Federalism and compounded representation: Key concepts and project overview

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-13

  Brzinski, Joanne Bay ^a   Lancaster, Thomas D ^a   Tuschhoff, Christian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041154175     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a030003     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Daniel J. Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1987).
2. See, for example, Michael Burgess, "Federalism and Federation: A Reappraisal," Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); David R. Beam, Timothy J. Conlan, and David B. Walker, "Federalism: The Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice," Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1983), pp. 247-279; Wolfgang Reichardt, "Föderalismus," Politische Theorien, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995), pp. 102-110; Bernd Reissert, "Föderalismus," Politikwissenscchatt Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München/Zürich: Piper Verlag, 1985), pp. 238-244; William H. Riker, "Federalism," Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 5, Governmental Institutions and Processes, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 93-172; William H. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Jens Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 9-24.
3. See, for example, Michael Burgess, "Federalism and Federation: A Reappraisal," Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); David R. Beam, Timothy J. Conlan, and David B. Walker, "Federalism: The Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice," Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1983), pp. 247-279; Wolfgang Reichardt, "Föderalismus," Politische Theorien, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995), pp. 102-110; Bernd Reissert, "Föderalismus," Politikwissenscchatt Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München/Zürich: Piper Verlag, 1985), pp. 238-244; William H. Riker, "Federalism," Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 5, Governmental Institutions and Processes, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 93-172; William H. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Jens Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 9-24.
4. See, for example, Michael Burgess, "Federalism and Federation: A Reappraisal," Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); David R. Beam, Timothy J. Conlan, and David B. Walker, "Federalism: The Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice," Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1983), pp. 247-279; Wolfgang Reichardt, "Föderalismus," Politische Theorien, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995), pp. 102-110; Bernd Reissert, "Föderalismus," Politikwissenscchatt Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München/Zürich: Piper Verlag, 1985), pp. 238-244; William H. Riker, "Federalism," Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 5, Governmental Institutions and Processes, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 93-172; William H. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Jens Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 9-24.
5. See, for example, Michael Burgess, "Federalism and Federation: A Reappraisal," Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); David R. Beam, Timothy J. Conlan, and David B. Walker, "Federalism: The Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice," Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1983), pp. 247-279; Wolfgang Reichardt, "Föderalismus," Politische Theorien, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995), pp. 102-110; Bernd Reissert, "Föderalismus," Politikwissenscchatt Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München/Zürich: Piper Verlag, 1985), pp. 238-244; William H. Riker, "Federalism," Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 5, Governmental Institutions and Processes, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 93-172; William H. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Jens Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 9-24.
6. See, for example, Michael Burgess, "Federalism and Federation: A Reappraisal," Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); David R. Beam, Timothy J. Conlan, and David B. Walker, "Federalism: The Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice," Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1983), pp. 247-279; Wolfgang Reichardt, "Föderalismus," Politische Theorien, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995), pp. 102-110; Bernd Reissert, "Föderalismus," Politikwissenscchatt Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München/Zürich: Piper Verlag, 1985), pp. 238-244; William H. Riker, "Federalism," Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 5, Governmental Institutions and Processes, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 93-172; William H. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Jens Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 9-24.
7. See, for example, Michael Burgess, "Federalism and Federation: A Reappraisal," Comparative Federalism and Federation: Competing Traditions and Future Directions, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993); David R. Beam, Timothy J. Conlan, and David B. Walker, "Federalism: The Challenge of Conflicting Theories and Contemporary Practice," Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter (Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association, 1983), pp. 247-279; Wolfgang Reichardt, "Föderalismus," Politische Theorien, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995), pp. 102-110; Bernd Reissert, "Föderalismus," Politikwissenscchatt Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-O. Schultze (München/Zürich: Piper Verlag, 1985), pp. 238-244; William H. Riker, "Federalism," Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 5, Governmental Institutions and Processes, eds. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 93-172; William H. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Jens Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 9-24.
8. Riker, "European Federalism: The Lessons of Past Experiences," p. 101.
9. William H. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1964), p. 11.
10. Daniel J. Elazar, "Introduction," Federal Systems of the World: A Hanbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements, 2nd ed., ed, Daniel J. Elazar (New York: Stockton Press, 1994), p. xv.
11. Ibid.
12. Juan Linz, "Democracy, Multinationalism and Federalism," (Working Paper, Institute Juan, Madrid, Spain, March 1997). Robert Agranoff and Rafael Banón, ed., "Toward a Federal Democracy in Spain," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 27 (Fall 1997): entire issue.
13. Juan Linz, "Democracy, Multinationalism and Federalism," (Working Paper, Institute Juan, Madrid, Spain, March 1997). Robert Agranoff and Rafael Banón, ed., "Toward a Federal Democracy in Spain," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 27 (Fall 1997): entire issue.
