메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 241-248

Pathological mechanisms of acne with special emphasis on Propionibacterium acnes and related therapy

Author keywords

Acne therapy; Acne vulgaris; Mitogen; Propionibacterium acnes

Indexed keywords

ADAPALENE; ANTIGEN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; CYTOKINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ESTRADIOL; HYDROCORTISONE; ISOTRETINOIN; LINOLEIC ACID; LITHIUM; MINOCYCLINE; MITOGENIC AGENT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PHENYTOIN; PRASTERONE SULFATE; PROLACTIN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; RETINOL DERIVATIVE; ROXITHROMYCIN; SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN; SPIRONOLACTONE; TAZAROTENE; TESTOSTERONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN B GROUP;

EID: 0041669322     PISSN: 00015555     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00015550310016463     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (100)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 0031744307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis
    • Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 846-850.
    • (1998) Br J Dermatol , vol.139 , pp. 846-850
    • Gupta, M.A.1    Gupta, A.K.2
  • 2
    • 0003033151 scopus 로고
    • Natural history of acne
    • Cunliffe WJ, ed. London: Martin Dunitz
    • Cunliffe WJ. Natural history of acne. In: Cunliffe WJ, ed. Acne. London: Martin Dunitz, 1989: 2-10.
    • (1989) Acne , pp. 2-10
    • Cunliffe, W.J.1
  • 4
    • 0020676358 scopus 로고
    • Sustainable rates of sebum secretion in acne patients and matched normal control subjects
    • Harris HH, Downing DT, Stewart ME, Strauss JS. Sustainable rates of sebum secretion in acne patients and matched normal control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8: 200-203.
    • (1983) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.8 , pp. 200-203
    • Harris, H.H.1    Downing, D.T.2    Stewart, M.E.3    Strauss, J.S.4
  • 6
    • 0026638178 scopus 로고
    • Localisation of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: Implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
    • Choudhry R, Hodgins MB, Van der Kwast TH, Brinkmann AO, Boersma WJ. Localisation of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J Endocrinol 1992; 133: 467-475.
    • (1992) J Endocrinol , vol.133 , pp. 467-475
    • Choudhry, R.1    Hodgins, M.B.2    Van Der Kwast, T.H.3    Brinkmann, A.O.4    Boersma, W.J.5
  • 8
    • 0028152349 scopus 로고
    • Characterization, expression, and immunohistochemical localization of 5-α-reductase in human skin
    • Luu-The V, Sugimoto Y, Puy L, Labrie Y, Lopez-Solache I, Singh M, et al. Characterization, expression, and immunohistochemical localization of 5-α-reductase in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 221-226.
    • (1994) J Invest Dermatol , vol.102 , pp. 221-226
    • Luu-The, V.1    Sugimoto, Y.2    Puy, L.3    Labrie, Y.4    Lopez-Solache, I.5    Singh, M.6
  • 9
    • 0029101544 scopus 로고
    • Activity of the type I 5 α-reductase exhibits regional differences in isolated sebaceous glands and whole skin
    • Thíboutot D, Harris G, Iles V, Címis G, Gílliland K, Hagari S. Activity of the type I 5 α-reductase exhibits regional differences in isolated sebaceous glands and whole skin. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105: 209-214.
    • (1995) J Invest Dermatol , vol.105 , pp. 209-214
    • Thíboutot, D.1    Harris, G.2    Iles, V.3    Címis, G.4    Gílliland, K.5    Hagari, S.6
  • 10
    • 0029852637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 5 α-reductase system and its inhibitors: Recent development and its perspective in treating androgen-dependent skin disorders
    • Chen WC, Zouboulis ChC, Orfanos CE. The 5 α-reductase system and its inhibitors: recent development and its perspective in treating androgen-dependent skin disorders. Dermatology 1996; 193: 177-184.
    • (1996) Dermatology , vol.193 , pp. 177-184
    • Chen, W.C.1    Zouboulis, Ch.C.2    Orfanos, C.E.3
  • 12
    • 0017669658 scopus 로고
    • The inability of bacterial lipase inhibitor to control acne vulgaris
    • Weeks JG, McCarty L, Black T, Fulton JE. The inability of bacterial lipase inhibitor to control acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1977; 69: 236-243.
