Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)

OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 527-543

  Van Den Berg, T P ^a   Eterradossi, N ^b   Toquin, D ^b   Meulemans, G ^a  

^a Ctr d'Etud Rech Veterinaires A   (Belgium)

^b Healthy Pigs Production and Experimentation Section   (France)

Author keywords

Antigenic variation; Avian diseases; Bursa of Fabricius; Diagnosis; Gumboro disease; Immunosuppression; Infectious bursal disease; Pathotype; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BIRD DISEASE; CHICKEN; CLASSIFICATION; INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VIROLOGY; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; CHICKENS; INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; POULTRY DISEASES;

EID: 0040780774     PISSN: 02531933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Adewuyi O.A., Durojaiye O.A. & Adene D.F. (1989). - The status of guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) in the epidemiology of infectious bursal disease of poultry in Nigeria. J. vet. Med., B, 36, 43-48.
2. Alexander D.J. & Chettle N.J. (1998). - Heat inactivation of serotype 1 infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol., 27 (1), 97-99.
3. Allan G.M., McNulty M.S., Connor T.J., McCracken R.M. & McFerran J.B. (1984). - Rapid diagnosis of infectious bursal disease infection by immunofluorescence on clinical matenal. Avian Pathol., 13, 419-427.
4. Allan W.H., Faragher J.T. & Cullen G.A. (1972). -Immunosuppression by the infectious bursal agent in chickens immunized against Newcastle disease. Vet. Rec., 90, 511-512.
5. Azad A.A., Jagadish M.N., Brown M.A. & Hudson P.J. (1987). - Deletion mapping and expression in E. coli of the large genomic segment of a birnavirus. Virology, 161, 145-152.
6. Bayliss C.D., Spies U., Shaw K., Peters R.W., Papageorgiou A., Muller H. & Boursnell M.E.G. (1990). - A comparison of the sequences of segment A of four infectious bursal disease virus strains and identification of a variable region in VP2. J. gen. Virol., 71, 1303-1312.
7. Bayliss C.D., Peters R.W., Cook J.K.A., Reece R.L., Howes K., Binns M.M. & Boursnell M.E.G. (1991). - A recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the VP2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus. Arch. Virol., 120, 193-205.
8. Becht H., Müller H. & Müller H.K. (1988). - Comparative studies on structural and antigenic properties of two serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus. J. gen. Virol., 69, 631-640.
9. Benton W.J., Cover M.S., Rosenberger J.K. & Lake R.S. (1967). - Physicochemical properties of the infectious bursal agent (IBA). Avian Dis., 11, 430-438.
10. Box P. (1989). - High maternal antibodies help chickens beat virulent virus. World Poult., 53, 17-19.
11. Brown M.D., Green P. & Skinner M.A. (1994). - VP2 sequences of recent European 'very virulent' isolates of infectious bursal disease virus are closely related to each other but are distinct from those of 'classical' strains. J. gen. Virol., 75, 675-680.
12. Bumstead N. (1998). - Genetic resistance to avian viruses. In Genetic resistance to animal diseases (M. Müller & G. Brem, eds). Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 17 (1), 249-255.
13. Bumstead N., Reece R.L. & Cook J.K.A. (1993). - Genetic differences in susceptibility of chicken lines to infection with infectious bursal disease virus. Poult. Sci., 72 (3), 403-410.
14. Burkhardt E. & Müller H. (1987). - Susceptibility of chicken blood lymphoblasts and monocytes to IBDV. Arch. Virol., 94, 297-303.
15. Cadman H.F., Kelly P.J., Zhou R., Davelaar F. & Mason P.R. (1994). - A serosurvey using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against poultry pathogens in ostriches (Struthio camelus) from Zimbabwe. Avian Dis., 38 (3), 621-625.
16. Cao Y.C., Yeung W.S., Law M., Bi Y.Z., Leung F.C. & Lim B.L. (1998). - Molecular characterization of seven Chinese isolates of infectious bursal disease virus: classical, very virulent, and variant strains. Avian Dis., 42, 340-351.
17. Chettle N.J., Stuart J.C. & Wyeth P.J. (1989). - Outbreaks of virulent infectious bursal disease in East Anglia. Vet. Rec., 125, 271-272.
18. Cho B.R., Snyder D.B., Lana D.P. & Marquardt W.W. (1987). - Infectious bursal disease: rapid diagnosis by immunoperoxydase monoclonal antibody stain. In Proc. 36th Western Poultry Disease Conference, 3-5 March, Davis, California. University of California, Davis, 112.
19. Cho Y. & Edgar S.A. (1969). - Characterization of the infectious bursal agent. Poult. Sci., 48, 2102-2109.
20. Christensen N.H. (1985). - The cost to the meat chicken industry of the introduction of infectious bursal disease to New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 33, 191-193.
