Monoglottosis: What's wrong with the idea of the IQ meritocracy and its racy cousins?

Applied Linguistics

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 467-506

  Oller Jr , John W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA AT LAFAYETTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041109427     PISSN: 01426001     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/applin/18.4.467     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Allen, G. E. 1995. 'Eugenics Comes to America' in Jacoby and Glauberman 1995: 441-75.
2. American Psychiatric Association. 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (3rd ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Angelis, P. J. 1972. 'Listening Comprehension and Error Analysis' in G. Nickel (ed.) 1972: Applied Contrastive Linguistics: Proceedings of the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée, Third Congress, Copenhagen 1972. Heidelberg, Germany: Julius Groos Verlag.
6. Asher, J. J. 1969. 'The Total Physical Response Approach to Second Language Learning.' Modern Language Journal 59: 3-17.
7. Baca, L. 1984. 'Theory and Practice in Bilingual/Cross-Cultural Special Education: Major issues and Implications for Research, Practice, and Policy' ERIC Document Reproduction Service, No 341 267.
8. Bachman, L. F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. New York: Oxford University press.
9. Baratz, J. 1969. 'A Bidialectal Task for Determining Language Proficiency in Economically Disadvantaged Negro Children.' Child Development 40: 889-901.
10. Benson, C. 1995. 'Ireland's "Low" IQ: A Critique' in Jacoby and Glauberman 1995: 222-33.
11. Bickerton, D. 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Karoma.
12. Bickerton, D. 1995. Language and Human Behavior. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
13. Binet, A. 1911. 'New Investigations upon the Measure of the Intellectual Level among School Children.' L'Annee Psychologique 11: 145-201. Also in Binet and Simon 1916: 174-239.
14. Binet, A. 1911. 'New Investigations upon the Measure of the Intellectual Level among School Children.' L'Annee Psychologique 11: 145-201. Also in Binet and Simon 1916: 174-239.
15. Binet, A. and T. Simon. 1905. 'New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals.' L'Annee Psychologique 5: 191-244. Also in Binet and Simon 1916: 41-88.
16. Binet, A. and T. Simon. 1905. 'New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals.' L'Annee Psychologique 5: 191-244. Also in Binet and Simon 1916: 41-88.
17. Binet, A. and Simon, T. 1916. The Development of Intelligence in Children. Tr. Elizabeth Kite. Baltimore: Williams and Williams.
18. Bouchard, T. J., Jr. 1981. 'Familial Studies of Intelligence: A Review.' Science 212: 1055-59.
19. Bouchard, T. J., Jr., D. T. Lykken, M. McGue, N. L. Segal, and A. Tellegen. 1990. 'Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.' Science 250: 223-8.
20. Braden, J. P. 1989. 'Fact or Artifact? An Empirical Test of Spearman's Hypothesis. Intelligence 13: 149-55.
21. Brigham, C. C. 1923. A Study of American Intelligence. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
22. Buros, O. K. 1938-1972. Mental Measurement Yearbook (7 Volumes) Highland Park, New Jersey: Gryphon Press.
23. Burt, C. 1966. 'The Genetic Determination of Differences in Intelligence: A Study of Monozygotic Twins Reared Together and Apart.' British Journal of Psychology 57: 137-53.
24. Burt, C. 1972. 'The Inheritance of General Intelligence.' American Psychologist 27: 175-90.
25. Carroll, J. B. 1961. 'Fundamental Considerations in Testing for English Proficiency of Foreign Students' in Testing the English Proficiency of Foreign Students (pp. 31-40). Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Also in J. P. B. Allen and R. N. Campbell (eds.) 1972: Teaching English as a Second Language: A Bock of Readings. New York: McGraw Hill.
26. Carroll, J. B. 1961. 'Fundamental Considerations in Testing for English Proficiency of Foreign Students' in Testing the English Proficiency of Foreign Students (pp. 31-40). Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Also in J. P. B. Allen and R. N. Campbell (eds.) 1972: Teaching English as a Second Language: A Bock of Readings. New York: McGraw Hill.
27. Carroll, J. B. 1972. 'Defining Language Comprehension: Some Speculations' in R. O. Freedle and J. B. Carroll (eds.) 1972: Language Comprehension and the Acquisition of Knowledge. New York: Wiley.