    • (1977) J Invest Dermatol , vol.69 , pp. 236-243
    • Weeks, J.G.1    McCarty, L.2    Black, T.3    Fulton, J.E.4
  • 14
    • 0041619991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on sebaceous gland physiology: Induction of inflammation and its clinical implications
    • Zouboulis C. Update on sebaceous gland physiology: induction of inflammation and its clinical implications. JEADV 2001; 15 Suppl. 2: 102.
    • (2001) JEADV , vol.15 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 102
    • Zouboulis, C.1
  • 15
    • 0031930382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling in acne
    • Guy R, Kealey T. Modelling in acne. Dermatology 1998; 196: 32-37.
    • (1998) Dermatology , vol.196 , pp. 32-37
    • Guy, R.1    Kealey, T.2
  • 16
    • 0026580631 scopus 로고
    • Pro-inflammatory levels of interleukin-1α-like bioactivity are present in the majority of open comedones in acne vulgaris
    • Ingham E, Eady EA, Goodwin CE, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ. Pro-inflammatory levels of interleukin-1α-like bioactivity are present in the majority of open comedones in acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98: 895-901.
    • (1992) J Invest Dermatol , vol.98 , pp. 895-901
    • Ingham, E.1    Eady, E.A.2    Goodwin, C.E.3    Cove, J.H.4    Cunliffe, W.J.5
  • 17
    • 0029080511 scopus 로고
    • A role for interleukin-1 in epidermal differentiation: Regulation by expression of functional versus decoy receptors
    • Eller MS, Yaar M, Ostrom K, Harkness DD, Gilchrest BA. A role for interleukin-1 in epidermal differentiation: regulation by expression of functional versus decoy receptors. J Cell Sci 1995; 108: 2741.
    • (1995) J Cell Sci , vol.108 , pp. 2741
    • Eller, M.S.1    Yaar, M.2    Ostrom, K.3    Harkness, D.D.4    Gilchrest, B.A.5
  • 18
    • 0031905662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The possible role of reactive oxygen species generated by neutrophils in mediating acne inflammation
    • Akamatsu H, Horio T. The possible role of reactive oxygen species generated by neutrophils in mediating acne inflammation. Dermatology 1998; 196: 82-85.
    • (1998) Dermatology , vol.196 , pp. 82-85
    • Akamatsu, H.1    Horio, T.2
  • 19
    • 0016208801 scopus 로고
    • Corynebacterium acnes and other anaerobic diphtheroids from human skin
    • Marples RR, McGinley KJ. Corynebacterium acnes and other anaerobic diphtheroids from human skin. J Med Microbiol 1974; 7: 349-357.
    • (1974) J Med Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 349-357
    • Marples, R.R.1    McGinley, K.J.2
  • 20
    • 0041619990 scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of acne
    • Cunliffe WJ, ed. London: Martin Dunitz
    • Holland KT. Microbiology of acne. In: Cunliffe WJ, ed. Acne. London: Martin Dunitz, 1989: 178-210.
    • (1989) Acne , pp. 178-210
    • Holland, K.T.1
  • 21
  • 22
    • 0018948018 scopus 로고
    • Regional variations in the density of cutaneous propionibacteria: Correlation of Propionibacterium acnes populations with sebaceous secretions
    • McGinley KJ. Regional variations in the density of cutaneous propionibacteria: correlation of Propionibacterium acnes populations with sebaceous secretions. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 12: 672-675.
    • (1980) J Clin Microbiol , vol.12 , pp. 672-675
    • McGinley, K.J.1
  • 23
    • 0028102293 scopus 로고
    • Propionibacterium acnes - Friend or foe
    • Eady EA, Ingham E. Propionibacterium acnes- friend or foe. Rev Med Microbiol 1994; 5: 163-173.
    • (1994) Rev Med Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 163-173
    • Eady, E.A.1    Ingham, E.2
  • 24
    • 0021847048 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to killing and degradation by human neutrophils and monocytes in vitro
    • Webster GF, Leyden JJ, Musson RA, Douglas SD. Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to killing and degradation by human neutrophils and monocytes in vitro. Infect Immun 1985; 49: 116-121.