21. Cosgrove A.S. (1962). - An apparently new disease of chickens. Avian nephrosis. Avian Dis., 6, 385-389.
22. Cowen B.S. & Braune M.O. (1988). - The propagation of avian viruses in a continuous cell-line (QT-35) of Japanese quail origin. Avian Dis., 32, 282-297.
23. Cullen G.A. & Wyeth P.J. (1975). - Quantitation of antibodies to infectious bursal disease. Vet. Rec., 97, 315.
24. Cullen G.A. & Wyeth P.J. (1976). - Response of growing chickens to an inactivated IBD antigen in oil emulsion. Vet. Rec., 99, 418.
25. Darteil R., Bublot M., Laplace E., Bouquet J.F., Audonnet J.C. & Riviere M. (1995). - Herpesvirus of turkey recombinant viruses expressing infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP2 immunogen induce protection against an IBDV virulent challenge in chickens. Virology, 211, 481-490.
26. Davis V. & Boyle J.A. (1990). - Random cDNA probes to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 34, 329-335.
27. DeWit J.J. (1999). - Gumboro disease: optimising vaccination. Int. Poult. Prod., 7 (5), 19-21.
28. Eterradossi N. (1995). - Progress in the diagnosis and prophylaxis of infectious bursal disease in poultry. In Comprehensive Reports on Technical Items presented to the International Committee or to Regional Commissions. Office International des Epizooties, Paris, 75-82.
29. Eterradossi N., Picault J.P., Drouin P., Guittet M., L'Hospitalier R. & Bennejean G. (1992). - Pathogenicity and preliminary antigenic characterization of six infectious bursal disease virus strains isolated in France from acute outbreaks. J. vet. Med., B, 39, 683-691.
30. Eterradossi N., Toquin D., Rivallan G. & Guittet M. (1997). - Modified activity of a VP2-located neutralizing epitope on various vaccine, pathogenic and hypervirulent strains of infectious bursal disease virus. Arch. Virol., 142, 255-270.
31. Eterradossi N., Arnauld C., Toquin D. & Rivallan G. (1998). - Critical amino acid changes in VP2 variable domain are associated with typical and atypical antigenicity in very virulent infectious bursal disease viruses. Arch. Virol., 143 (8), 1627-1636.
32. Eterradossi N., Arnaud C., Tekaia F., Toquin D., Le Coq H., Rivallan G., Guittet M., Domenech J., van den Berg T.P. & Skinner M.A. (1999). - Antigenic and genetic relationship between European very virulent infectious bursal disease viruses and an early West African isolate. Avian Pathol., 28, 36-46.
33. Fahey K.J., Erny K. & Crooks J. (1989). - A conformational immunogen on VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus that induces virus-neutralizing antibodies that passively protect chickens. J. gen. Virol., 70, 1473-1481.
34. Faragher J.T. (1972). - Infectious bursal disease of chicken. Vet. Bull., 42, 361-369.
35. Faragher J.T., Allan W.H. & Wyeth C.J. (1974). -Immunosupressive effect of infectious bursal agent on vaccination against Newcastle disease. Vet. Rec., 95, 385-388.
36. Firth G.A. (1974). - Occurrence of an infectious bursal syndrome within an Australian poultry flock. Aust. vet. J., 50, 128-130.
37. Gardner H., Kerry K., Riddle M., Brouwer S. & Gleeson L. (1997). - Poultry virus infection in Antarctic penguins. Nature, 15, 387 (6630), 245.
38. Giambrone J.J. (1979). - Effect of early infectious bursal disease virus in immunity to Newcastle disease in adult chickens. Poult. Sci., 58, 794-798.
39. Giambrone J.J., Eidson C.S., Page R.K., Fletcher O.J., Barger B.O. & Kleven S.H. (1976). - Effect of early infectious bursal disease agent on the response of chicken to Newcastle disease and Marek's disease vaccination. Avian Dis., 20, 534-544.
40. Giambrone J.J. & Glosser J. (1990). - Efficacy of live vaccines against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 34, 7-11.
41. Guittet M., Picault J.P. & Bennejean G. (1982). - Maladie de Gumboro : immunité maternelle transmise aux poussins issus de reproducteurs vaccinés. Dev. biol. Standard., 51, 221-233.
42. Guittet M., Le Coq H., Picault J.P., Eterradossi N. & Bennejean G. (1992). - Safety of infectious bursal disease vaccines: assessment of an acceptability threshold. Dev. biol. Standard., 79, 147-152.
43. Gough R.E., Drury S.E., Cox W.J., Johnson C.T. & Courtenay A.E. (1998). - Isolation and identification of birnaviruses from ostriches (Struthio camelus). Vet. Rec., 142 (5), 115-116.
