African Americans and immigrants in northern cities: The effects of relative group size on occupational standing in 1920

Social Forces

Volumn 80, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 573-604

  Tolnay, Stewart E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041034310     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sof.2001.0112     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Adelman, Robert M., Chris Morett, and Stewart E. Tolnay. 2000. "Homeward Bound: The Return Migration of Southern-Born Black Women, 1940 to 1990." Sociological Spectrum 20:433-63.
2. Beck, Roy. 1996. The Case against Immigration: The Moral, Economic, Social, and Environmental Reasons for Reducing U.S. Immigration Back to Traditional Levels. Norton.
3. Beggs, John J., Wayne J. Villemez, and Ruth Arnold. 1997. "Black Population Concentration and Black-White Inequality: Expanding the Consideration of Place and Space Effects." Social Forces 76:65-91.
4. Blalock, Hubert M. 1957. "Per Cent Non-White and Discrimination in the South." American Sociological Review 22:677-82.
5. _. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. John Wiley.
6. Bonacich, Edna. 1972. "A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market." American Sociological Review 37:547-59.
7. Borjas, George J. 1998. "Do Blacks Gain or Lose from Immigration?" Pp. 51-74 in Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans, edited by Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean. Russell Sage Foundation.
8. Brown, David L., and Glenn V Fuguitt. 1972. "Percent Nonwhite and Racial Disparity in Nonmetropolitan Cities in the South." Social Science Quarterly 53:573-82.
9. Bryk, Anthony S., and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models. Russell Sage Foundation.
10. Butcher, Kristin. 1998. "An Investigation of the Effect of Immigration on the Labor-Market Outcomes of African Americans." Pp. 149-81 in Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans, edited by Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean. Russell Sage Foundation.
11. Campbell, Rex R., Daniel M. Johnson, and Gary Strangler. 1974. "Return Migration of Black People to the South." Rural Sociology 39:514-28.
12. Cohen, Philip N. 1998. "Black Concentration Effects on Black-White and Gender Inequality: Multi-level Analysis for U.S. Metropolitan Areas." Social Forces 77:207-29.
13. Collins, William J. 1997. "When the Tide Turned: Immigration and the Delay of the Great Black Migration." Journal of Economic History 56:607-32.
14. Crowder, Kyle D. 1999. "Residential Segregation of West Indians in the New York/New Jersey Metropolitan Area: The Roles of Race and Ethnicity." International Migration Review 33:79-113.
15. DiPrete, Thomas A., and Jerry D. Forristal. 1994. "Multilevel Models: Methods and Substance." Annual Review of Sociology 20:331-57.
16. Douglass, Frederick. 1969. My Bondage and My Freedom. Dover.
17. Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. [1945] 1962. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
18. Duncan, Otis Dudley. 1961. "A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations." Pp. 108-34 in Occupations and Social Status, edited by Albert Reiss. Free Press.
19. Epstein, Abraham. [1918] 1969. The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh. Arno Press.
20. Frisbie, W. Parker, and Lisa Neidert. 1977. "Inequality and the Relative Size of Minority Populations: A Comparative Analysis." American Journal of Sociology 82:1007-30.
21. Glenn, Norval. 1963. "Occupational Benefits to Whites from Subordination of Negroes." American Sociological Review 28:443-48.
22. _. 1964. "The Relative Size of the Negro Population and Negro Occupational Status." Social Forces 43:42-49.
23. Gould, Stephen J. 1981. The Mismeasure of Man. Norton.
24. Haller, Mark. 1963. Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought. Rutgers University Press.
25. Hauser, Robert M., and John Robert Warren. 1997. "Socioeconomic Indexes for Occupations: A Review, Update, and Critique." Pp. 177-298 in Sociological Methodology, edited by Adrian Raftery. Blackwell.
26. Heer, David. 1996. Immigration in America's Future. Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate. Westview Press.
27. Henri, Florette. 1975. Black Migration: Movement North, 1900-1920. Anchor Press/Doubleday.
28. Hox, Joop J., and Ita G.G. Kreft. 1994. "Multilevel Analysis Methods." Sociological Methods and Research 22:283-99.
29. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [ICPSR]. 1999. Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-1970 [MRDF #0003]. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR [producer, distributor].