    • (1985) Infect Immun , vol.49 , pp. 116-121
    • Webster, G.F.1    Leyden, J.J.2    Musson, R.A.3    Douglas, S.D.4
  • 25
    • 0039810987 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenic role of Corynebacterium acnes in acne vulgaris
    • Kirschbaum JD, Kligman AM. The pathogenic role of Corynebacterium acnes in acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 1963; 88: 832-833.
    • (1963) Arch Dermatol , vol.88 , pp. 832-833
    • Kirschbaum, J.D.1    Kligman, A.M.2
  • 26
    • 0024402152 scopus 로고
    • Erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria in antibiotic-treated acne patients. Association with therapeutic failure
    • Eady EA, Cove JH, Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ. Erythromycin-resistant propionibacteria in antibiotic-treated acne patients. Association with therapeutic failure. Br J Dermatol 1989; 121: 51-57.
    • (1989) Br J Dermatol , vol.121 , pp. 51-57
    • Eady, E.A.1    Cove, J.H.2    Holland, K.T.3    Cunliffe, W.J.4
  • 27
    • 0027164605 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Propionibacterium acnes polypeptides which have stimulated an immune response in acne patients but not in normal individuals
    • Holland KT, Holland DB, Cunliffe WJ, Cutcliffe AG. Detection of Propionibacterium acnes polypeptides which have stimulated an immune response in acne patients but not in normal individuals. Exp Dermatol 1993; 2: 12-16.
    • (1993) Exp Dermatol , vol.2 , pp. 12-16
    • Holland, K.T.1    Holland, D.B.2    Cunliffe, W.J.3    Cutcliffe, A.G.4
  • 28
    • 0030926287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgG subclasses specific to Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes in patients with acne vulgaris
    • Ashbee HR, Muir SR, Cunliffe WJ, Ingham E. IgG subclasses specific to Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes in patients with acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 730-733.
    • (1997) Br J Dermatol , vol.136 , pp. 730-733
    • Ashbee, H.R.1    Muir, S.R.2    Cunliffe, W.J.3    Ingham, E.4
  • 29
    • 0031659947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical investigation of evolving inflammation in lesions of acne vulgaris
    • Layton AM, Morris C, Cunliffe WJ, Ingham E. Immunohistochemical investigation of evolving inflammation in lesions of acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 1998; 7: 191-197.
    • (1998) Exp Dermatol , vol.7 , pp. 191-197
    • Layton, A.M.1    Morris, C.2    Cunliffe, W.J.3    Ingham, E.4
  • 30
    • 0036204916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propionibacterium acnes and inflammation in acne. P. acnes has T-cell-mitogenic activity
    • Jappe U, Ingham E, Henwood J, Holland KT. Propionibacterium acnes and inflammation in acne. P. acnes has T-cell-mitogenic activity. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 202-209.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.146 , pp. 202-209
    • Jappe, U.1    Ingham, E.2    Henwood, J.3    Holland, K.T.4
  • 31
    • 0017284388 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistant acne
    • Leyden JJ. Antibiotic resistant acne. Curtis 1976; 17: 593-596.
    • (1976) Curtis , vol.17 , pp. 593-596
    • Leyden, J.J.1
  • 32
    • 0018608175 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory induction and clinical occurrence of combined clindamycin and erythromycin resistance in Corynebacterium acnes
    • Crawford WW, Crawford IP, Stoughton RB, Cornell RC. Laboratory induction and clinical occurrence of combined clindamycin and erythromycin resistance in Corynebacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol 1979; 72: 187-190.
    • (1979) J Invest Dermatol , vol.72 , pp. 187-190
    • Crawford, W.W.1    Crawford, I.P.2    Stoughton, R.B.3    Cornell, R.C.4
  • 33
    • 0041619988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antibiotic resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients from six European countries
    • Ross JI, Carnegie E, Snelling AM, Coates P, Cove JH, Eady EA, et al. Prevalence of antibiotic resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients from six European countries. JEADV 2001; 15 Suppl. 2: 135.
