al-kiyan al-yahudi fi filastin kama tuqarriruhu surat Al 'Imran', parts 1-2, FM, Feb., March 1991;
39. idem, 'Mustaqbal al-yahud fi filastin kama tuqarriruhu surat al-Isra" parts 1 to 6, FM, Sept. 1991-March 1992.
40. Quqa to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988; see a similar statement by Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990.
41. Quqa to al-Anba' (Kuwait), 8 Oct. 1988; see a similar statement by Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990.
42. 'Hiwar shamil', FM, April 1990.
43. Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton, 1981), p.33.
44. 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, p.25.
45. Handbill No.32. For a similar view among Islamic movements in other Arab countries, see Sivan, Radical Islam (New Haven, 1985), p.47.
46. The emphasis on al-Aqsa Mosque, explained Shaykh Muhammad Siyam, one of Hamas' founders, was designed to provide the masses with a concrete symbol of identity which is deeply rooted in their cultural tradition. Ila Filastin, May 1990.
47. Hamas Charter, article 32; Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. and April 1989, p.2; Handbills Nos. 4, 16, 18, 23, 29 and 65; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, Dec. 1989; Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 March 1989. As the proof for Jewish enmity towards Islam the Hamas Charter article 28 states that when the Jews stood on the threshold of al-Aqsa in the wake of the 1967 war, they declared 'Muhammad has died and left after him only girls' [Muhammad mat wa-khalafa banal].
48. Hamas Charter, article 32; Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. and April 1989, p.2; Handbills Nos. 4, 16, 18, 23, 29 and 65; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, Dec. 1989; Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 March 1989. As the proof for Jewish enmity towards Islam the Hamas Charter article 28 states that when the Jews stood on the threshold of al-Aqsa in the wake of the 1967 war, they declared 'Muhammad has died and left after him only girls' [Muhammad mat wa-khalafa banal].
49. Hamas Charter, article 32; Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. and April 1989, p.2; Handbills Nos. 4, 16, 18, 23, 29 and 65; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, Dec. 1989; Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 March 1989. As the proof for Jewish enmity towards Islam the Hamas Charter article 28 states that when the Jews stood on the threshold of al-Aqsa in the wake of the 1967 war, they declared 'Muhammad has died and left after him only girls' [Muhammad mat wa-khalafa banal].
50. Hamas Charter, article 32; Nida' al-Aqsa, Jan. and April 1989, p.2; Handbills Nos. 4, 16, 18, 23, 29 and 65; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, Dec. 1989; Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 March 1989. As the proof for Jewish enmity towards Islam the Hamas Charter article 28 states that when the Jews stood on the threshold of al-Aqsa in the wake of the 1967 war, they declared 'Muhammad has died and left after him only girls' [Muhammad mat wa-khalafa banal].
51. 'Ali Muqbil, 'Makanat filastin fi qulub al-muslimin', FM, Dec. 1994;
52. 'Abd al-Hafiz 'Alawi, 'Filastin: al-thawabit,' part I, FM, Jan. 1995.
53. Handbills nos. 10, 17, 37; Salah 'Abd al-Fatah al-Khalidi, 'Mustaqbal al-yahud fi filastin kama tuqarriruhu Surat al-Isra", FM, Sept. 1991.
54. Hamas Charter, Article 11; 'Hiwar shamil', FM, April 1990, see also 'Bayan al-murshid al-'amm lil-ikhwan al-Muslimin hawla muqtarahat al-taswiyya al-silmiyya lil-qadiyya al-filastiniyya', FM, July 1991 .
55. Hamas Charter, Article 11; 'Hiwar shamil', FM, April 1990, see also 'Bayan al-murshid al-'amm lil-ikhwan al-Muslimin hawla muqtarahat al-taswiyya al-silmiyya lil-qadiyya al-filastiniyya', FM, July 1991 .
56. Mitchell (note 9), p.267. See also 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, Fathi Yakan, al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya min manzur islami (Kafar Kanna, Israel, 1990); 'Abdallah Nasih 'Alwan, al-Islam wal-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya (Amman, 1982); Ziyad Abu Ghanima, al-haraka al-Islamiyya wa-qadiyat filastin (Amman, 1985); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna', Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989; Isma'il R. al-Faruqi, 'Islam and Zionism', in John L. Esposito (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York, 1983), pp.261-7.