44. Haddad E.E., Whitfill C.E., Avakian A.P., Ricks C.A., Andrews P.D., Thoma J.A. & Wakenell P.S. (1997). -Efficacy of a novel infectious bursal disease virus immune complex vaccine in broiler chickens. Avian Dis., 41, 882-889.
45. Hassan M.K. & Saif Y.M. (1996). - Influence of the host system on the pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and antigenicity of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 40, 553-561.
46. Hassan M.K., Saif Y.M. & Shawky S. (1996). - Comparison between antigen-capture ELISA and conventional methods used for titration of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 40, 562-566.
47. Hassan M.K., Al-Natour M.Q., Ward L.A. & Saif Y.M. (1996). - Pathogenicity, attenuation and immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 40, 567-571.
48. Hatchcock T.L. & Giambrone J.J. (1992). - Tissue-print hybridization using a non-radioactive probe for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 36, 202-205.
49. Heine H.G. & Boyle D.B. (1993). - Infectious bursal disease virus structural protein VP2 expressed by a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection against disease in chickens. Arch. Virol., 131 (3-4), 277-292.
50. Henry C.W., Brewer R.N., Edgar S.A. & Gray B.W. (1980). -Studies on infectious bursal disease of chickens: 2 - scoring microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and kidney in gnotobiotic and battery reared white Leghorns experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Poult. Sci., 59, 1006-1017.
51. Hiraga M., Nunoya T., Otaki Y., Tajima M., Saito T. & Nakamura T. (1994). - Pathogenesis of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection in intact and bursectomized chickens. J. vet. med. Sci., 56, 1057-1063.
52. Hirai K., Shimakura S. & Hirose M. (1972). -Immunodiffusion reaction to avian infectious bursal virus. Avian Dis., 16, 961-964.
53. Hirai K., Kawamoto E. & Shimakura S. (1974). - Some properties of precipitating antigens associated with infectious bursal disease virus. Infect. Immun., 10, 1235-1240.
54. Hirai K. & Calnek B.W. (1979). - In vitro replication of infectious bursal disease virus in established lymphoid cell lines and chicken B lymphocytes. Infect. Immun., 25 (3), 964-970.
55. Hirai K., Funakoshi T., Nakai T. & Shimakura S. (1981). -Sequential changes in the number of surface immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes in infectious bursal disease virus-infected chickens. Avian Dis., 25 (2), 484-496.
56. Hitchner S. B. (1970). - Infectivity of infectious bursal disease virus for embryonating eggs. Poult. Sci., 49, 511-516.
57. Hopkins I.G., Edwards R.K. & Thornton D.H. (1979). -Measurement of immunosuppression in chickens caused by infectious bursal disease vaccines using Brucella abortus strain 19. Res. vet. Sci., 27, 260-261.
58. Howie R.I. & Thorsen J. (1981). - Identification of a strain of infectious bursal disease virus isolated from mosquitoes. Can. J. comp. Med., 45, 315-320.
59. Inoue M., Fukuda M. & Miyano K. (1994). - Thymic lesions in chicken infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 38 (4), 839-846.
60. Inoue M., Fujita A. & Maeda K. (1999). - Lysis of myelocytes in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Vet. Pathol., 36 (2), 146-151.
61. Ismail N.M., Saif Y.M. & Moorhead P.D. (1988). - Lack of pathogenicity of five serotype 2 infectious bursal disease viruses in chickens. Avian Dis., 32, 757-759.
62. Ismail N.M. & Saif Y.M. (1991). - Immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease viruses in chickens. Avian Dis., 35, 460-469.
63. Jackwood D.H., Saif Y.M. & Hughes J.H. (1987). -Replication of infectious bursal disease virus in continuous cell lines. Avian Dis., 31, 370-375.
64. Jackwood D.J. (1990). - Development and characterization of nucleic acid probes to infectious bursal disease viruses. Vet. Microbiol., 24, 253-260.
65. Jackwood D.J., Saif Y.M. & Hughes J.H. (1982). -Characteristics and serologic studies of two serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus in turkeys. Avian Dis., 26, 871-882.
66. Jackwood D.J., Saif Y.M., Moorhead P.D. & Bishop G. (1984). - Failure of two serotype II infectious bursal disease viruses to affect the humoral immune response of turkeys. Avian Dis., 28, 100-116.
67. Jackwood D.J. & Saif Y.M. (1987). - Antigenic diversity of infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Dis., 31, 766-770.
68. Jackwood D.J., Kibenge F.S.B. & Mercado C.C. (1990). -The use of biotin-labeled cDNA probes for the detection of infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Dis., 34, 129-136.