28. Carroll, John B. 1976. 'Psychometric Tests as Cognitive Tasks: A New "Structure of Intellect"' in L. B. Resnick (ed.) 1976: The Nature of Intelligence (pp. 27-56). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
29. Carroll, J. B. 1983. 'Psychometric Theory and Language Testing' in Oller 1983: 80-107.
30. Carroll, J. B. 1993. Factors of Cognitive Ability. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Carroll, J. B. 1995. 'Reflections on Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man 1981.' Intelligence 21: 121-34.
32. Chamberlain, P. and P. Medeiros-Landurand. 1991. 'Practical Considerations for the Assessment of LEP Students with Special Needs' in Hamayan and Damico 1991: 111-56.
33. Choi, I. C. 1994. 'Content and Construct Validation of a Criterion-referenced English Proficiency Test.' English Teaching Number 48: 311-402.
34. Choi, I. C. 1995. 'A Comparability Study on SNUCREPT and TOEIC.' Language Research 31: 357-86.
35. Chomsky, N. A. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36. Chomsky, N. A. 1995. 'Language and Nature.' Mind 104: 1-61.
37. Clark, J. L. D. 1972. Foreign Language Testing: Theory and Practice. Philadelphia: Center for Curriculum Development.
38. Clark, J. L. D. 1979. 'Direct Versus Semi-direct Tests of Speaking Proficiency: Theory and Application' in E. J. Brière and F. B. Hinofotis (eds.) 1979: New Concepts in Language Testing. Washington, DC: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
39. Clark, J. L. D. and A. G. Grognet. 1985. 'Development and Validation of a Performance-Based Test for ESL "Survival Skills" in P. C. Hauptman, R. LeBlanc, and M. B. Wesche (eds.) 1985: Second Language Performance Testing. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press.
40. Cohen, A. D. 1980. Assessing Language Ability in the Classroom. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
41. Cohen, A. D. 1994. Assessing Language Ability in the Classroom (2nd edn) Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
42. Cummins, J. 1984. Bilingualism and Special Education; issues in Assessment and Pedagogy. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
43. Cummins, J. 1986. 'Empowering Minority Students: A Framework for Intervention.' Harvard Education Review 56: 8-35.
44. Cziko, G. A. 1983. 'Psychometric and Edumetric Approaches to Language Testing' in Oller 1983: 289-308.
45. Damico, J. S., J. W. Oller Jr., and M. E. Storey. 1983. 'The Diagnosis of Language Disorders in Bilingual Children: Pragmatic Versus Surface-oriented Criteria.' Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 48: 85-394.
46. Damico, J. S., M. Smith, and L. E. Augustine. 1996. 'Multicultural Populations and Language Disorders' in M. D. Smith and J. S. Damico (eds.) 1996: Childhood Language Disorders. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
47. Darwin, C. 1874. The Descent of Man (2nd edn.) New York: A. L. Burt Co.
48. De Berkeley-Wykes, J. 1983. 'Jigsaw Reading' in J. W. Oller, Jr., and P. A. Richard-Amato (eds.) 1983: Methods That Work: A Smorgasbord of Ideas for Language Teachers (pp. 313-320). Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.
49. de Villiers, P. A. and J. G. de Villiers. 1979. Early Language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press.
50. Dewey, J. 1916. Essays in Experimental Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
51. Di Pietro, R. J. 1981. 'Discourse and Real-life Roles in the ESL Classroom.' TESOL Quarterly 15: 7-33.
52. Di Pietro, R. J. 1982. 'The Open-ended Scenario: A New Approach to Conversation.' TESOL Quarterly 16: 5-20.
53. Engelskirchen, A., E. Cottrell, and J. W. Oller Jr. 1981. 'A Study of Reliability and Validity of "The Ilyin Oral Interview"' in Palmer, Groot, and Trosper (eds.) 1981: 83-93.
54. Eysenck, H. J. 1971. Race, Intelligence, and Education. London: Tempel Smith.
55. Ferguson, J. 1984. 'The Laboratory of Racism.' New Scientist 103: 18.
56. Figueroa, R. A. 1989. 'Psychological Testing of Linguistic-Minority Students: Knowledge Gaps and Regulations.' Exceptional Children 56: 145-53.
57. Finocchiaro, M. 1964. English as a Second Language: From Theory to Practice. New York: Regents.
58. Fraser, S. (ed.) 1995. The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence, and the Future of America. New York: Basic Books.
59. Gallaudet Research Institute. 1987. Factors Predictive of Literacy in Deaf Adolescents with Deaf Parents/Factors Predictive of Literacy in Deaf Adolescents in Total Communication Programs. Report to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke: Project No. NIH-NINCDS-83-19. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University.
