Toxicologic and epidemiologic clues from the characterization of the 1952 London smog fine particulate matter in archival autopsy lung tissues

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 111, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1209-1214

  Hunt, Andrew ^a   Abraham, Jerrold L ^a   Judson, Bret ^a   Berry, Colin L ^b  

^a State University of New York Upstate Medical University: College of Medicine   (United States)

^b ROYAL LONDON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

1952 London smog; Autopsy; Lung pathology; Metals; Mortality; Particulate matter; Scanning electron microscopy

Indexed keywords

ACID; LEAD; METAL; TIN; ZINC;

AIRBORNE PARTICLE; AIRWAY; AMBIENT AIR; AUTOPSY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DISASTER; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; INFORMATION CENTER; LUNG INTERSTITIUM; LYMPH NODE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NORTH AMERICA; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOG; TISSUE PRESERVATION; TOXICOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 0041696944     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6114     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Abraham JL, Burnett BR. 1983. Quantitative analysis of inorganic particulate burden in situ in tissue sections. Scan Electron Microsc 2:681-696.
2. Adamson IY, Prieditis H, Hedgecock C, Vincent R. 2000. Zinc is the toxic factor in the lung response to an atmospheric particulate sample. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol 166:111-119.
3. American Trucking Associations Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1999.175 F.3d 1027, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Washington, DC.
4. Beaver H. 1953. Interim Report (on London air pollution incident). Committee on Air Pollution: Cmd 9011. London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
5. Bell M, Davis DL 20O1. Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952: novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 109:389-394.
6. Bradley WH, Logan WPD, Martin AE. 1958. The London Fog of December 2nd-5th, 1957. London:Office of the Ministry of Health, 156-166.
7. Brimblecombe P. 1988. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London since Medieval Times.London:Routledge.
8. Brown W. 1994. Deaths linked to London smog. New Sci 1931:12-13.
9. Costa DL, Dreher KL 1997. Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models. Environ Health Perspect 105(suppl 5):1053-1060.
10. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, et al. 1993. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 329:1753-1759.
11. Dreher KL, Jaskot RH, Lehman JR, Richards JH, McGee JK, Ghio AJ, et al. 1997. Soluble transition metals mediate residual oil fly ash induced acute lung injury. J Toxicol Environ Health 50:285-305.
12. Forgusson JE, Ryan DE. 1984. The elemental composition of street dust from large and small urban areas related to city type, source and particle size. Sci Total Environ 34:101-116.
13. Firket J. 1936. Fog along the Meuse Valley. Trans Faraday Soc 32:1192-1197.
14. Gardener SY, Lehmann JR, Costa DL. 2000. Oil fly ash-induced elevation of plasma fibrinogen levels in rats. Toxicol Sci 56:175-180.
15. Ghio AJ, Devlin RB. 2001. Inflammtory lung injury after bronchial instillation of air pollution particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:704-708.
16. Ghio AJ, Gilbey JG, Roggli VL, Richards JH, McGee JK, Carson JL, et al. 2001. Diffuse alveolar damage after exposure to an oil fly ash, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1514-1518.
17. Godleski JJ, Clarke RW, Coull BA, Saldiva PHN, Jiang N-F, Lawrence J, et al. 2002. Composition of inhaled urban air particles determines acute pulmonary responses. Ann Occup Hyg 46(suppl 1):419-424.
18. Godleski JJ, Verrier,RL, Koutrakis P, Caralano P, Coull B, Reinisch U, et al 2000. Mechanisms of morbidity and mortality from exposure to ambient air particles. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 91:5-103.
19. Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, Lovett E, Larson A, Nearing B, et al, 2000, Ambient pollution and heart rate variability Circulation 101:1267-1273.
20. Helfand WH, Lazarus J, Theerman P. 2001. Donora, Pennsylvania an environmental disaster of the 20th century: Am J Public Health 91:553-554.
21. King T, King J. 2002 London's Last Tram Week. Available: http://transporthistory.tripod.com/trolley/ltw.html [accessed 11 November 2002).
22. Kodavanti UP, Schladweiler MC, Ledbetter AD, Hauser R, Christian DC, McGee J, et al. 2002. Temporal association between pulmonary and systemic effects of particulate matter in healthy and cardiovascular compromised rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65:1545-1569.
23. Kodavanti UP, Schladweiler MC, Ledbetter AD, Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Winsett DW, et al. 2000. The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of human cardiovascular disease: evidence of exacerbated cardiopulmonary injury and oxidative stress from inhaled emission particulate matter Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 164:250-263.
