'Covering' Latin America: The exclusive discourse of The Summit of the Americas (as viewed through the New York Times)

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 537-556

  Vanderbush, Walter ^a   Klak, Thomas ^a  

^a MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041480329     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599615506     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. John Johnson, Latin America in Caricature, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980; and George Black, The Good Neighbor, New York: Pantheon, 1988.
2. John Johnson, Latin America in Caricature, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980; and George Black, The Good Neighbor, New York: Pantheon, 1988.
3. Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1985; Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues,Boston, MA: South End Press, 1993; and Edward Herman & Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Politics of the Mass Media, New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
4. Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1985; Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues,Boston, MA: South End Press, 1993; and Edward Herman & Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Politics of the Mass Media, New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
5. Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1985; Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues,Boston, MA: South End Press, 1993; and Edward Herman & Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Politics of the Mass Media, New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
6. Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti, Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1944.
7. Simon Dalby, 'Reading Rio, writing the world: the media, UNCED and the new world order', paper presented at the Association of American Geographers' annual meeting, 29 March-2 April 1994, San Francisco.
8. David Croteau & William Hoynes, By Invitation Only: How the Media Limit Political Debate, Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994.
9. B Hawk, Africa's Media Image, New York: Praeger, 1992, p 6.
10. Dalby, 1994, p 11.
11. Mark Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote, New York: Vintage Books, 1994; and Garth Myers, Thomas Klak & Timothy Koehl, 'The inscription of difference: news coverage of the conflicts in Rwanda and Bosnia', Political Geography, 15(1), 1996, pp 21-46.
12. Mark Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote, New York: Vintage Books, 1994; and Garth Myers, Thomas Klak & Timothy Koehl, 'The inscription of difference: news coverage of the conflicts in Rwanda and Bosnia', Political Geography, 15(1), 1996, pp 21-46.
13. New York Times, 12 December, A8; and Edward Herman, 'Mexican meltdown: NAFTA and the propaganda system', Z Magazine, 8(9), 1995, p 38.
14. New York Times, 12 December, A8; and Edward Herman, 'Mexican meltdown: NAFTA and the propaganda system', Z Magazine, 8(9), 1995, p 38.
15. Ralph Nader, 'Introduction: free trade and the decline of democracy', in Nader et al, The Case Against Free Trade: GATT, NAFTA and the Globalization of Corporate Power, San Francisco: Earth Island Press, 1993, p 5.
16. Lori Wallach, 'Hidden dangers of GATT and NAFTA', in Nader et al, The Case Against Free Trade, p 23.
17. John Williamson (ed), Latin American Adjustment: How much has happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990; and John Williamson, 'Democracy and the "Washington consensus"', World Development, 21(8), 1993 pp 1329-1336.
18. John Williamson (ed), Latin American Adjustment: How much has happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990; and John Williamson, 'Democracy and the "Washington consensus"', World Development, 21(8), 1993 pp 1329-1336.
19. Croteau & Hoynes, By Invitation Only, p 37.
20. Janet Welsh Brown, 'Sustainable development and the Summit of the Americas', North-South: The Magazine of the Americas, September-October 1994, p 6.
21. Wolfgang Sachs (ed.), The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1992.
22. Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1994, p 196.
23. Ibid, p 197.
24. Vandana Shiva, 'Resources', in Sachs (ed) The Development Dictionary, 1992 pp 206-218; and Rich, Mortgaging the Earth.
25. Vandana Shiva, 'Resources', in Sachs (ed) The Development Dictionary, 1992 pp 206-218; and Rich, Mortgaging the Earth.
26. Brown, 'Sustainable development and the Summit of the Americas', p 6.
27. Ibid, p 7.
28. Sheila Croucher, Imagining Miami: Toward a Theory of Ethnicity in the Postmodern World, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1996.
29. In order of appearance, those sources are Ambler Moss, former ambassador to Panama; President Clinton; a secret service agent; the chairman of Dade County Commission; the organiser of the anti-Castro march; and the Lieutenant Governor of Florida.
30. Herman, 'Mexican Meltdown', p 38.
31. In the order in which their comments appear the sources are a senior administration official; an official involved in the talks; Richard Gephardt; an unnamed Cabinet member; and Lloyd Bentsen.
32. The attention-drawing efforts of the Cuban exiles in Panama appear to have helped them reach their goal of US asylum, which they, along with those held at Guantánamo, were granted in May 1995 (New York Times, 5 May 1995, A4).
33. New York Times, 8 May 1995 A1, A10.
34. Herman, 'Mexican Meltdown'.
35. Rich, Mortgaging the Earth, p 184.
36. World Bank, World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp 232-233; and World Bank, World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 200-201.
37. World Bank, World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp 232-233; and World Bank, World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 200-201.
38. Richard Barnet & John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994, esp p 372; and Doug Henwood, 'Whatever happened to Third World debt?', in Kevin Danaher (ed), Fifty Years is enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994, pp 39-43.
