A Unified Theory of Civil-Military Relations

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-26

  Bland, Douglas L ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040918812     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327x9902600102     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
2. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
3. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
4. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
5. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
6. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
7. For criticisms of American theory, see S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Sam Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2 (1981): 283-297. New explanations include K. W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26; Rebecca Schiff, "Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance," Armed Forces & Society 22 (Fall 1995); Don Snider and Miranda Carleton-Carew, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995); Peter Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control," Armed Forces & Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178; and Richard Kohn, "How Democracies Control The Military," Journal of Democracy 8 (October 1997): 140-153.
8. A. J. Bacevich, "Tradition Abandoned: America's Military in a New Era," National Interest 48 (Summer 1997): 17.
9. Michael Desch, "Threat Environment and Military Missions" Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, ed. Larry Diamond and Marc Plattner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996): 12-29.
10. Larry Diamond and Marc Plattner, eds., "Introduction" Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, xxix; Jeffery Simon, NATO Enlargement & Central Europe: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Washington, DC, National Defense University Press, 1996).
11. Larry Diamond and Marc Plattner, eds., "Introduction" Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, xxix; Jeffery Simon, NATO Enlargement & Central Europe: A Study in Civil-Military Relations (Washington, DC, National Defense University Press, 1996).
12. Ibid., xxviii; Jakkie Cilliers, "Security and Transition in South Africa," Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, ed. Diamond and Plattner, 81-95; Jeffery Simon, NATO Enlargement & Central Europe.
13. Ibid., xxviii; Jakkie Cilliers, "Security and Transition in South Africa," Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, ed. Diamond and Plattner, 81-95; Jeffery Simon, NATO Enlargement & Central Europe.
14. Ibid., xxviii; Jakkie Cilliers, "Security and Transition in South Africa," Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, ed. Diamond and Plattner, 81-95; Jeffery Simon, NATO Enlargement & Central Europe.
15. Henry Eccles, Military Concepts and Philosophy (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 175.
16. Michael Howard, Soldiers and Governments: Nine Studies in Civil-Military Relations (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1957), 22.
17. See Eccles, Military Concepts and Philosophy, 21-27.
18. Feaver, "The Civil-Military Problematique," 168-170.
19. Stephen Krasner, "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables," in International Regimes, ed. Stephen Krasner (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), 1
20. Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), 2.
21. Samuel Huntington, "Reforming Civil-Military Relations," in Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, ed. Diamond and Plattner, 4.
22. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait, (New York: The Free Press, 1960), vii-ix.
23. Betts, Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 5-12.
24. Robert Blake, "Great Britain," in Soldiers and Governments, ed. Howard, 28.
25. Diddy Hitchins and William Jacobs, "United Kingdom" in The Political Role of the Military: An International Handbook, ed. Constantine Danopoulos and Cynthia Watson (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 407-408.
26. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 231.
27. Edmund Burke, Collected Works 1823, Volume V, 16, as quoted in Howard, Soldiers and Governments, 11-12.
28. Edmund Burke, Collected Works 1823, Volume V, 16, as quoted in Howard, Soldiers and Governments, 11-12.
29. Howard, Soldiers and Governments, 12.
30. Huntington, The Soldier and the State, 20.
31. John Terraine, The Western Front 1914-1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1964), 74.
32. For a recent explanation of "agency theory" and civil-military relations, see Peter Feaver, "Crisis as Shirking: An Agency Theory Explanation of the Souring of American Civil-Military Relations," in Armed Forces & Society, 24 (Spring 1998): 407-434.
33. Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 154.
34. Krasner, International Regimes, 1.
35. Krasner, International Regimes, 2-4.
36. Krasner, International Regimes, 3.
37. Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 12.
38. Ibid., 20.
39. Andrew Bacevich, "Absent History: A Comment on Dauber, Desch, and Feaver," Armed Forces & Society, 24 (Spring 1998): 447-453.
40. Finer, Men on Horseback, 5.
41. Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism," 291.
42. Peter Feaver, Guarding the Guardian: Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons in the United States (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), 7-9
43. Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of the Canadian Forces to Somalia, Volume 2 (Ottawa, June 1997), 380.
44. Finer, Men on Horseback, 4.