69. Jackwood D.J. & Jackwood R.J. (1994). - Infectious bursal disease viruses: molecular differentiation of antigenic subtypes among serotype 1 viruses. Avian Dis., 38, 531-537.
70. Jackwood D.J. & Nielsen C.K. (1997). - Detection of infectious bursal disease viruses in commercially reared chickens using the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease assay. Avian Dis., 41, 137-143.
71. Jackwood D.J., Sommer S.E. & Odor E. (1999). -Correlation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers with protection against infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 43 (2), 189-197.
72. Jones B.A.H. (1986). - Infectious bursal disease serology in New Zealand poultry flocks. N.Z. vet. J., 34, 36.
73. Kaufer I. & Weiss E. (1980). - Significance of bursa of Fabricius as target organ in infectious bursal disease. Infect. Immun., 27, 364-367.
74. Kibenge F.S.B. (1992). - Differential detection of infectious bursal disease virus serotypes using cDNA probes to VP2 coding region. Am. J. vet. Res., 53, 1337-1342.
75. Kibenge F.S.B., Dhillon A.S. & Russel R.G. (1988). -Biochemistry and immunology of infectious bursal disease virus. J. gen. Virol., 69, 1757-1775.
76. Kibenge F.S.B., Dhillon A.S. & Russell R.G. (1988). -Growth of serotype I and II and variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus in Vero cells. Avian Dis., 32, 298-303.
77. Kibenge F.S.B. & McKenna P. (1992). - Isolation and propagation of infectious bursal disease virus using the ovine kidney continuous cell line. Avian Dis., 36, 256-261.
78. Kouwenhoven B. & van den Bos J. (1994). - Control of very virulent infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) in the Netherlands with more virulent vaccines. In Proc. First International Symposium on infectious bursal disease and chicken infectious anaemia, 21-24 June, Rauischholzhausen (E. Kaleta, ed.). World Veterinary Poultry Association, Giessen, 262-271.
79. Kreider D.L., Skeeles J.K., Parsley M., Newberry L.A. & Story J.D. (1991). - Variability in a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. I. Assay variability. Avian Dis., 35, 276-287.
80. Kreider D.L., Skeeles J.K., Parsley M., Newberry L.A. & Story J.D. (1991). - Variability in a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. II. Laboratory variability. Avian Dis., 35, 288-293.
81. Kumar A. & Rao A.T. (1989). - Double-antibody sandwich ELISA for detection of infectious bursal disease virus. In Proc. IXth International World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress, 13-17 August, Brighton. World Veterinary Poultry Association, Positive Action Publications, London, 25-26.
82. Kwang M.J., Lu Y.S., Lee L.H., Lin D.F., Liao Y.K., Lee C. & Lee Y.L. (1987). - Detection of infectious bursal disease viral antigen prepared from the cloacal bursa by ELISA. J. Chin. Soc. vet. Sci., 13, 265-269.
83. Landgraf H., Vielitz E. & Kirsch R. (1967). - Studies on the occurrence of an infectious disease affecting the bursa of Fabricius (Gumboro disease). [In German.] Dtsch. tierärztl. Wochenschr., 74, 6-10.
84. Lasher H.N. & Shane S.M. (1994). - Infectious bursal disease. World Poult. Sci. J., 50, 133-166.
85. Lasher H.N. & Davis V.S. (1997). - History of infectious bursal disease in the USA. The first two decades. Avian Dis., 41, 11-19.
86. Ley D.H., Storm N., Bickford A.A. & Yumamoto R. (1979). -An infectious bursal disease virus outbreak in 14- to 15-week-oldchickens. Avian Dis., 23, 235-240.
87. Lin Z., Kato A., Otaki Y., Nakamura T., Sasmaz E. & Ueda S. (1993). - Sequence comparisons of a highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus prevalent in Japan. Avian Dis., 37(2), 315-323.
88. Liu H.J., Giambrone J.J. & Dormitorio T. (1994). - Detection of genetic variations in serotype I isolates of infectious bursal disease virus using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. J. virol. Meth., 48, 281-291.
89. Louzis C., Gillet J.P., Irgens K., Jeannin A. & Picault J.P. (1979). - La maladie de Gumboro : apparition chez le faisan d'élevage. Bull. mens. Soc. vét. prat. Fr., 63, 3-7.
90. Lucio B. (1987). - Quantitative agar gel precipitation test: an alternative for monitoring infectious bursal disease vaccination programs. In Proc. 36th Western Poultry Disease Conference, 3-5 March, Davis, California. University of California, Davis, 116-119.
91. Lucio B. & Hitchner S.B. (1979). - Infectious bursal disease emulsified vaccine: effect upon neutralizing antibody levels in the dam and subsequent protection of the progeny. Avian Dis., 23, 466-478.