57. Mitchell (note 9), p.267. See also 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, Fathi Yakan, al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya min manzur islami (Kafar Kanna, Israel, 1990); 'Abdallah Nasih 'Alwan, al-Islam wal-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya (Amman, 1982); Ziyad Abu Ghanima, al-haraka al-Islamiyya wa-qadiyat filastin (Amman, 1985); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna', Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989; Isma'il R. al-Faruqi, 'Islam and Zionism', in John L. Esposito (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York, 1983), pp.261-7.
58. Mitchell (note 9), p.267. See also 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, Fathi Yakan, al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya min manzur islami (Kafar Kanna, Israel, 1990); 'Abdallah Nasih 'Alwan, al-Islam wal-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya (Amman, 1982); Ziyad Abu Ghanima, al-haraka al-Islamiyya wa-qadiyat filastin (Amman, 1985); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna', Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989; Isma'il R. al-Faruqi, 'Islam and Zionism', in John L. Esposito (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York, 1983), pp.261-7.
59. Mitchell (note 9), p.267. See also 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, Fathi Yakan, al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya min manzur islami (Kafar Kanna, Israel, 1990); 'Abdallah Nasih 'Alwan, al-Islam wal-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya (Amman, 1982); Ziyad Abu Ghanima, al-haraka al-Islamiyya wa-qadiyat filastin (Amman, 1985); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna', Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989; Isma'il R. al-Faruqi, 'Islam and Zionism', in John L. Esposito (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York, 1983), pp.261-7.
60. Mitchell (note 9), p.267. See also 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, Fathi Yakan, al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya min manzur islami (Kafar Kanna, Israel, 1990); 'Abdallah Nasih 'Alwan, al-Islam wal-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya (Amman, 1982); Ziyad Abu Ghanima, al-haraka al-Islamiyya wa-qadiyat filastin (Amman, 1985); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna', Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989; Isma'il R. al-Faruqi, 'Islam and Zionism', in John L. Esposito (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York, 1983), pp.261-7.
61. Mitchell (note 9), p.267. See also 'Uwaysi, Tasawwur, Fathi Yakan, al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya min manzur islami (Kafar Kanna, Israel, 1990); 'Abdallah Nasih 'Alwan, al-Islam wal-qadiyya al-Filastiniyya (Amman, 1982); Ziyad Abu Ghanima, al-haraka al-Islamiyya wa-qadiyat filastin (Amman, 1985); 'Filastin fi fikr al-imam al-shahid Hasan al-Banna', Liwa al-Islam, 7 Feb. 1989; Isma'il R. al-Faruqi, 'Islam and Zionism', in John L. Esposito (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York, 1983), pp.261-7.
62. Kupferschmidt, The Supreme Islamic Council, p.242.
63. Hamas Charter, article 13; 'Hamas: A Document to History', al-Sabil, 3 Aug. 1989; Handbill No. 13; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, May 1990; 'Harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas: hadha huwa mawqifuna min al-taswiyya', FM, July 1991.
64. Hamas Charter, article 13; 'Hamas: A Document to History', al-Sabil, 3 Aug. 1989; Handbill No. 13; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, May 1990; 'Harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas: hadha huwa mawqifuna min al-taswiyya', FM, July 1991.
65. Hamas Charter, article 13; 'Hamas: A Document to History', al-Sabil, 3 Aug. 1989; Handbill No. 13; al-Sawa'id al-Ramiyya, May 1990; 'Harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas: hadha huwa mawqifuna min al-taswiyya', FM, July 1991.
66. Handbills Nos. 1, 18, 28 and 60; Ahmad Yasin to al-Bashir, Feb. 1988; the Hamas Charter, article 13; 'Harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas: hadha huwa mawqifuna min al-taswiyya', FM, July 1991.
67. Handbills Nos. 1, 18, 28 and 60; Ahmad Yasin to al-Bashir, Feb. 1988; the Hamas Charter, article 13; 'Harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya Hamas: hadha huwa mawqifuna min al-taswiyya', FM, July 1991.
68. Hamas Charter, article 35; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Ahmad Yasin al-'zahira al-mu'jiza wa-'usturat al-tahaddi (Amman, 1990), pp.88, 112; Handbill No.77; "Indama Tushriqu al-Amal was at al-Shada'id,' Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Jan. 1990.