14. This paragraph has been adapted from the project's other introductory essay. See Joanne Bay Brzinski, Thomas D. Lancaster, and Christian Tuschhoff, "Introduction," West European Politics 22 (April 1999): 1-15; reprinted in Compounded Representation in Western European Federations, eds. Joanne B. Brzinski, Thomas D. Lancaster, and Christian Tuschhoff (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 1-15 .
15. This paragraph has been adapted from the project's other introductory essay. See Joanne Bay Brzinski, Thomas D. Lancaster, and Christian Tuschhoff, "Introduction," West European Politics 22 (April 1999): 1-15; reprinted in Compounded Representation in Western European Federations, eds. Joanne B. Brzinski, Thomas D. Lancaster, and Christian Tuschhoff (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 1-15 .
16. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance.
17. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance, p. 11.
18. Alison B. Alter, "A Framework for Comparing Federal Systems: The Veto Locus Approach." Paper presented at the conference "Federalism and Compounded Representation in Western Europe" (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 3-4 April 1998); Paul Pierson, "Fragmented Welfare States: Federal Institutions and the Development of Social Policy," Governance 4 (August 1995): 449-478; George Tsebelis, "Decision-Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism," British Journal of Political Science 25 (1995): 289-325; George Tsebelis and Jeannette Money, Bicameralism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
19. Alison B. Alter, "A Framework for Comparing Federal Systems: The Veto Locus Approach." Paper presented at the conference "Federalism and Compounded Representation in Western Europe" (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 3-4 April 1998); Paul Pierson, "Fragmented Welfare States: Federal Institutions and the Development of Social Policy," Governance 4 (August 1995): 449-478; George Tsebelis, "Decision-Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism," British Journal of Political Science 25 (1995): 289-325; George Tsebelis and Jeannette Money, Bicameralism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
20. Alison B. Alter, "A Framework for Comparing Federal Systems: The Veto Locus Approach." Paper presented at the conference "Federalism and Compounded Representation in Western Europe" (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 3-4 April 1998); Paul Pierson, "Fragmented Welfare States: Federal Institutions and the Development of Social Policy," Governance 4 (August 1995): 449-478; George Tsebelis, "Decision-Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism," British Journal of Political Science 25 (1995): 289-325; George Tsebelis and Jeannette Money, Bicameralism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
21. Alison B. Alter, "A Framework for Comparing Federal Systems: The Veto Locus Approach." Paper presented at the conference "Federalism and Compounded Representation in Western Europe" (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 3-4 April 1998); Paul Pierson, "Fragmented Welfare States: Federal Institutions and the Development of Social Policy," Governance 4 (August 1995): 449-478; George Tsebelis, "Decision-Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism," British Journal of Political Science 25 (1995): 289-325; George Tsebelis and Jeannette Money, Bicameralism (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
22. On the structure-agency debate, see David Dessler, "What's at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate," International Organization 43 (1989): 441-473; Colin Hay, "Structure and Agency" Theory and Method in Political Science, eds. David Marsh and Gerry Stoker (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
23. On the structure-agency debate, see David Dessler, "What's at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate," International Organization 43 (1989): 441-473; Colin Hay, "Structure and Agency" Theory and Method in Political Science, eds. David Marsh and Gerry Stoker (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
24. Gerhard Lehmbruch, "Interest Intermediation in West European Federal System" (paper presented at the workshop "Comparing Interest Group Representation in West European Federations," Emory University, 10-11 October 1997).
25. Ibid, p. 4.
26. Ibid, pp. 3-4.
27. William M. Downs, "Accountability Payoffs in Federal Systems? Competing Logics and Evidence from Europe's Newest Federation," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 29 (Winter 1999): 87-110.
28. Michael Keating, "Asymmetrical Government: Multinational States in an Integrating Europe," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 29 (Winter 1999): 71-86.
29. Ibid.
30. Robert Leonardi, "Federalisation in Southern Europe: The Economic and Political Imperatives" (paper presented at the second workshop, "Compounded Representation and Federalism in Western Europe," Emory University, March 1997).
31. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
32. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
33. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
34. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
35. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
36. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
37. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
38. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
39. Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967); Hanna F. Pitkin, ed., Representation (New York: Atherton Press, 1969); Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Giovanni Satori, Democratic Theory (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1962); Givovanni Satori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987); Geraint Parry, "Types of Democracy," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995); Robert Scigliano, "Representation," The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Even some German authors acknowledged these aspects of representation as important. See Werner J. Patzelt, Abgeordnete und Repräsentation (Passau, Germany: Wissenschaftsverlag Rothe, 1993); Joseph H. Kaiser, Die Repräsentation organisierter Interessen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978).
40. Christian Tuschhoff, "The Compounding Effect: The Impact of Federalism on the Concept of Representation," West European Politics 22 (April 1999): 16-33.