39. Richard Barnet & John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994, esp p 372; and Doug Henwood, 'Whatever happened to Third World debt?', in Kevin Danaher (ed), Fifty Years is enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994, pp 39-43.
40. Atul Kohli, 'Democracy amid economic orthodoxy: trends in developing countries', Third World Quarterly, 14(4), 1993, pp 671-689.
41. Latinamerica Press, 13 July 1995, p 7.
42. Thomas Klak, 'Havana and Kingston: mass media images and empirical observations of two Caribbean cities in crisis', Urban Geography, 15(4), 1994, pp 318-344.
43. Elisabeth Burgos-Debray (ed), I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala, New York: Verso, 1983; Chomsky, Year 501; and Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote.
44. Elisabeth Burgos-Debray (ed), I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala, New York: Verso, 1983; Chomsky, Year 501; and Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote.
45. Elisabeth Burgos-Debray (ed), I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala, New York: Verso, 1983; Chomsky, Year 501; and Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote.
46. Martin A Lee & Norman Solomon, Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in the News Media, Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1990; and Robert Entman, 'Framing US coverage of international news: contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents', Journal of Communication, 41(4), 1991, pp 6-27.
47. Martin A Lee & Norman Solomon, Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in the News Media, Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1990; and Robert Entman, 'Framing US coverage of international news: contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents', Journal of Communication, 41(4), 1991, pp 6-27.
48. Kathy Rakowski, Contrapunto: The Informal Sector Debate in Latin America, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994.
49. Emily Hatchwell & Simon Calder, Cuba in Focus, London: Latin America Bureau, 1995.
50. Sarah Anderson, John Cavanagh, David Ranney & Paul Schwalb, NAFTA'S First Year: Lessons for the Hemisphere, Washington DC: The Institute for Policy Studies, 1994.
51. Chomsky, Turning the Tide.
52. COHA, 'Invitation to Chile to join NAFTA raises questions', Washington Report on the Hemisphere, 14(24), 1994, p 3.
53. G. O Tuathail & J. Agnew, 'Geopolitics and discourse: practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy', Political Geography, 11(2), 1992, p 195.
54. COHA, 'Former faithful question free trade gospel', Washington Report on the Hemisphere, 14(20), 1994, p 3.
55. Nader et al, The Case Against Free Trade.
56. The Economist, 10 December 1994, p 23.
57. Ibid, p 24.
58. Wall Street Journal, 9 December 1994, A7.
59. Wall Street Journal, 12 December 1994, A3.
60. Stuart Surlin & Walter Soderlund, Mass Media and the Caribbean, New York: Gordon & Breach, 1990; and Klak, 'Havana and Kingston'.
61. Stuart Surlin & Walter Soderlund, Mass Media and the Caribbean, New York: Gordon & Breach, 1990; and Klak, 'Havana and Kingston'.
62. Williamson, Latin American Adjustment; and 'Democracy and the "Washington consensus"'.
63. Williamson, Latin American Adjustment; and 'Democracy and the "Washington consensus"'.
64. Jeremy Brecher & Tim Costello, Global Village: Economic Restructuring from the Bottom Up, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994; and NACLA, 'Introduction to hope: the left in local polities', NACLA Report on the Americas, 29(1), 1995.
65. Jeremy Brecher & Tim Costello, Global Village: Economic Restructuring from the Bottom Up, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994; and NACLA, 'Introduction to hope: the left in local polities', NACLA Report on the Americas, 29(1), 1995.
66. Danaher, Fifty Years is Enough; and Ian Robinson, 'Globalization and democracy', Dissent, Summer, 1995, pp 373-80.
67. Danaher, Fifty Years is Enough; and Ian Robinson, 'Globalization and democracy', Dissent, Summer, 1995, pp 373-80.
68. Nader et al, The Case Against Free Trade.
69. Silvana Paternestro, 'Mexico as a narco-democracy', World Policy Journal, Spring, 1995, p 47.
70. Quoted in Lee & Solomon, Unreliable Sources, p 257.
71. David Halberstam, 'Vietnam: why we missed the story', Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 22-28 May, 1995, pp 8-9.
72. Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote.
73. New York Times, 11 December 1994, A4.
74. See for example, Stephen Kinzer, 'News media in Belgrade mute their nationalism', New York Times, 8 July 1995, p 5.
75. Goran Therborn, The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology, New York: Verso, 1980; and Herman & Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent.
76. Goran Therborn, The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology, New York: Verso, 1980; and Herman & Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent.
77. William Blum, The CIA: A Forgotten History, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1986; Noam Chomsky, The Chomsky Reader, James Peck (ed), New York: Pantheon Books 1987; Chomsky, Year 501; and Walden Bello, Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
78. William Blum, The CIA: A Forgotten History, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1986; Noam Chomsky, The Chomsky Reader, James Peck (ed), New York: Pantheon Books 1987; Chomsky, Year 501; and Walden Bello, Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
79. William Blum, The CIA: A Forgotten History, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1986; Noam Chomsky, The Chomsky Reader, James Peck (ed), New York: Pantheon Books 1987; Chomsky, Year 501; and Walden Bello, Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
80. William Blum, The CIA: A Forgotten History, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1986; Noam Chomsky, The Chomsky Reader, James Peck (ed), New York: Pantheon Books 1987; Chomsky, Year 501; and Walden Bello, Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
81. Lilia Rubio, 'Gobierno y corresponsales extranjeros', La Jornada Semanal, 25 June 1995, p 4.
82. Vicky Randall, 'The media and democratisation in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, 14(3), 1993, pp 635-646.