92. Lucio B. & Hitchner S.B. (1980). - Immunosuppression and active response induced by infectious bursal disease virus in chickens with passive antibody. Avian Dis., 24, 189-196.
93. Lukert P.D. & Davis R.B. (1974). - Infectious bursal disease virus: growth and characterization in cell cultures. Avian Dis., 18, 243-250.
94. Lukert P.D. & Saif Y.M. (1997). - Infectious bursal disease. In Diseases of poultry, 10th Ed. (B.W. Calnek with H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, L.R. McDougald & Y.M. Saif, eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, 721-738.
95. McAllister J.C., Steelman C.D., Newberry L.A. & Skeeles J.K. (1995). - Isolation of infectious bursal disease virus from the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Poult. Sci., 74, 45-49.
96. McFerran J.B. (1993). - Infectious bursal disease. In Virus infections of birds (J.B. McFerran & M.S. McNulty, eds). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 213-228.
97. McFerran J.B., McNulty M.S., McKillop E.R., Connor T.J., McCracken R.M., Collins D.S. & Allan G.M. (1980). -Isolation and serological studies with infectious bursal disease viruses from fowl, turkeys and ducks: demonstration of a second serotype. Avian Pathol., 9, 395-404.
98. McIlroy S.G., Goodall E.A. & McCracken R.M. (1989). -Economic effects of subclinical infectious bursal disease on broiler production. Avian Pathol., 18 (3), 465-480.
99. McIlroy S.G., Goodall E.A., Bruce D.W., McCracken R.M. & McNulty M.S. (1992). - The cost benefit of vaccinating broiler flocks against subclinical infectious bursal disease. Avian Pathol., 21(1), 65-76.
100. Macreadie I.G., Vaughan P.R., Chapman A.J., McKern N.M., Jagadish M.N., Heine H.G., Ward C.W., Fahey K.J. & Azad A.A. (1990). - Passive protection against infectious bursal disease virus by viral VP2 expressed in yeast. Vaccine, 8 (6), 549-552.
101. Maris P. (1986). - Désinfection des bâtiments : le vide sanitaire en aviculture. Point vét., 18, 635-639.
102. Marquardt W.W., Johnson R.B., Odenwald W.F. & Schlotthober B.A. (1980). - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring antibodies in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 24, 375-385.
103. Mazariegos L.A., Lukert P.D. & Brown J. (1990). -Pathogenicity and immunosuppressive properties of infectious bursal disease 'intermediate' strains. Avian Dis., 34, 203-208.
104. Meroz M. & Samberg Y. (1995). - Disinfecting poultry production premises. In Disinfectants: actions and applications, Part Two (H.A. McDaniel, ed.). Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 14 (2), 273-291.
105. Meulemans G., Antoine O. & Halen P. (1977). - Application de l'immunofluorescence au diagnostic de la maladie de Gumboro. Bull. Off. int. Epiz., 88, 225-229.
106. Meulemans G. & Halen P. (1982). - Efficacy of some disinfectants against infectious bursal disease virus and avian reovirus. Vet. Rec., 111, 412-413.
107. Meulemans G., Decaesstecker M., Halen P. & Froyman R. (1987). - Comparaison des tests ELISA et de séroneutralisation pour la recherche des anticorps contre le virus de la maladie de Gumboro. Applications pratiques du test ELISA. Rec. Méd. vét., 163, 561-565.
108. Müller H., Schnitzler D., Bernstein F., Becht H., Cornelissen D. & Lutticken D.H. (1992). - Infectious bursal disease of poultry: antigenic structure of the virus and control. Vet. Microbiol., 33, 175-183.
109. Müller R., Kaüfer-Weiss I., Reinacher M. & Weiss E. (1979). - Immunofluorescent studies of early virus propagation after oral infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Zentralbl. Veterinärmed., B, 26, 345-352.
110. Muskett J.C., Hopkins I.G., Edwards K.R. & Thornton D.H. (1979). - Comparison of two infectious bursal disease vaccine strains. Efficacy and potential hazards in susceptible and maternally immune birds. Vet. Rec., 104, 332-334.
111. Nachimutu K., Dhinakar Raj G., Thangavelu A. & Venkatesan R.A. (1995). - Reverse passive haemagglutination test in the diagnosis of infectious bursal disease. Trop. anim. Hlth Prod., 27, 43-46.
112. Nakai T. & Hirai K. (1981). - In vitro infection of fractionated chicken lymphocytes by infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 4, 831-838.
113. Nakamura T., Kato A., Lin Z., Hiraga M., Nunoya T., Otaki Y. & Ueda S. (1993). - A rapid quantitative method for detecting infectious bursal disease virus using polystyrene latex microspheres. J. virol. Meth., 43, 123-130.