41. Lehmbruch, "Interest Intermediation," p. 4.
42. The relationship between federalism and representation is obviously not one way. Representation also affects federalism. Despite the project's primary focus on two important dimensions of representation, namely, government effectiveness and accountability, many workshop participants argued that the impact of federalism on compounded representation is uneven. As the project developed, they also brought forward arguments such as that presented by Fritz Scharpf and others who contend that when representative institutions are entangled and require a high degree of consensus, such as in Germany and the EU, government effectiveness suffers from what resembles a "joint decision trap." See, for example, Fritz W. Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Fritz W. Scharpf, Optionen des Foderalismus in Deutschland und Europa (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1994); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1976); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung II (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1977); and Bernd Reissert, "Politikverflechtung," Politikwissenschaft: Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-Olaf Schultze (Munchen: Piper Verlag, 1985, pp. 238-244).
43. The relationship between federalism and representation is obviously not one way. Representation also affects federalism. Despite the project's primary focus on two important dimensions of representation, namely, government effectiveness and accountability, many workshop participants argued that the impact of federalism on compounded representation is uneven. As the project developed, they also brought forward arguments such as that presented by Fritz Scharpf and others who contend that when representative institutions are entangled and require a high degree of consensus, such as in Germany and the EU, government effectiveness suffers from what resembles a "joint decision trap." See, for example, Fritz W. Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Fritz W. Scharpf, Optionen des Foderalismus in Deutschland und Europa (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1994); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1976); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung II (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1977); and Bernd Reissert, "Politikverflechtung," Politikwissenschaft: Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-Olaf Schultze (Munchen: Piper Verlag, 1985, pp. 238-244).
44. The relationship between federalism and representation is obviously not one way. Representation also affects federalism. Despite the project's primary focus on two important dimensions of representation, namely, government effectiveness and accountability, many workshop participants argued that the impact of federalism on compounded representation is uneven. As the project developed, they also brought forward arguments such as that presented by Fritz Scharpf and others who contend that when representative institutions are entangled and require a high degree of consensus, such as in Germany and the EU, government effectiveness suffers from what resembles a "joint decision trap." See, for example, Fritz W. Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Fritz W. Scharpf, Optionen des Foderalismus in Deutschland und Europa (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1994); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1976); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung II (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1977); and Bernd Reissert, "Politikverflechtung," Politikwissenschaft: Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-Olaf Schultze (Munchen: Piper Verlag, 1985, pp. 238-244).
45. The relationship between federalism and representation is obviously not one way. Representation also affects federalism. Despite the project's primary focus on two important dimensions of representation, namely, government effectiveness and accountability, many workshop participants argued that the impact of federalism on compounded representation is uneven. As the project developed, they also brought forward arguments such as that presented by Fritz Scharpf and others who contend that when representative institutions are entangled and require a high degree of consensus, such as in Germany and the EU, government effectiveness suffers from what resembles a "joint decision trap." See, for example, Fritz W. Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Fritz W. Scharpf, Optionen des Foderalismus in Deutschland und Europa (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1994); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1976); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung II (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1977); and Bernd Reissert, "Politikverflechtung," Politikwissenschaft: Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-Olaf Schultze (Munchen: Piper Verlag, 1985, pp. 238-244).
46. The relationship between federalism and representation is obviously not one way. Representation also affects federalism. Despite the project's primary focus on two important dimensions of representation, namely, government effectiveness and accountability, many workshop participants argued that the impact of federalism on compounded representation is uneven. As the project developed, they also brought forward arguments such as that presented by Fritz Scharpf and others who contend that when representative institutions are entangled and require a high degree of consensus, such as in Germany and the EU, government effectiveness suffers from what resembles a "joint decision trap." See, for example, Fritz W. Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Fritz W. Scharpf, Optionen des Foderalismus in Deutschland und Europa (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1994); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1976); Fritz W. Scharpf, Bernd Reissert, and Fritz Schnabel, eds. Politikverflechtung II (Kronberg: Scriptor Verlog, 1977); and Bernd Reissert, "Politikverflechtung," Politikwissenschaft: Theorien-Methoden-Begriffe, eds. Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-Olaf Schultze (Munchen: Piper Verlag, 1985, pp. 238-244).
47. Morton Grodzins, The American System: A New View of Government in the United States, ed. Daniel J. Elazar (Chicago, IL: Rand McNally & Company, 1966), p. 14.
48. Vivien A. Schmidt demonstrates this point in her related work. She shows how hard it is for French business interests to access and succeed in the European policymaking process. Vivien A. Schmidt, From State to Market? The transformation of French Business and Government. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Vivien A. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties that Bind: The Impact of European Integration on French Government and its Relationship to Business," Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (June 1996): 223-254.
49. Vivien A. Schmidt demonstrates this point in her related work. She shows how hard it is for French business interests to access and succeed in the European policymaking process. Vivien A. Schmidt, From State to Market? The transformation of French Business and Government. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Vivien A. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties that Bind: The Impact of European Integration on French Government and its Relationship to Business," Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (June 1996): 223-254.
50. John Kincaid, "Confederal Federalism in the European Union," West European Politics 22 (April 1999): 34-58.