    • (2001) JEADV , vol.15 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 135
    • Ross, J.I.1    Carnegie, E.2    Snelling, A.M.3    Coates, P.4    Cove, J.H.5    Eady, E.A.6
  • 34
    • 0028784843 scopus 로고
    • Propionibacterium acnes resistance and its clinical relevance
    • Cunliffe WJ. Propionibacterium acnes resistance and its clinical relevance. J Dermatol Treatment 1995; 6 Suppl. 1: S3-S4.
    • (1995) J Dermatol Treatment , vol.6 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Cunliffe, W.J.1
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0036111628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients: 10-Year surveillance data and snapshot distribution study
    • Coates P, Vyakrnam S, Eady EA, Jones CE, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant propionibacteria on the skin of acne patients: 10-year surveillance data and snapshot distribution study. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 840-848.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.146 , pp. 840-848
    • Coates, P.1    Vyakrnam, S.2    Eady, E.A.3    Jones, C.E.4    Cove, J.H.5    Cunliffe, W.J.6
  • 37
    • 0033937295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bacteriology of acne vulgaris and antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from acne lesions
    • Nishijima S, Kurokawa I, Katoh N, Watanabe K. The bacteriology of acne vulgaris and antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from acne lesions. J Dermatol 2000; 27: 318-323.
    • (2000) J Dermatol , vol.27 , pp. 318-323
    • Nishijima, S.1    Kurokawa, I.2    Katoh, N.3    Watanabe, K.4
  • 38
    • 0018857527 scopus 로고
    • Identity and interspecific transfer of gentamicin-resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
    • Jaffe HW, Sweeney HM, Nathan C, Weinstein RA, Kabins SA, Cohen S. Identity and interspecific transfer of gentamicin-resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 1980; 141: 738-747.
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.141 , pp. 738-747
    • Jaffe, H.W.1    Sweeney, H.M.2    Nathan, C.3    Weinstein, R.A.4    Kabins, S.A.5    Cohen, S.6
  • 39
    • 0036633297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial resistance and therapeutic outcome following three month of topical acne therapy with 2% erythromycin gel versus its vehicle
    • Mills O, Thornsberry C, Cardin CW, Smiles KA, Leyden JJ. Bacterial resistance and therapeutic outcome following three month of topical acne therapy with 2% erythromycin gel versus its vehicle. Acta Derm Venereol 2002; 82: 260-265.
    • (2002) Acta Derm Venereol , vol.82 , pp. 260-265
    • Mills, O.1    Thornsberry, C.2    Cardin, C.W.3    Smiles, K.A.4    Leyden, J.J.5
  • 40
    • 0029830231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential antibiotic therapy for acne promotes the carriage of resistant staphylococci on the skin of contacts
    • Miller YW, Eady EA, Lacey RW, Cove JH, Joanes DN, Cunliffe WJ. Sequential antibiotic therapy for acne promotes the carriage of resistant staphylococci on the skin of contacts. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38: 829-837.
    • (1996) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 829-837
    • Miller, Y.W.1    Eady, E.A.2    Lacey, R.W.3    Cove, J.H.4    Joanes, D.N.5    Cunliffe, W.J.6
  • 41
    • 17744366565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients attending dermatology clinics in Europe, the USA, Japan and Australia
    • Ross JI, Snelling AM, Eady EA, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ, Leyden JJ, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients attending dermatology clinics in Europe, the USA, Japan and Australia. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 339-346.
    • (2001) Br J Dermatol , vol.144 , pp. 339-346
    • Ross, J.I.1    Snelling, A.M.2    Eady, E.A.3    Cove, J.H.4    Cunliffe, W.J.5    Leyden, J.J.6
  • 42
    • 0036156425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of transposons Tn5432-mediated macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance in cutaneous propionibacteria from six European cities
    • Ross JI, Eady EA, Carnegie E, Cove JH. Detection of transposons Tn5432-mediated macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance in cutaneous propionibacteria from six European cities. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49: 165-170.