30. Johnson, George E. 1998. "The Impact of Immigration on Income Distribution among Minorities." Pp. 17-50 in Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans, edited by Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean. Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Johnson, Rex, and Daniel M. Campbell. 1981. Black Migration in America: A Social Demographic History. Duke University Press.
32. Lieberson, Stanley. 1963. Ethnic Patterns in American Cities. Free Press.
33. _. 1980. A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and Immigrants since 1880. University of California Press.
34. Logan, John, and Richard Alba. 1999. "Minority Niches and Immigrant Enclaves in New York and Los Angeles: Trends and Impacts." Pp. 172-93 in Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States, edited by Frank Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose. Russell Sage Foundation.
35. Long, Larry H., and Kristen A. Hansen. 1975. "Trends in Return Migration to the South." Demography 12:601-14.
36. _. 1977. "Selectivity of Black Return Migration to the South." Rural Sociology 42:317-31.
37. Marks, Carole. 1989. Farewell - We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Indiana University Press.
38. Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid. Harvard University Press.
39. McCreary, Lori, Paula England, and George Farkas. 1989. "The Employment of Central City Male Youth: Non-Linear Effects of Racial Composition." Social Forces 68:55-75.
40. McHugh, Kevin. 1987. "Black Migration Reversal in the United States." Geographical Review 7:171-82.
41. Olzak, Susan. 1989. "Causes of Shifts in Occupational Segregation of the Foreign-Born: Evidence from American Cities, 1870-1880." Social Forces 68:593-620.
42. _. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford University Press.
43. Philpott, Thomas Lee. 1978. The Slum and the Ghetto: Neighborhood Deterioration and Middle-Class Reform, Chicago, 1880-1930. Oxford University Press.
44. Portes, Alejandro, and Robert Manning. 1986. "The Immigrant Enclave: Theory and Empirical Examples." Pp. 47-68 in Competitive Ethnic Relations, edited by Susan Olzak and Joane Nagel. Academic Press.
45. Portes, Alejandro, and Alex Stepick. 1993. City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami. University of California Press.
46. Reimers, Cordella W. 1998. "Unskilled Immigration and Changes in the Wage Distribution of Black, Mexican American, and Non-Hispanic White Male Dropouts." Pp. 107-48 in Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans, edited by Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean. Russell Sage Foundation.
47. Robinson, Isaac. 1986. "Blacks Move Back to the South." American Demographics 8:40-43.
48. Ruggles, Steven, and Matthew Sobek. 1998. User's Guide: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 2.0. Dept. of History, University of Minnesota.
49. Smith, Jessie C., and Carrell P. Horton. 1995. Historical Statistics of Black America. Gale Research.
50. Stevans, Lonnie K. 1998. "Assessing the Effect of Occupational Crowding of Immigrants on the Real Wages of African American Workers." Review of Black Political Economy 26:37-46.
51. Tigges, Leann M., and Deborah M. Tootle. 1993. "Unemployment and Racial Competition in Local Labor Markets." Sociological Quarterly 34:279-98.
52. Tolnay, Stewart E. 2001. "The Great Migration Gets Underway: A Comparison of Black Southern Migrants and Non-migrants in the North, 1920." Social Science Quarterly 82:235-52.
53. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1915. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1914. Government Printing Office.
54. _. 1922. Fourteenth Census of the United States, vol. 2: Population, 1920 General Report and Analytic Tables. Government Printing Office.
55. _. 1924. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1923. Government Printing Office.
56. _. 1934. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1934. Government Printing Office.
57. _. 1943. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Population. Volume 2: Characteristics of the Population. Part I. Government Printing Office.
58. U.S. Census Office. 1895. Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890 Report of Population of the United States, vol. 1, part 1. Government Printing Office.
59. Warren, John Robert, Jennifer T. Sheridan, and Robert M. Hauser. 1998. "Choosing a Measure of Occupational Standing: How Useful Are Composite Measures in Analyses of Gender Inequality in Occupational Attainment?" Sociological Methods and Research 27:3-76.
60. Watkins, Susan Cotts. 1994. After Ellis Island: Newcomers and Natives in the 1910 Census. Russell Sage Foundation
61. Zhou, Min. 1992. Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave. Temple University Press.