24. Krewski D, Burnett RT, Goldberg MS, Hoover K, Siemiatycki J, Jerret M, et al. 2000. Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. A Special Report of the Institute's Particle Epidemiology Reanalysis Project Boston, MA:Health Effects Institute.
25. Liao, D. Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, Zweidinger R. 1999, Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environ Health Perspect 107:521-525.
26. Logan WPD 1949. Fog and mortality. Lancet 256:78.
27. Logan WPD 1953. Mortality in The London fog incident, 1952. Lancet 264:336-338.
28. Logan WPD 1956. Mortality from fog in London, January 1956. Br Med J 1:772-725.
29. Martin, AE. 1961. Epidemiological studies of atmosphere pollution: a review of British methodology. Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 20:2-49.
30. Muggenburg BA, Tilley L, Green FH. 2000. Animal models of cardiac disease: potential usefulness for studying health effects of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 12:901-925.
31. Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Nemmar A. 2001. The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution disaster. Lancet 357:704-708.
32. Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. 2002. Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation 103:2810-2810-2815.
33. Peters A, Doring A, Wichmann HE, Koening W. 1997. Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality? Lancet 349:1582-1587.
34. Peters A, Frohlich M, Doring A, Immervoll T, Wichtman HE, Hutchinson WL, et al. 2001. Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men: results from the MONICA-Augsburg study. Eur Heart J 22:1198-1204.
35. Peters A, Perz S, Doring A, Steibear J. Koeing W, Wichmann HE. 1999, Increases in heart rate during an air pollution episode. Am J Epidemiol 150:1094-1098.
36. Pope CA, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Spiezer F, et al. 1995. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:669-674.
37. Pope CA, Verrier RL, Lovett EG. Larson AC, Raizenne ME, Kanner RE, et al. 1999. Heart rate variability associated with particulate air pollution. Am Heart J 138:890-899.
38. Prescott GJ, Lee RJ, Cohen GR, Elton RA, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, et al. 2000. Investigation of factors which might indicate susceptibility to particulate air pollution. Occup Environ Med 57:53-57.
39. Samet J, Zeger S, Kelsall J, Xu J, Kalkstein L. 1998. Does weather confound or modify the association of particulate air pollution with mortality? An analysis of the Philadelphia data, 1973-1980. Environ Res 77: 9-19.
40. Samet JM. 2002. Air pollution and epidemiology "déjà vu all over again?" Epidemiology 13:118-119.
41. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, Coursac I. Zegler SL. 2000a Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1987-1994, N Engl J Med 343:1742-1749.
42. Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici F, Curriero F, Coursac I, Dockery DW, et al. 2000b. The national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Part II Morbidity and mortality from air pollution in the United States Res Rep Health Effects Inst 94:5-79.
43. Schrenk HH, Heimann H, Clayton GD, Gafater WM, Wexler H, 1949. Air pollution in Donora PA, epidemiology of the unusual smog episode of October 1948. Pub lHealth Bull 306 Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.
44. Schwartz J. 2000. Harvesting and long term exposure effects in the relation between air pollution and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 151:440-448.
45. Schwartz J. 2001. Air pollution and blood markers of cardiovascular risk. Environ Health Perspect 109:405-409.
46. Schwartz J, Zanobetti A. 2000. Using meta smoothing to estimate dose-response trends across multiple studies, with application to air pollution and daily death. Epidemiology 11:666-672.
47. Scott JA. 1963. The London fog of December 1962. Med Off 109:250-252.
48. Seaton A, Soutat A, Crawford V, Elton R, McNerlan S, Cherrie J, et al. 1999. Particulate air pollution and the blood. Thorax 54:1027-1032.
49. Tsuchiyama F, Hisanaga N, Shibata E, Aoki T, Takagi H, Ando T, et al. 1997. Pulmonary meta distribution in urban dwellers Int Arch Occup Health 70:77-84.
50. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997, National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Final Rule, 40 CRF part 50. Fed Reg 62(138):58651-38701.
51. Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Nolan JP, Costa DL. 2001, Cardiovascular and systemic responses to inhaled pollutants in rodents: effects of ozone and particulate matter. Environ Health Perspect 109:539-546.
52. Wilson R. 1996. Introduction. In: Particles in Our Air, Concentrations and Health Effects (Wilson R, Spengler J, eds). Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1-14.