60. Galton, Francis. 1869. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences. London: Macmillan.
61. Gardner, H. 1983. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
62. Gardner, H. 1993. Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
63. Gardner, H. 1995. 'Scholarly Brinkmanship' in Jacoby and Glauberman 1995: 61-72.
64. Gartner, A., C. Greer, and F. Reissman. (eds.) 1974. The New Assault on Equality: IQ and Social Stratification. New York: Harper and Row.
65. Gersten, R. and J. Woodward. 1994. 'The Language-Minority Students and Special Education: Issues, Trends, and Paradoxes.' Exceptional Children 60: 310-22.
66. Ginsberg, A. 1992. 'Improving Bilingual Education Programs Through Evaluation' in C. Simich-Dudgeon (ed.) 1992: Proceedings of the Second National Research Symposium on Limited English Proficient Student issues: Focus on Evaluation and Measurement, Volume 1. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Language Affairs.
67. Gomez-Palacio, M., E. R. Padilla, and S. Roll. 1983. Escala de intelligencia para nivel escolar Wechsler [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children].' Ciudad de Mexico: El Manual Moderno, S. A. de C. V.
68. Gordon, R. A. 1980. 'Labelling Theory, Mental Retardation, and Public Policy: Larry P. and Other Developments Since 1974' in W. R. Gove (ed.) 1980: The Labelling of Deviance. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.
69. Gordon, R. A. 1984. 'Digits Backward and the Mercer-Kamin Law: An Empirical Response to Mercer's Treatment of Internal Validity of IQ Tests' in Reynolds and Brown (eds.) 1984: 507-86.
70. Gould, S. J. 1981. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W. Norton.
71. Gould, S. J. 1995. 'Mismeasure by Any Measure' in Jacoby and Glauberman (eds.) 1995: 3-13.
72. Grimes, J. and B. Grimes. 1993. The Ethnologue: Language Family Index. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
73. Hakuta, K. 1986. Mirror of Language. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
74. Haller, J. S., Jr. 1971. Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority, 1859-1900. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois.
75. Hamayan, E. V. and J. S. Damico. 1991. Limiting Bias in the Assessment of Bilingual Students. Austin: Pro-ed.
76. Hasthorne, C. and P. Weiss. (eds.) 1935. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volumve V. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
77. Hayes-Brown, Z. 1984. 'Linguistic and Communicative Assessment of Bilingual Children' in C. Rivera (ed.) 1984: Placement Procedures in Bilingual Education: Educational Policy and is1ues. Oxford: Oxford University Perss.
78. Heaton, J. B. 1975. Writing English Language Tests. London: Longman.
79. Herrnstein, R. J. 1973. IQ in the Meritocracy. Boston: Atlantic-Little Brown.
80. Herrnstein, R. J. and C. Murray. 1994. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press.
81. Hilliard, A. G. III. 1984. 'IQ Testing as the Emperor's New Clothes: A Critique of Jensen's Bias in Mental Testing' in Reynolds and Brown (eds.) 1984: 139-69.
82. Hughes, A. 1989. Testing for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Isham, W. P. and L. J. Kamin. 1993. 'Blackness, Deafness, IQ and g.' Intelligence 17: 37-46.
84. Jacoby, R. and N. Glauberman, (eds.) 1995. The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions. New York: Random House.
85. Jensen, A. R. 1969. 'How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? Harvard Educational Review 39: 1-123.
86. Jensen, A. R. 1974. 'How Biased Are Culture-Loaded Tests.' Genetic Psychology Monographs 90: 185-244.
87. Jensen, A. R. 1980. Bias in Mental Testing. New York: Free Press.
88. Jensen, A. R. 1984. 'Test Bias: Concepts and Criticisms' in Reynolds and Brown (eds.) (1984).
89. Jensen, A. R. 1993. 'Spearman's Hypothesis Tested with Chronometric Information-Processing Tasks.' Intelligence 17: 47-77.
90. Jensen, A. R. 1995. 'The Differences Are Real' in Jacoby and Glauberman (eds.) (1995).
91. Jitendra, A. K. and Rohena-Diaz, E. 1996. 'Language Assessment of Students Who are Linguistically Diverse: Why a Discrete Approach is Not the Answer.' School Psychology Review 25: 40-56.
92. Kamin, L. 1995a. 'Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics' in Jacoby and Glauberman (eds.) 1995: 81-105.