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 165-170
    • Ross, J.I.1    Eady, E.A.2    Carnegie, E.3    Cove, J.H.4
  • 43
    • 0034818264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of acne in the general population: The risk of smoking
    • Schaefer T, Nienhaus A, Vieluf D, Berger J, Ring J. Epidemiology of acne in the general population: the risk of smoking. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145: 100-104.
    • (2001) Br J Dermatol , vol.145 , pp. 100-104
    • Schaefer, T.1    Nienhaus, A.2    Vieluf, D.3    Berger, J.4    Ring, J.5
  • 45
    • 0036939944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines "Acne and acne variants"
    • Gollnick HPM. Guidelines "Acne and acne variants". Hautarzt 2002; 53: 322-327.
    • (2002) Hautarzt , vol.53 , pp. 322-327
    • Gollnick, H.P.M.1
  • 46
    • 0033870445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13-cis retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoic acid receptors
    • Tsukada M, Schröder M, Roos TC, Chandraratna RAS, Reichert U, Merk HF, et al. 13-cis retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoic acid receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 321-327.
    • (2000) J Invest Dermatol , vol.115 , pp. 321-327
    • Tsukada, M.1    Schröder, M.2    Roos, T.C.3    Chandraratna, R.A.S.4    Reichert, U.5    Merk, H.F.6
  • 48
    • 0031817485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of topical adapalene
    • Shroot B. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of topical adapalene. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: S17-S24.
    • (1998) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.39
    • Shroot, B.1
  • 49
    • 0034758740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicide, depression, and isotretinoin: Is there a causal link?
    • Jacobs DG, Deutsch NL, Brewer M. Suicide, depression, and isotretinoin: is there a causal link? J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45 Suppl. 1: 68-75.
    • (2001) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.45 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 68-75
    • Jacobs, D.G.1    Deutsch, N.L.2    Brewer, M.3
  • 50
    • 0037303674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between depression and isotretinoin use in acne
    • Ng CH, Schweitzer I. The association between depression and isotretinoin use in acne. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2003; 37: 78-84.
    • (2003) Aust NZ J Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 78-84
    • Ng, C.H.1    Schweitzer, I.2
  • 51
    • 17844374318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of a new micronized formulation of isotretinoin in patients with severe recalcitrant nodular acne: A randomized trial comparing micronized isotretinoin with standard isotretinoin
    • Strauss JS, Leyden JJ, Lucky AW, Lookingbill DP, Drake LA, Hanifin JM, et al. Safety of a new micronized formulation of isotretinoin in patients with severe recalcitrant nodular acne: a randomized trial comparing micronized isotretinoin with standard isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: 196-207.
    • (2001) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.45 , pp. 196-207
    • Strauss, J.S.1    Leyden, J.J.2    Lucky, A.W.3    Lookingbill, D.P.4    Drake, L.A.5    Hanifin, J.M.6
  • 52
    • 0035670042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The integral role of topical and oral retinoids in the early treatment of acne
    • Shalita A. The integral role of topical and oral retinoids in the early treatment of acne. JEADV 2001; 15 Suppl. 3: 43-49.
    • (2001) JEADV , vol.15 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 43-49
    • Shalita, A.1
  • 53
    • 0016786979 scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effects of antimicrobial agents: An in-vivo study
    • Plewig G, Schöpf E. Anti-inflammatory effects of antimicrobial agents: an in-vivo study. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 65: 532-536.
    • (1975) J Invest Dermatol , vol.65 , pp. 532-536
    • Plewig, G.1    Schöpf, E.2
  • 54
    • 0018084723 scopus 로고
    • The effect of antimicrobial agents on leukocyte chemotaxis
    • Esterly NB, Furey NL, Flanagan LE. The effect of antimicrobial agents on leukocyte chemotaxis. J Invest Dermatol 1978; 70: 51-55.
    • (1978) J Invest Dermatol , vol.70 , pp. 51-55
    • Esterly, N.B.1    Furey, N.L.2    Flanagan, L.E.3
  • 55
    • 0016175820 scopus 로고
    • Topical antibacterial therapy for acne. Study of the family of erythromycins
    • Fulton JE, Pablo G. Topical antibacterial therapy for acne. Study of the family of erythromycins. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110: 83-86.