69. Hamas Charter, article 35; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Ahmad Yasin al-'zahira al-mu'jiza wa-'usturat al-tahaddi (Amman, 1990), pp.88, 112; Handbill No.77; "Indama Tushriqu al-Amal was at al-Shada'id,' Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Jan. 1990.
70. Handbills Nos. 28, 77, 79; Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990; Ahmad Yasin to al-Ghuraba', 1 March 1989; al-'Alam, 16 April 1991; Hamas, 'Hadha huwa mawqifuna', FM, July 1991.
71. Handbills Nos. 28, 77, 79; Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990; Ahmad Yasin to al-Ghuraba', 1 March 1989; al-'Alam, 16 April 1991; Hamas, 'Hadha huwa mawqifuna', FM, July 1991.
72. Handbills Nos. 28, 77, 79; Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990; Ahmad Yasin to al-Ghuraba', 1 March 1989; al-'Alam, 16 April 1991; Hamas, 'Hadha huwa mawqifuna', FM, July 1991.
73. Handbills Nos. 28, 77, 79; Muhammad Siyam to Nida' al-Aqsa, April 1990; Ahmad Yasin to al-Ghuraba', 1 March 1989; al-'Alam, 16 April 1991; Hamas, 'Hadha huwa mawqifuna', FM, July 1991.
74. Yasin to al-Nahar (Jerusalem) 30 April 1990;
75. Yasin to the Christian Science Monitor, 12 Nov. 1987 cited in Ahmad bin Yusuf, Yasin, p. 84.
76. Hamas Charter, article 11; Hamas, 'Hadha huwa mawqifuna', FM, July 1991; Handbills Nos. 28 and 30.
77. The Islamic Charter, article 13;
78. 'Wathiqa lil-ta'rikh', addressed to al-Fatah's Fifth Congress in August 1989 in FM, Sep. 1989; Handbill no. 8.
79. Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Nov. 1989; the Hamas Charter, articles 6, 9, and 31; 'Wathiqa lil-ta'rikh', addressed to al-Fatah in al-Sabil, Aug. 1989; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: Hadath, p. 111.
80. Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Nov. 1989; the Hamas Charter, articles 6, 9, and 31; 'Wathiqa lil-ta'rikh', addressed to al-Fatah in al-Sabil, Aug. 1989; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: Hadath, p. 111.
81. Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Nov. 1989; the Hamas Charter, articles 6, 9, and 31; 'Wathiqa lil-ta'rikh', addressed to al-Fatah in al-Sabil, Aug. 1989; Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: Hadath, p. 111.
82. Al-Qadiyya al-filastiniyya bayna mithaqayn: al-mithaq al-watani al-filastini wa-mithaq harakat al-muqawama al-islamiyya Hamas (Kuwait, 1990);
83. the Hamas Charter, articles 6, 9, 15 and 33; 'Wathiqa lil-ta'rikh', addressed to the Palestine National Council, Nov. 1988, appendix in Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: Hadath, pp. 165-6; Handbill No.25.
84. On the Muslim Brethren's concept of jihad, see Mitchell, The Society, pp.215-16; on the Palestinian Muslim Brethren position on jihad, see Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, NY, 1982), p.205.
85. On the Muslim Brethren's concept of jihad, see Mitchell, The Society, pp.215-16; on the Palestinian Muslim Brethren position on jihad, see Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, NY, 1982), p.205.
86. Hamas Charter, articles 14, 15; 'Wathiqa lil-ta'rikh', in Ahmad bin Yusuf, Hamas: Hadath, pp.120, 165-6.
87. Abd al-Hafiz 'Alawi, 'Filastin al-Thawabit', FM, March 1995; Handbill No.82.
88. Articles 13, 9, and 7; Handbill, No.82.
89. On Islamic Jihad, see Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.90ff.
90. The Jewish tribes in Medina, Banu Qaynuqa', and Banu Nadir, and Banu Qurayza, were defeated and expelled by the Prophet. After defeating the third tribe Banu Qurayza, the Prophet had all the men killed while the women and children were sold to slavery.
91. "Indama Tushriqu al-Amal wasat al-Shada'id', Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Jan. 1990; Yasin to FM, 1 March 1989, Handbills Nos. 13, 14, 16, 22, 29, and 31; 'Min Shi'arat', Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990.
92. "Indama Tushriqu al-Amal wasat al-Shada'id', Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Jan. 1990; Yasin to FM, 1 March 1989, Handbills Nos. 13, 14, 16, 22, 29, and 31; 'Min Shi'arat', Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990.