93. Kamin, L. 1995b. 'The Pioneers of IQ Testing' in Jacoby and Glauberman (eds.) 1995: 476-509.
94. Keller, H. 1908. The World I Live In. New York: Century.
95. Kelly, C. M. 1965. 'An Investigation of the Construct Validity of Two Commercially Published Listening Tests.' Speech Monographs 32: 139-43.
96. Krashen, D. 1985. The Input Hypothesis. Oxford: Pergamon.
97. Krashen, D. and T. Terrell. 1983. The Natural Approach Language: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. San Francisco: Alemany.
98. Labov, W. 1970. 'Systematically Misleading Data from Test Questions.' Urban Review 146-69.
99. Labov, W. 1972. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
100. Lado, R. 1957. Language Testing. New York: McGraw Hill.
101. Lambert, W. E. and R. G. Tucker. 1972. Bilingual Education of Children: The St. Lambert Experiment. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
102. Lane, H., R. Hoffmeister, and B. Bahan. 1996. A Journey into the Leaf World. San Diego, California: Dawn Sign Press.
103. Linn, R. L. 1989. Intelligence: Measurement, theory, and public policy. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
104. Lippmann, W. 1922. 'The Mental Age of Americans.' The New Republic (October 25). Also in Jacoby and Glauberman (eds.) (1995). [Reference in text is to the latter.]
105. Luria, A. R. 1966. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books.
106. Luria, A. R. and I. F. Yudovich. 1959. Speech and the Development of Mental Processes in the Child: An Experimental Investigation. London: Staples Press.
107. Lynn, R. 1978. 'Ethnic and Racial Differences in Intelligence: Ethnic and Racial Comparisons' in R. T. Osborne et al. (eds.) 1978: Human Variation: The Biopsychology of Age, Race, Sex. New York: Academic Press.
108. Lynn, R. 1979. 'The Social Ecology of Intelligence in the British Isles.' British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18: 1-12.
109. Macnamara, J. 1966. Bilingualism and Primary Education: A Study of the Irish Experience. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
110. Macnamara, J. 1972. 'Letter re H. J. Eysenck.' Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 25: 86-79.
111. Manuel, H. T. 1935. 'Spanish and English Editions of the Stanford-Binet in Relation to the Abilities of Mexican Children.' University of Texas Bulletin, Austin, Texas, No. 3532.
112. Mercer, J. R. 1973. Labelling the Retarded. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
113. Mercer, J. R. 1984. 'What Is a Racially and Culturally Nondiscriminatory Test' in Reynolds and Brown 1984: 293-356.
114. Mintz, S. W. 1972. 'Review of Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority, 1859-1900. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, by J. S. Haller, Jr.' American Scientist 60: 387.
115. Natalicio, D. and F. Williams. 1971. Repetition as an Oral Language Assessment Technique. Austin, Texas: Center for Communication Research.
116. Oakland, T. D. and Parmelee, R. 1985. 'Mental Measurement of Minority-Group Children' in B. B. Wolman (ed.) 1985: Handbook of Intelligence: Theories, Measurements, and Applications. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
117. Oller, J. W. Jr. 1970. 'Dictation as a Device for Testing Foreign Language Proficiency.' UCLA Workpapers in TESL 4: 37-41. Also in English Language Teaching 25: 1971: 254-9.
118. Oller, J. W. Jr. 1970. 'Dictation as a Device for Testing Foreign Language Proficiency.' UCLA Workpapers in TESL 4: 37-41. Also in English Language Teaching 25: 1971: 254-9.
119. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1978. 'The Language Factor in the Evaluation of Bilingual Education' in J. E. Alatis (ed.) 1978: International Dimensions of Bilingual Education. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.
120. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1979. Language Tests at School. London: Longman.
121. Oller, J. W., Jr. (ed.) 1983. Issues in Language Testing Research. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
122. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1992. 'Language Testing Research: Lessons Applied to LEP Students and Programs' in C. Simich-Dudgeon (ed.) 1992: Proceedings of the Second National Research Symposium on Limited English Proficient Student issues: Focus on Evaluation and Measurement, Volume 1. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Language Affairs.
123. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1993. 'Reasons Why Some Methods Work' in J. W. Oller, Jr. (ed.) 1993: Methods That Work: Ideas for Literacy and Language Teachers. Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
124. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1994. 'Challenged Bilinguals.' NABE News February 1: 15-18.
125. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1995. 'Adding Abstract to Formal and Content Schemata: Results of Recent Work in Peircean Semiotics.' Applied Linguistics 16: 273-304.
126. Oller, J. W., Jr. 1996. 'How Grammatical Relations Are Determined' in B. Hoffer (ed.) 1996: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: LACUS.
127. Oller, J. W., Jr., J. D. Bowen, T. T. Dien, and V. Mason. 1972. 'Cloze Tests in English, Thai, and Vietnamese.' Language Learning 22: 1-15.
128. Oller, J. W., Jr., S. Chesarek, and R. Scott. 1991. Language and Bilingualism: More Tests of Tests. London: Bucknell University Press.
129. Oller, J. W., Jr. and J. S. Damico. 1991. 'Theoretical Considerations in the Assessment of LEP Students' in Hamayan and Damico (eds.) 1991: 39-76.
130. Oller, J. W., Jr. and J. Jonz. (eds.) 1994. Cloze and Coherence. London: Bucknell University Press.
131. Oller, J. W., Jr. and K. Perkins. (eds.) 1978. Language in Education: Testing the Tests. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
132. Oller, J. W., Jr. and K. Perkins. (eds.) 1980. Research in Language Testing. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
133. Ortiz, Alba A. 1986. 'Characteristics of Limited English Proficient Hispanic Students Served in Programs for the Learning Disabled: Implications for Policy and Practice (Part II).' Bilingual Special Education 4: 1-5.
134. Ortiz, A. A. 1987. 'Communication Disorders Among Limited English Proficient Hispanic Students.' Bilingual Special Education Newsletter 7: 1-7,
135. Ortiz, A. A. and E. Polyzoi. 1988. 'Language Assessment of Hispanic Learning Disabled and Speech and Language Handicapped Students: Research in Progress' in A. A. Ortiz and B. A. Ramirez (eds.) 1988: Schools and the Culturally Diverse Exceptional Student: Promising Practice and Future Directions. Reston, Virginia: Council for Exceptional Children.
136. Ortiz, A. and J. R. Yates. 1983. 'Incidence of Exceptionally among Hispanics: Implications for Manpower Planning.' NABE Journal 7: 41-54.
137. Palmer, A. 1981. 'Measurement of Reliability and Validity of Two Picture-Description Tests of Oral Communication' in Palmer, Groot, and Trosper (eds.) 1981: 127-39.
138. Palmer, A., P. J. M. Groot, and G. A. Trosper. 1981. The Construct Validation of Tests of Communicative Competence. Washington, DC: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
139. Peirce, C. S. 1865. 'The Logic Notebook' in M. Fisch, C. J. W. Kloesel, E. C. Moore, D. Roberts, L. A. Ziegler, and N. P. Atkinson (eds.) 1982: Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition. Volume 1. Indianopolis, Indiana: Indiana University.
140. Peirce, C. S. 1898. 'Reasoning and the Logic of Things: The Cambridge Conferences Lectures of 1898' in K. L. Ketner (ed.) 1992. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
141. Peirce, Charles S. 1908. 'A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God.' Hibbert Journal 7: 90-112. Reprinted in Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.) 1935: Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume V. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
142. Peirce, Charles S. 1908. 'A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God.' Hibbert Journal 7: 90-112. Reprinted in Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.) 1935: Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume V. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
143. Piaget, J. 1947. The Psychology of Intelligence. Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield Adams.
144. Pike, K. L. 1960. 'Nucleation.' The Modern Language Journal 44: 291-5.
145. Pinker, S. 1994. The Language Instinct. New York, NY: William Morrow.
146. Ramey, C. T. 1992. 'High-Risk Children and IQ: Altering Intergenerational Patterns.' Intelligence 16: 239-56.
147. Rivera, C. and C. Simich. 1981. 'Issues in the Assessment of Language Proficiency of Language Minority Students.' NABE: The Journal for the Association of Bilingual Education 6: 19-39.
148. Robertson, G. J. 1972. 'Development of the First Group Mental Ability Tests' in G. H. Bracht, K. D. Hopkins, and J. C. Stanley (eds.) 1972: Perspectives in Educational and Psychological Measurement. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice-Hall.
149. Rueda, R., R. A. Figueroa, P. Mercado, and D. Cardoza. 1984. Performance of Hispanic Educable Mentally Retarded, Learning Disabled, and Nonclassified Students on the WISC-RM, SOMPA, and S-KABC (Final Report - Short-Term Study One). Los Alamitos, California: Southwestern Regional Laboratory for Educational Research and Development.