114. Nakamura T., Otaki Y., Lin Z., Nunoya T., Hoshi S. & Kato A. (1994). - Direct correlation between the titer of infectious bursal disease virus VP2-specific antibody and protection. Avian Dis., 38, 251-255.
115. Nicholas R.A.J., Reed N.E., Wood G.W., Hebert C.N. Muskett J.C. & Thornton D.H. (1985). - Detection of antibodies against infectious bursal disease: a comparison of three serological methods. Res. vet. Sci., 38, 189-192.
116. Nunoya T., Otaki Y., Tajima M., Hiraga M. & Saito T. (1992). - Occurrence of acute infectious bursal disease with high mortality in Japan and pathogenicity of field isolates in SPF chickens. Avian Dis., 36, 597-609.
117. Office International des Epizooties (OIE) (1995). -Resolution No. XVIII. Progress in the diagnosis and control of serious poultry diseases: salmonellosis and Gumboro disease. Bull. OIE, 107 (5), 363-364.
118. Office International des Epizooties (OIE) (1999). -Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease). In International animal health code: mammals, birds and bees, 8th Ed. OIE, Paris, 247-248.
119. Office International des Epizooties (OIE) (2000). - Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 4th Ed. OIE, Paris (in press).
120. Ogawa M., Wakuda T., Yamaguchi T., Murata K., Setiyono A., Fukushi H. & Hirai K. (1998). - Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease virus in free-living wild birds in Japan. J. vet. med. Sci., 60 (11), 1277-1279.
121. Okoye J.O.A. & Uzoukwu M. (1981). - An outbreak of infectious bursal disease amongst chickens between 16 and 20 weeks old. Avian Dis., 25, 1034-1038.
122. Öppling V., Müller H. & Becht H. (1991). - Heterogeneity of the antigenic site responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in infectious bursal disease virus. Arch. Virol., 119, 211-223.
123. Öppling V., Müller H. & Becht H. (1991). - The structural polypeptide VP3 of infectious bursal disease virus carries group- and serotype-specific epitopes. J. gen. Virol., 72, 2275-2278.
124. Owoade A.A. & Durojaiye O.A. (1995). - Infectious bursal disease in 14-week-old turkeys in Nigeria. Trop. anim. Hlth Prod., 27, 47-49.
125. Pedersen K.A., Sadasiv E.C., Chang P.W. & Yates V.J. (1990). - Antibodies to avian viruses in humans. Epidemiol. Inject., 104, 519.
126. Provost A., Borredon C. & Bocquet P. (1972). - Deux maladies aviaires nouvelles au Tchad : la laryngotrachéite infectieuse et la maladie de Gumboro. Rev. Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 25 (3), 347-356.
127. Reddy S.K. & Silim A.N. (1991). - Isolation of infectious bursal disease virus from turkeys with arthritic and respiratory symptoms in commercial farms in Quebec. Avian Dis., 35, 3-7.
128. Reddy S.K. & Silim A. (1991). - Comparison of neutralizing antigens of recent isolates of infectious bursal disease virus. Arch. Virol., 117, 287-296.
129. Roney C.S. & Freund R.C. (1988). - A comparison of infectious bursal disease antibody titers using different antigens in the serum neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. In Proc. 37th Western Poultry Disease Conference, 29 February-2 March, Davis, California. University of California, Davis, 17-20.
130. Rosenberger J.K. (1989). - A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, 165-166.
131. Rosenberger J.K. & Cloud S.S. (1986). - Isolation and characterization of variant infectious bursal disease viruses. In Abstracts 123rd American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Meeting, 20-24 July, Atlanta, Georgia. AVMA, Schaumburg, Illinois, Abstract No. 181, 104.
132. Shakya S., Joshi R.K., Gupta N. & Chauhan H.V. (1999). -Organ culture of chicken bursa as a model to study the pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus isolates. Avian Dis., 43 (2), 167-171.
133. Shane S.M., Lasher H.N. & Paxton K.W. (1994). - Economic impact of infectious bursal disease. In Proc. First International Symposium on infectious bursal disease and chicken infectious anaemia (E. Kaleta, ed.), 21-24 June, Rauischholzhausen, Germany. World Veterinary Poultry Association, Giessen, 196-205.
134. Sharma J.M., Dohms J.E. & Metz A.L. (1989). - Comparative pathogenesis of serotype 1 and variant serotype l isolates of infectious bursal disease and their effect on humoral and cellular immune competence of SPF chickens. Avian Dis., 33, 112-124.
135. Sharma J.M., Dohms J., Walser M. & Snyder D.B. (1993). -Presence of lesions without virus replication in the thymus of chickens exposed to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 37 (3), 741-748.