93. "Indama Tushriqu al-Amal wasat al-Shada'id', Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 Jan. 1990; Yasin to FM, 1 March 1989, Handbills Nos. 13, 14, 16, 22, 29, and 31; 'Min Shi'arat', Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990.
94. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
95. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
96. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
97. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
98. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
99. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
100. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
101. Yasin to Time, 1 Feb. 1988; Yasin to Ila Filastin, 25 March 1988; Adham al-Qassam, 'al-Intifada al-mutamayyiza', FM, March 1989; 'Imad al-'Alami, 'al-Intifada rasakhat al-bu'd al-islami lil-sira", FM, Dec. 1990; Ila Filastin, Feb. 1990; Ibrahim Quqa and Ibrahim Ghawsha to al-'Alam, 26 Jan. and 26 Oct. 1991 respectively; Ahmad bin. Yusuf, Yasin, pp.25, 27, 85; Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp.60ff.
102. Hamas Charter, articles Nos. 15 and 33; Handbill No.25; 'Hiwar shamil ma'a qiyadat Hamas', FM, May 1990. Ibrahim Quqa to Liwa al-Islam, 11 Nov. 1988.
103. Hamas Charter, articles Nos. 15 and 33; Handbill No.25; 'Hiwar shamil ma'a qiyadat Hamas', FM, May 1990. Ibrahim Quqa to Liwa al-Islam, 11 Nov. 1988.
104. Handbills Nos. 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22.
105. Rema Hammami, 'Women, the Hijab and the Intifada', Middle East Report, May-Aug. 1990, pp.24-27.
106. Ha'aretz, 9, 10 Aug. 1992. Salih 'Abd al-Jawad, al-mawqif al-nazari wal-'amali lil-harakat al-islamiyya tujah mawdu' al-'umala' (Jerusalem, 1993), pp.13, 18.
107. Ha'aretz, 9, 10 Aug. 1992. Salih 'Abd al-Jawad, al-mawqif al-nazari wal-'amali lil-harakat al-islamiyya tujah mawdu' al-'umala' (Jerusalem, 1993), pp.13, 18.
108. Handbills Nos. 12, 18, and 22; Sawt al-Aqsa, 15 March 1989.
109. See Ghasan Da'war, 'Imad 'Aql: Usturat al-jihad wal-muqawama (London: Filastin al-Muslima, 1994.)
110. During the years 1994-96 Hamas activists carried out several suicide attacks which led to death of 107 Israeli citizens and the injury of dozens of others, see Meir Litvak and Elie Rekhess, 'Palestinian Affairs', Middle East Contemporary Survey 1994 (Boulder, CO, 1996), pp. 146-9, and 1995 (forthcoming).
111. Ibrahim al-'Ali, 'Learning from the Correct Tradition', parts 1-3, FM, Oct.-Dec. 1995.
112. 'A Joint declaration of Palestinian Rejectionist Movement', FM, Nov. 1991; al-Wasat, 27 Sept. 1993; FM, Oct., Nov. 1993.
113. 'A Joint declaration of Palestinian Rejectionist Movement', FM, Nov. 1991; al-Wasat, 27 Sept. 1993; FM, Oct., Nov. 1993.
114. 'A Joint declaration of Palestinian Rejectionist Movement', FM, Nov. 1991; al-Wasat, 27 Sept. 1993; FM, Oct., Nov. 1993.
115. For details of this process, see Elie Rekhess and Meir Litvak, 'Palestinian Affairs', MECS 1995 (Boulder, CO, forthcoming).
116. Ha'aretz, 12 Nov., 24 Dec., 31 Dec. 1993; FM, Jan. 1994.
117. Ha'aretz, 12 Nov., 24 Dec., 31 Dec. 1993; FM, Jan. 1994.
118. Al-Hayat, 7 April; Reuters, 21 April - USIS, 21 April; Jordan Times, 23 April 1994.
119. Al-Hayat, 7 April; Reuters, 21 April - USIS, 21 April; Jordan Times, 23 April 1994.
120. Al-Wasat, 1 Nov. 1993; Yasin to FM, March 1995.
121. Al-Wasat, 1 Nov. 1993; Yasin to FM, March 1995.
122. Ehud Ya'ari, Ma'ariv weekly supplement, 1 March 1996.
123. Alain Gresh, The PLO: The Struggle Within Towards an Independent Palestinian State (London, 1983), pp.133ff.