150. Saussure, F. de. 1912. Cours de Linguistique Générale. Edited by C. Bally, A. Sechehaye, and A. Riedlinger; translated by W. Baskin (Philosophical Library, 1959; McGraw-Hill (edn.) 1966). New York: McGraw Hill.
151. Saussure, F. de. 1912. Cours de Linguistique Générale. Edited by C. Bally, A. Sechehaye, and A. Riedlinger; translated by W. Baskin (Philosophical Library, 1959; McGraw-Hill (edn.) 1966). New York: McGraw Hill.
152. Savignon, S. J. 1972. Communicative Competence: An Experiment in Foreign-Language Teaching. Philadelphia: Center for Curriculum Development.
153. Scarcella, R. 1978. 'Socio-drama for Social Interaction.' TESOL Quarterly 12: 41-6.
154. Science. 1972. 'Book Review Section.' Science 175: 506.
155. Sedgwick, John. 1995. 'Inside the Pioneer Fund' in Jacoby and Glauberman (eds.) 1995: 144-61.
156. Simich-Dudgeon, C. (ed.) 1992. Proceedings of the Second National Research Symposium on Limited English Proficient Student issues: Focus on Evaluation and Measurement, Volumes 1-2. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Language Affairs.
157. Slobin, D. I. (ed.) 1987. The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition: Volume 1. The Data. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
158. Slobin, D. I. and C. A. Welsh. 1967. 'Elicited Imitation as a Research Tool in Developmental Psycholinguistics.' Paper presented at the Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior, Univesity of Michigan, March. Also in C. A. Ferguson and D. I. Slobin (eds.) 1973: Studies of Child Language Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
159. Spearman, C. E. 1904. 'General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured.' American Journal of Psychology 15: 201-92.
160. Spearman, C. E. 1927. The Abilities of Man. New York: Macmillan.
161. Stern, S. L. 1980. 'Drama in Second Language Learning from a Psycholinguistic Perspective.' Language Learning 30: 77-100.
162. Sternberg, R. J. 1985. Human Abilities: An Information Processing Approach. New York: W. H. Freeman.
163. Sternberg, R. J. 1996. 'Myths, Countermyths, and Truths about Intelligence.' Educational Researcher 25: 11-16.
164. Stoddard, L. 1922. The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
165. Stump, T. 1978. 'Cloze and Dictation as Predictors of Intelligence and Achievement Scores' in Oller and Perkins (eds.) 1978: 36-63.
166. Swain, M., G. Dumas, and N. Naiman. 1974. 'Alternatives to Spontaneous Speech: Elicited Translation and Imitation as Indicators of Second Language Competence.'
167. Working papers in Bilingualism: Special issue on Language Acquisition Studies 3: 68-79.
168. Thelen, E. and L. B. Smith. 1994. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
169. Todd, T. L. and T. R. Levine. 1994. 'Disentangling Listening and Verbal Recall: Related But Separate Constructs? Human Communication Research 21: 103-27.
170. Valdés, G. and R. A. Figueroa. 1994. Bilingualism and Testing: A Special Case of Bias. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
171. Valette, R. 1964. 'The Use of Dictée in the French Language Classroom.' Modern Language Journal 39: 431-4.
172. Vocate, D. (ed.) 1987. The Theory of A. R. Luria: Functions of Spoken Language in the Development of Higher Mental Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
173. Vygotsky, L. S. 1934. Thought and Language. (ed. A. Kozulin 1986, 1988) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
174. Wilcox, S. E. and P. Wilcox. 1991: Learning to See; American Sign Language as a Second Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
175. Wechsler, D. 1974. Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised. New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
176. Wing, L. 1981. 'Language, Social, and Cognitive Impairments in Autism and Severe Mental Retardation.' Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11: 31-44.
177. World Health Organization. 1993. International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Diseases; Diagnostic Criteria for Research. (10th edn.) Geneva: World Health Organization.
178. Xiao, S. and J. W. Oller, Jr. 1994. 'Can Relatively Perfect Translation between English and Chinese Be Achieved?' Language Testing 11: 267-89.
179. Yerkes, R. M. (ed.) 1921. Psychological Testing in the United States Army: National Academy of Sciences, Volume XV. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
180. Yoakum, C. S. and R. M. Yerkes. (eds.) 1920. Army Mental Tests. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.