    • (1974) Arch Dermatol , vol.110 , pp. 83-86
    • Fulton, J.E.1    Pablo, G.2
  • 56
    • 0019426877 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of lipase production in Propionibacterium acnes by sub-minimal-inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and erythromycin
    • Webster GF, McGinley KJ, Leyden JJ. Inhibition of lipase production in Propionibacterium acnes by sub-minimal-inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and erythromycin. Br J Dermatol 1981; 104: 453-457.
    • (1981) Br J Dermatol , vol.104 , pp. 453-457
    • Webster, G.F.1    McGinley, K.J.2    Leyden, J.J.3
  • 57
    • 0035256902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of antibiotic resistance in Propionibacterium acnes
    • Leyden J, Levy S. The development of antibiotic resistance in Propionibacterium acnes. Cutis 2001; 67: 21-24.
    • (2001) Cutis , vol.67 , pp. 21-24
    • Leyden, J.1    Levy, S.2
  • 58
    • 0027303214 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial effects of azelaic acid
    • Holland KT, Bojar RA. Antimicrobial effects of azelaic acid. J Dermatol Treat 1993; 4 Suppl. 1: S8-11.
    • (1993) J Dermatol Treat , vol.4 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Holland, K.T.1    Bojar, R.A.2
  • 60
    • 0035259817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic studies with a new combination benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin topical gel in acne vulgaris
    • Ellis CN, Leyden J, Katz HI, Goldfarb MT, Hickman J, Jones TM et al. Therapeutic studies with a new combination benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin topical gel in acne vulgaris. Cutis 2001; 67 Suppl. 2: 13-20.
    • (2001) Cutis , vol.67 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 13-20
    • Ellis, C.N.1    Leyden, J.2    Katz, H.I.3    Goldfarb, M.T.4    Hickman, J.5    Jones, T.M.6
  • 61
    • 0007680362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined topical treatment of acne with erythromycin and tretinoin
    • Pfannschmidt N, Bauer R, Kreysel HW. Combined topical treatment of acne with erythromycin and tretinoin. Z Hautkr 1998; 63: 366-368.
    • (1998) Z Hautkr , vol.63 , pp. 366-368
    • Pfannschmidt, N.1    Bauer, R.2    Kreysel, H.W.3
  • 62
    • 0030876161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical treatment for acne vulgaris
    • Leyden JJ. Topical treatment for acne vulgaris. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1156-1162.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1156-1162
    • Leyden, J.J.1
  • 63
    • 0035673330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current issues in antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of acne
    • Leyden JJ. Current issues in antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of acne. JEADV 2001; 15 Suppl. 3: 51-55.
    • (2001) JEADV , vol.15 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 51-55
    • Leyden, J.J.1
  • 64
    • 0031980842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the efficacy and safety of lymecycline and minocycline in patients with moderately severe acne vulgaris
    • Grosshans E, Belaich S, Meynadier J, Alirezai M, Thomas L. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of lymecycline and minocycline in patients with moderately severe acne vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol 1998; 8: 161-168.
    • (1998) Eur J Dermatol , vol.8 , pp. 161-168
    • Grosshans, E.1    Belaich, S.2    Meynadier, J.3    Alirezai, M.4    Thomas, L.5
  • 66
    • 0036208516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of skin conditions other than non-melanoma skin cancer
    • Ibbotson SH. Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of skin conditions other than non-melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 178-188.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.146 , pp. 178-188
    • Ibbotson, S.H.1
  • 67
    • 0016857381 scopus 로고
    • Oral antigen treatment (oral vaccination) in acne diseases
    • Niedre W. Oral antigen treatment (oral vaccination) in acne diseases. Z Allgemeinmed 1975; 20: 227-228.
    • (1975) Z Allgemeinmed , vol.20 , pp. 227-228
    • Niedre, W.1
  • 68
    • 0031905659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial resistance in acne
    • Eady EA. Bacterial resistance in acne. Dermatology 1998; 196: 59-66.
    • (1998) Dermatology , vol.196 , pp. 59-66
    • Eady, E.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.