136. Sharma J.M., Karaca K. & Pertile T. (1994). - Virus-induced immunosuppression in chickens. Poult. Sci., 73, 1082-1086.
137. Shirai J., Seki R., Kamimura R. & Mitsubayashi R. (1994). -Effects of invert soap with 0.05% sodium hydroxide on infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 33, 112-124.
138. Skeeles J.K., Lukert P.D., Fletcher O.J. & Leonard J.D. (1979). - Immunization studies with a cell-culture-adapted infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 23, 456-465.
139. Skeeles J.K., Slavik M., Beasley J.N., Brown A.H., Meinecke C.F., Maruca S. & Welch S. (1980). - An age-related coagulation disorder associated with experimental infection with infectious bursal disease virus. Am. J. vet. Res., 41 (9), 1458-1461.
140. Snyder D.B. (1990). - Changes in the field status of infectious bursal disease virus - Guest Editorial. Avian Pathol., 19, 419-423.
141. Snyder D.B., Lana D.P., Savage P.K., Yancey F.S., Mengel S.A. & Marquardt W.W. (1988). - Differentiation of infectious bursal disease viruses directly from infected tissues with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: evidence for a major antigenic shift in recent field isolates. Avian Dis., 32, 535-539.
142. Snyder D.B., Yancey F.S. & Savage P.K. (1992). - A monoclonal antibody-based agar gel precipitin test for antigenic assessment of infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Pathol., 21, 153-157.
143. Snyder D.B., Vakharia V.N. & Savage P.K. (1992). -Naturally occurring-neutralizing monoclonal antibody escape variants define the epidemiology of infectious bursal disease viruses in the United States. Arch. Virol., 127, 89-101.
144. Stram Y., Meir R., Molad T., Blumenkranz R., Malkinson M. & Weisman Y. (1994). - Applications of the polymerase chain reaction to detect infectious bursal disease virus in naturally infected chickens. Avian Dis., 38, 879-884.
145. Stuart J.C. (1989). - Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry. Vet. Rec., 125 (10), 281.
146. Takase K., Uchimura T., Katsuki N. & Yamamoto M. (1993). - Agar gel precipitin line patterns and pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease viruses. J. vet. med. Sci., 55, 137-139.
147. Takase K., Baba G.M., Ariyoshi R. & Fujikawa H. (1996). -Susceptibility of chicken embryos to highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. J. vet. med. Sci., 58 (11), 1129-1131.
148. Tanimura N., Tsukamoto K., Nakamura K., Narita M. & Maeda M. (1995). - Association between pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus and viral antigen distribution detected by immunochemistry. Avian Dis., 39, 9-20.
149. Tanimura N. & Sharma J.M. (1997). - Appearance of T cells in the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils during the acute phase of infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens. Avian Dis., 41(3), 638-645.
150. Tham K.M., Young L.W. & Moon C.D. (1995). - Detection of infectious bursal disease virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification of the virus segment A gene. J. virol. Meth., 53, 201-212.
151. Thiry G., Paarni G., Nordgren R. & Colau D. (1994). -Evaluation of safety and efficacy of vaccination of chickens with live recombinant fowlpox expressing infectious bursal disease virus antigens. In Proc. First International Symposium on infectious bursal disease and chicken infectious anaemia (E. Kaleta, ed.), 21-24 June, Rauischholzhausen, Germany. World Veterinary Poultry Association, Giessen, 336-339.
152. Thornton D.H. (1977). - Specifications for infectious bursal disease vaccines. Bull. Off. int. Epiz., 88, 199-212.
153. Thornton D.H. & Pattison M. (1975). - Comparison of vaccines against infectious bursal disease. J. comp. Pathol., 85, 597-610.
154. Tsukamoto K., Tanimura N., Hihara H., Shirai J., Imai K., Nakamura K. & Maeda M. (1992). - Isolation of virulent infectious bursal disease virus from field outbreaks with high mortality in Japan. J. vet. med. Sci., 54 (1), 153-155.
155. Tsukamoto K., Tanimura N., Mase M. & Imai K. (1995). -Comparison of virus replication efficiency in lymphoid tissues among three infectious bursal disease virus strains. Avian Dis., 39 (4), 844-852.
156. Tsukamoto K., Kojima C., Komori Y., Tanimura N., Mase M. & Yamaguchi S. (1999). - Protection of chickens against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV) with a recombinant MDV expressing IBDV VP2. Virology, 257 (2), 352-362.
157. Vakharia V.N., Snyder D.B., He J., Edwards G.E., Savage P.K. & Mengel-Whereat S.A. (1993). - Infectious bursal disease virus structural proteins expressed in a baculovirus recombinant confer protection in chickens. J. gen. Virol., 74, 1201-1206.
158. Vakharia V.N., He J., Ahamed B. & Snyder D.B. (1994). -Molecular basis of antigenic variation in IBDV. Virus Res., 31, 265-273.
159. Van den Berg T.P. (2000). - Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry. A review. Avian Pathol., 29, 175-193.
160. Van den Berg T.P., Gonze M. & Meulemans G. (1991). -Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: isolation and characterisation of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathol., 20 (1), 133-143.
161. Van den Berg T.P. & Meulemans G. (1991). - Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: protection afforded by maternally derived antibodies and interference with live vaccination. Avian Pathol., 20 (3), 409-421.
162. Van den Berg T.P., Gonze M., Morales D. & Meulemans G. (1996). - Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: immunological and molecular basis of antigenicity of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathol., 25 (4), 751-768.
163. Van den Berg T.P., Morales D., Lambrecht B. & Meulemans G. (1997). - Use of a baculo-derived VP2 protein for diagnosis and control of infectious bursal disease. In Proc. XIth International Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, 18-22 August, Budapest (N. Dren, ed.). World Veterinary Poultry Association, Budapest, 57 pp.
164. Van der Marel P., Snyder D. & Lutticken D. (1990). -Antigenic characterization of IBDV field isolates by their reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Dtsch. tierärztl. Wochenschr., 97 (2), 81-83.
165. Van der Sluis W. (1999). - 1999 world poultry diseases update. World Poult., 15, 30-32.
166. Vindevogel H., Gouffaux M., Meulemans G., Halen P. & Schyns P. (1974). - Maladie de Gumboro. II : Inoculation expérimentale : étude clinique et anatomo-pathologique. Ann. Méd. vét., 118, 375-386.
167. Vindevogel H., Gouffaux M., Meulemans G., Duchatel J.P. & Halen P. (1976). - Maladie de Gumboro : distribution et persistance du virus chez le poussin inoculé. Etudes sur la transmission de la maladie. Avian Pathol., 5, 31-38.
168. Weisman J. & Hitchner S.B. (1978). - Virus neutralization versus agar-gel precipitin tests for detecting serological response to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 22, 598-603.
169. Wilcox G.E., Flower R.L.P., Baxendale W. & Mackenzie J.S. (1983). - Serological survey of wild birds in Australia for the prevalence of antibodies
170. Winterfield R.W., Adly A.M. & Bickford A. (1972). -Infectivity and distribution of infectious bursal disease virus in the chicken. Persistence of the virus and lesions. Avian Dis., 16, 622-632.
171. Wood G.W., Muskett J.C., Hebert C.N. & Thornton D.H. (1979). - Standardization of the quantitative agar gel precipitin test for antibodies to infectious bursal disease. J. biol. Standard., 7, 89-96.
172. Wood G.W., Muskett J.C., Reed N.E. & Thornton D.H. (1984). - The effect of antigen variation on the quantitative agar gel precipitin test for antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus. J. biol. Standard., 12, 311-314.
173. Wu C.C., Lin T.L., Zhang H.G., Davis V.S. & Boyle J.A. (1992). - Molecular detection of infectious bursal disease virus by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Dis., 36, 221-226.
174. Wu C.C., Lin T.L. & Akin A. (1997). - Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantitation of infectious bursal disease virus cDNA and RNA. J. virol. Meth., 66, 29-38.
175. Wyeth P.J. (1975). - Effect of infectious bursal disease on the response of chickens to Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli infection. Vet. Rec., 96, 238-243.
176. Wyeth P.J. & Cullen G.A. (1976). - Maternally derived antibody - effect on susceptibility of chicks to infectious bursal disease. Avian Pathol., 5, 253-260.
177. Wyeth P.J. & Cullen G.A. (1978). - Transmission of immunity from inactivated infectious bursal disease oil emulsion vaccinated parent chickens to their chicks. Vet. Rec., 102, 362-363.
178. Wyeth P.J. & Cullen G.A. (1979). - The use of an inactivated infectious bursal disease oil emulsion vaccine in commercial broiler parent chickens. Vet. Rec., 104, 188-193.
179. Wyeth P.J. & Chettle N.J. (1990). - Use of infectious bursal disease vaccines in chicks with maternally derived antibodies. Vet. Rec., 126, 577-578.
180. Wyeth P.J., Chettle N.J. & Mohepat A.R. (1992). - Use of an inactivated infectious bursal disease oil emulsion vaccine in commercial layer chicks. Vet. Rec., 130, 30-32.
181. Yamada S., Matsuo K. & Uchinuno Y. (1982). -Susceptibility of ducks and duck-origin cell cultures to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Dis., 26, 596-601.
182. Yamaguchi T., Ogawa M., Miyoshi M., Inoshima Y., Fukushi H. & Hirai K. (1997). - Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Arch. Virol., 142, 1441-1458.